ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื, ืฆืืืืฉื ืืขืืืขื ืืื ืืขืงืืขืกืืข ืคืืืคืขืจ ืึธืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืืืืขืจืื ื ืคืืืคืขืจ, ืืื ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆืืึทืืืืืจื ืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ ืกืืกืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืืื ืืื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกืื ื ืงืึทืืขืืข ืืื ืจืึธืื ืืื ืขืจื ืึธื ืงืขืจืก ืืื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืื ืกืืึทืืืขืจืื ืืก. ืืืคึผืืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืฉืืขืื ืคืื ืืืื-ืงืืขืคึผืืง ืคึผืึธืืืืชืืืขื (HDPE) ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืืืื (PP), ืืขืจ ืืึทืืขืจืืึทื ืืื ืึท ืืืืขืงืืืฉ ืืขืงืืขืกืืข ืึทื ืืขืจืื ื ืคึผืจืึธืคืื ืืืึธืก ืฆืืฉืืขืื ืกืืจืืงืืืจืขืืข ืจืืืืืืื ืฆื ืืื ืืืืื ืขืคึฟืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืืืืื ืืืขืืข ืคืึธืืงื ืึทืจืืืงื. ืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืคืึธืืง ืืื ืฉืืืฅ ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืืึทืื ืืืขืจ-ืฉืืขืคึผืขืจ ืคืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืืึทืืื ืืื ืึธืคึผืฉืืืืื, ืืฉืขืช ืืขืจ ืืขืงืืขืกืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคืื ืืึทืกืข ืคืื ืืื-ืึธืจืขืืืืงืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืึทืจืงื, ืึทืืื ืงืขื ืืขืจ ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืึธืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืืืก ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืืคืข ืคืึธืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืฆืืขืก. ืื ืฆืืืื-ืคืื ืงืฆืืึธื ืึทืืืืขื ืคึผืืึทื ืืืืื ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืึท ืืืืืืืง ืงืึทืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืขืจื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืื ืขืจื ืึธื ืงืขืจ ืกืืกืืขืืขื, ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืืึธื ืคึผืึทืืืืขื ื ืจืขืืืกืืจืึทืฆืืข ื ืึธืจืืขืจืื ื ืืื ืงืึธืจืืืืข ืืึทืฉืืืื ื ืืขื ืขื ืงืจืืืืฉืข ืืึทืจืคึฟื. ืืื ืืืคืข ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืึธืืขืงืื ืืง ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืืข, ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืขื ืืขืจืขืจืข ืงืจืืืืฉืข ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืฆืืขืก ืืื ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืกืืกืืขืืขื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืจื ืกืืึทืืืืืืึทืฆืืข, ืืึทืืื ืืืึทืืข ืฉืืืฆืข, ืืื ืฉืืืึธืื ืืึทืฉืืืื ื. ืื ืืืืคึผื ืคึฟืื ืงืฆืืข ืืื ืฆื ืืืึธืืืจื ืื ืืืื-ืฉืืึทืจืง ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกืื ื ืฉืืึธื ืคืื ืงืึธืจืืืืืืข ืขืจื ืืื ืืจืื ื ืืืึทืกืขืจ ืกืืืืืช, ืึทืืื ืืืึทืจืคื ืื ืืื ืกื ืืขืื ืคืื ืืขื ืึธื ืงืขืจ ืกืืกืืขื ืฆื 50+ ืืึธืจื. ืืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืฆืืขืก ืืื Excavation ืฉืืืฆืข, ืขืก ืคืึทืจืืืื ืืึทืืจืขืงื ืงืึธื ืืึทืงื ืฆืืืืฉื ืืขื ืืขื ืฉืึทื ื ืงืึทืืขื ืืื ืืื ืขืจืึทืืืืืจื ืขืจื ืืืึธืก ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ืืืึธืื ืึธื ืงืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืืืืึทื ืืง ืงืึธืจืึธืืกืืึธื. ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืืึทsonderืก ืืืขืจืืคืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ืคืื ืืืืื, ืึผืืืืฉ ืืึฟื ืืจืืื ืืืขื ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืงืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืืืึธืก ืืขืจ ืฆืืืจืืื ืฉืืึธื ืืืึธืื ืึทืืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืืื ืฉื ืขื ืืึทืื ืืจืึทืื. ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืืืื ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกืื ื ืขืืขืืขื ืื ืคืื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืฉื ืคืืืฉ ืืขื ืื ืืืขื ืืื ืกืืึทืืื ื, ืจืึทืืืฆืืจื ืืืืฃ- ืขืจื ืคืึทืจืืืกื ืืื ืืึธืจืฉืืืงืืขื ืืึธืื ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆืืืขื ืึทื ืืืืื ืืื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืคืขืืืขืจ. ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืืืคึผืืฉ ืฆืืืขืฉืืขืื ืืื ืงืึทื ืืื ืืึทืก ืงืึธืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืงืึทืื-ืฆื-ืืขื ื ืึธืคึผืฉืืื, ืืื ืืืึทืืขืืขืจืก ืืืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉืืืื ืคืื 25 ืื ืฆื 100 ืื ืฆื ืึธืคึผืฉืืืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืื ืจืืกืืขื, ืคึผืืืกืืขื ืืง ืงืึทืืขืืข ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกื ืจืึธืื. ืืื ืกืืึทืืื ื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืืื ืื ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืืืขืจ ืืขื ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกืื ื ืืขื ืืึธื ืืขืฉืึทืก ืืืื ืฉืคืื ืข ืืื ืืขื ืืึธื, ืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืื ืื ืึทื ืืืืืึทืื ืข ืขืจืืขื ืืฉ ืฆืืืืฉื ืืขื ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืืึธื ืืืึทื ื ืืื ืขืงืกืขืื-ืืืจื ืงืึทืืคึผืื ื- ืึธืืขืจ ืืคืขืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืกืจืืืกื. ืจืืืืืง ืืึทื ืื ืืืืฃ ืขืจื ืืจืืื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืคืื ืืืื ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืืืฉืื ืืื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืฉืืืขืจ ืึธืคึฟื ืืืขื; ืงืึทื ืืื ืืขืก ืฉืืง ืืขื ืขื ืฆื ืืขืืจืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืงืึธืืืขืจ ืืื ืืึทืืื ืืื ืคืืึทืืืง ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืืึทืื ืงืจืืกื ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืื ืงืื. ืื ืืืืขืืข ืืื ืขืจ ืืืขืื ืืื ืงืจืืืืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืืืืืง ืืขื ืืึธื ืืืื ืฉืคืื ืขโืืึท ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืืืขืืข ืืืืขืจืืขืคึฟืืืขื ืึธืืขืจ ืคืึธืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืงื ืจืขืืืฆืึทืืื ืืขื ืกืืกืืขื ืจืืืืืงืืื. ืกืืึทื ืืึทืจืื ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืขื ืขื ืงืืืกืืคืืฆืืจื ืืืจื ื ืึธืืื ืึทื ืืืึทืืขืืขืจ, ืืืึทื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืึทื ื, ืืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทื ืืจืึทื. HDPE ืืืขืจืืึทื ืื ืืขื ืขื ืคึฟpreferื ืืื ืืขืจืฉืื ืก ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืฆืืขืก ืืื ืฆื ืฉืืึทืจืงืขืจ ืคืืขืงืฆืงืืื ืืื ืืขืืืฉืขืจ ืงืขืื ืฉืืขื; PP ืึธืคึผืฆืืขื ืงืจืืืื ืขืื ืกืืืืึทืขืจ ืฉืืืฃ ืึธืืขืจ ืคืึทืจืืื ืขืจืื ื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืื ืขืงืกืืจืืื ืืขืืคึผืขืจืึทืืืจื. ืกืคึผืึทืฆืืึธื ืคืืฉ ืืื ืืขืืึทืคึผื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืึธืึธื ืึทื ืึทืื ืืืขืจื ืขืืื ื (ื.ืฃ. 40/2.5, ืืื ืืืงืืื ืื 40 ืื ืืืืกืืืืืกื ืืืึทืืขืืขืจ ืืื 2.5 ืื ื ืึธืืื ืึทื ืืืึทื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืึทื ื). ืกืขืืขืงืฉืึทื ืงืจืืืขืจืืึท ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืขืืขื ืขืจื ืค"ื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืื ืืืืึทื ืก (ืกืืืคืึทืืข, ืงืืึธืจืืืก), ืืืืคื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืื ืกื ืืขืื, ืขืจืืืึทืจืืขื ืข ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืึธืืขืจ ืจืขืืขืืขืจ ืืงืืืืื, ืืื ืงืึธืืคืึทืืืืืืืื ืืื ืชืืจื ืืื ืกืืึทืืืืฉื ืกืืกืืขื. ืืืื-ืืืืืืืก ืคืึธืืขืจื (ืืืื ืืืึทื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืึทื ื) ืืขื ืขื ืืืืกืืขืงืืืื ืืื ืงืืืืืฆืืขืืข ืขืจื, ืืืึธืก ืืจืขืคื ืฆื ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืืืื-ืคืืขืงืขืจืข ืึทืคึผืืืงืขืจ ืืืืืขืก ื ืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืืืืืืืกื ืคืื ืืึทืืงืื . ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจื ืืืืขืจ ืืึทืืจืึทืืื ืคึผืขืจืืขืืขืึทืืืืืืโื ืืืขืจืืงืขืจ-ืคืขืจืืขืืขืึทืืืืืื ืคืึธืืขืจื ืคึฟืึทืจืืื ืขืจื ืืืึทืกืขืจ ืืื ืืึทื ื ืืื ืืขื ืขื เจื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืืขืจืืขืื ืืึทืืื ืขืจ. ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืืกืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืื ืื ืฆื EN 1537 (ืืืืกืคืืจืื ื ืคืื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขืืข ืืืืึธืืขืงืื ืืง ืึทืจืืขื: ืขืจื ืึธื ืงืขืจ), ISO 11760 (ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืคึผืืืคืขืจ ืืื ืคืืืฉืขืจื: ืืึทืฉืืขืืืงืื ื ืคืื ืืึทื ื-ืืขืจืืื ืืืืจืืกืืึทืืืง ืฉืืืจืงืืื), ืืื ASTM D6379 (ืืจืืื ืื ื ืืื ืคืึธืืึธ ืคืึทืืจืืง, ืืืึธืืขืงืกืืื ืกืคึผืขืกืืคืืงืึทืฆืืข). ืคืึทืจืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืกืืึทื ืืึทืจืื ืืึทืฉืืขืืืงื ืงืึทื ืกืืกืืขื ื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืงืืืึทืืืืขื, ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืกืขืจื ืงืึธืจืืืืข ืืึทืฉืืืื ื, ืืื ืืขืจืคืึทืจืื ื ืืึทื ื-ืืขืจืืื ืฆืืืขืืืืืขืจ ืฆื ืงืจืืืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืคึฟืจืึทืกืืจืืงืืืจ ืขืืึทื ืขืจืื ื.
ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื, ืฆืืืืฉื ืืขืืืขื ืืื ืืขืงืืขืกืืข ืคืืืคืขืจ ืึธืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืืืืขืจืื ื ืคืืืคืขืจ, ืืื ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆืืึทืืืืืจื ืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ ืกืืกืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืืื ืืื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกืื ื ืงืึทืืขืืข ืืื ืจืึธืื ืืื ืขืจื ืึธื ืงืขืจืก ืืื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืื ืกืืึทืืืขืจืื ืืก. ืืืคึผืืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืฉืืขืื ืคืื ืืืื-ืงืืขืคึผืืง ืคึผืึธืืืืชืืืขื (HDPE) ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืืืื (PP), ืืขืจ ืืึทืืขืจืืึทื ืืื ืึท ืืืืขืงืืืฉ ืืขืงืืขืกืืข ืึทื ืืขืจืื ื ืคึผืจืึธืคืื ืืืึธืก ืฆืืฉืืขืื ืกืืจืืงืืืจืขืืข ืจืืืืืืื ืฆื ืืื ืืืืื ืขืคึฟืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืืืืื ืืืขืืข ืคืึธืืงื ืึทืจืืืงื. ืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืคืึธืืง ืืื ืฉืืืฅ ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืืึทืื ืืืขืจ-ืฉืืขืคึผืขืจ ืคืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืืึทืืื ืืื ืึธืคึผืฉืืืืื, ืืฉืขืช ืืขืจ ืืขืงืืขืกืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคืื ืืึทืกืข ืคืื ืืื-ืึธืจืขืืืืงืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืึทืจืงื, ืึทืืื ืงืขื ืืขืจ ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืึธืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืืืก ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืืคืข ืคืึธืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืฆืืขืก. ืื ืฆืืืื-ืคืื ืงืฆืืึธื ืึทืืืืขื ืคึผืืึทื ืืืืื ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืึท ืืืืืืืง ืงืึทืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืืื ืืืืขืจื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืื ืขืจื ืึธื ืงืขืจ ืกืืกืืขืืขื, ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืืึธื ืคึผืึทืืืืขื ื ืจืขืืืกืืจืึทืฆืืข ื ืึธืจืืขืจืื ื ืืื ืงืึธืจืืืืข ืืึทืฉืืืื ื ืืขื ืขื ืงืจืืืืฉืข ืืึทืจืคึฟื. ืืื ืืืคืข ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืึธืืขืงืื ืืง ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืืข, ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืขื ืืขืจืขืจืข ืงืจืืืืฉืข ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืฆืืขืก ืืื ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืกืืกืืขืืขื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืจื ืกืืึทืืืืืืึทืฆืืข, ืืึทืืื ืืืึทืืข ืฉืืืฆืข, ืืื ืฉืืืึธืื ืืึทืฉืืืื ื. ืื ืืืืคึผื ืคึฟืื ืงืฆืืข ืืื ืฆื ืืืึธืืืจื ืื ืืืื-ืฉืืึทืจืง ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกืื ื ืฉืืึธื ืคืื ืงืึธืจืืืืืืข ืขืจื ืืื ืืจืื ื ืืืึทืกืขืจ ืกืืืืืช, ืึทืืื ืืืึทืจืคื ืื ืืื ืกื ืืขืื ืคืื ืืขื ืึธื ืงืขืจ ืกืืกืืขื ืฆื 50+ ืืึธืจื. ืืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืฆืืขืก ืืื Excavation ืฉืืืฆืข, ืขืก ืคืึทืจืืืื ืืึทืืจืขืงื ืงืึธื ืืึทืงื ืฆืืืืฉื ืืขื ืืขื ืฉืึทื ื ืงืึทืืขื ืืื ืืื ืขืจืึทืืืืืจื ืขืจื ืืืึธืก ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ืืืึธืื ืึธื ืงืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืืืืึทื ืืง ืงืึธืจืึธืืกืืึธื. ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืืึทsonderืก ืืืขืจืืคืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ืคืื ืืืืื, ืึผืืืืฉ ืืึฟื ืืจืืื ืืืขื ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืงืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืืืึธืก ืืขืจ ืฆืืืจืืื ืฉืืึธื ืืืึธืื ืึทืืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืืื ืฉื ืขื ืืึทืื ืืจืึทืื. ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืืืื ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกืื ื ืขืืขืืขื ืื ืคืื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืฉื ืคืืืฉ ืืขื ืื ืืืขื ืืื ืกืืึทืืื ื, ืจืึทืืืฆืืจื ืืืืฃ- ืขืจื ืคืึทืจืืืกื ืืื ืืึธืจืฉืืืงืืขื ืืึธืื ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆืืืขื ืึทื ืืืืื ืืื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืคืขืืืขืจ. ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืืืคึผืืฉ ืฆืืืขืฉืืขืื ืืื ืงืึทื ืืื ืืึทืก ืงืึธืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืงืึทืื-ืฆื-ืืขื ื ืึธืคึผืฉืืื, ืืื ืืืึทืืขืืขืจืก ืืืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉืืืื ืคืื 25 ืื ืฆื 100 ืื ืฆื ืึธืคึผืฉืืืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืื ืจืืกืืขื, ืคึผืืืกืืขื ืืง ืงืึทืืขืืข ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกื ืจืึธืื. ืืื ืกืืึทืืื ื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืืื ืื ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืืืขืจ ืืขื ืคึผืจืขืกืืฉืขืึทืกืื ื ืืขื ืืึธื ืืขืฉืึทืก ืืืื ืฉืคืื ืข ืืื ืืขื ืืึธื, ืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืื ืื ืึทื ืืืืืึทืื ืข ืขืจืืขื ืืฉ ืฆืืืืฉื ืืขื ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืืึธื ืืืึทื ื ืืื ืขืงืกืขืื-ืืืจื ืงืึทืืคึผืื ื- ืึธืืขืจ ืืคืขืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืกืจืืืกื. ืจืืืืืง ืืึทื ืื ืืืืฃ ืขืจื ืืจืืื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืคืื ืืืื ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืืืฉืื ืืื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืฉืืืขืจ ืึธืคึฟื ืืืขื; ืงืึทื ืืื ืืขืก ืฉืืง ืืขื ืขื ืฆื ืืขืืจืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืงืึธืืืขืจ ืืื ืืึทืืื ืืื ืคืืึทืืืง ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืืึทืื ืงืจืืกื ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืื ืงืื. ืื ืืืืขืืข ืืื ืขืจ ืืืขืื ืืื ืงืจืืืืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืืืืืง ืืขื ืืึธื ืืืื ืฉืคืื ืขโืืึท ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืืืขืืข ืืืืขืจืืขืคึฟืืืขื ืึธืืขืจ ืคืึธืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืงื ืจืขืืืฆืึทืืื ืืขื ืกืืกืืขื ืจืืืืืงืืื. ืกืืึทื ืืึทืจืื ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืขื ืขื ืงืืืกืืคืืฆืืจื ืืืจื ื ืึธืืื ืึทื ืืืึทืืขืืขืจ, ืืืึทื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืึทื ื, ืืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทื ืืจืึทื. HDPE ืืืขืจืืึทื ืื ืืขื ืขื ืคึฟpreferื ืืื ืืขืจืฉืื ืก ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืฆืืขืก ืืื ืฆื ืฉืืึทืจืงืขืจ ืคืืขืงืฆืงืืื ืืื ืืขืืืฉืขืจ ืงืขืื ืฉืืขื; PP ืึธืคึผืฆืืขื ืงืจืืืื ืขืื ืกืืืืึทืขืจ ืฉืืืฃ ืึธืืขืจ ืคืึทืจืืื ืขืจืื ื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืื ืขืงืกืืจืืื ืืขืืคึผืขืจืึทืืืจื. ืกืคึผืึทืฆืืึธื ืคืืฉ ืืื ืืขืืึทืคึผื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืึธืึธื ืึทื ืึทืื ืืืขืจื ืขืืื ื (ื.ืฃ. 40/2.5, ืืื ืืืงืืื ืื 40 ืื ืืืืกืืืืืกื ืืืึทืืขืืขืจ ืืื 2.5 ืื ื ืึธืืื ืึทื ืืืึทื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืึทื ื). ืกืขืืขืงืฉืึทื ืงืจืืืขืจืืึท ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืขืืขื ืขืจื ืค"ื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืื ืืืืึทื ืก (ืกืืืคืึทืืข, ืงืืึธืจืืืก), ืืืืคื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืื ืกื ืืขืื, ืขืจืืืึทืจืืขื ืข ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืึธืืขืจ ืจืขืืขืืขืจ ืืงืืืืื, ืืื ืงืึธืืคืึทืืืืืืืื ืืื ืชืืจื ืืื ืกืืึทืืืืฉื ืกืืกืืขื. ืืืื-ืืืืืืืก ืคืึธืืขืจื (ืืืื ืืืึทื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืึทื ื) ืืขื ืขื ืืืืกืืขืงืืืื ืืื ืงืืืืืฆืืขืืข ืขืจื, ืืืึธืก ืืจืขืคื ืฆื ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืืืื-ืคืืขืงืขืจืข ืึทืคึผืืืงืขืจ ืืืืืขืก ื ืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืืืืืืืกื ืคืื ืืึทืืงืื . ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจื ืืืืขืจ ืืึทืืจืึทืืื ืคึผืขืจืืขืืขืึทืืืืืืโื ืืืขืจืืงืขืจ-ืคืขืจืืขืืขืึทืืืืืื ืคืึธืืขืจื ืคึฟืึทืจืืื ืขืจื ืืืึทืกืขืจ ืืื ืืึทื ื ืืื ืืขื ืขื เจื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืืขืจืืขืื ืืึทืืื ืขืจ. ืืขืงืืขืก ืคืึธืืขืจื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืืกืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืื ืื ืฆื EN 1537 (ืืืืกืคืืจืื ื ืคืื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขืืข ืืืืึธืืขืงืื ืืง ืึทืจืืขื: ืขืจื ืึธื ืงืขืจ), ISO 11760 (ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืคึผืืืคืขืจ ืืื ืคืืืฉืขืจื: ืืึทืฉืืขืืืงืื ื ืคืื ืืึทื ื-ืืขืจืืื ืืืืจืืกืืึทืืืง ืฉืืืจืงืืื), ืืื ASTM D6379 (ืืจืืื ืื ื ืืื ืคืึธืืึธ ืคืึทืืจืืง, ืืืึธืืขืงืกืืื ืกืคึผืขืกืืคืืงืึทืฆืืข). ืคืึทืจืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืกืืึทื ืืึทืจืื ืืึทืฉืืขืืืงื ืงืึทื ืกืืกืืขื ื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืงืืืึทืืืืขื, ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืกืขืจื ืงืึธืจืืืืข ืืึทืฉืืืื ื, ืืื ืืขืจืคืึทืจืื ื ืืึทื ื-ืืขืจืืื ืฆืืืขืืืืืขืจ ืฆื ืงืจืืืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืคึฟืจืึทืกืืจืืงืืืจ ืขืืึทื ืขืจืื ื.
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