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××¢××ס ×€ÖŒ××Ö·×¥ ×××áááס ×Š× ×€Ö¿×¢×֎ק××× ×××עך ×עש×××× × ××× ×¡××Ö·×××š× ×Š× ×¢×§×¡×€ÖŒ×š×××¢× ×Öž×עך ׀֌ךע-ס×Öž×§×¢××¢× ×ס××. ××Öž×š× ××©× ×× ×× ×š×¢×§×××ךements ×€×ַך××Ö·× ×× ××× ×€×ַךש׀֌ך×××× × ×€×× UV ××¢×ך×Ö·×××ש×Ö·× ×€Ö¿×ַך ××¢××××§×× ×©××Öž× ×¢××¢××¢× ×× ××× ×§×Öž× ×ך×Öž×××š× ××ַש×××עך ××Ö·××× ×× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×§×Öž× ×§×š×× ××× ×Š× ×€×ַך×××× ×§×š×Ö·×§×× × ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž×××§×× ×Š×××× ××¢×š× ×¢××¢××××§ ××× ××Ö·×§×ַך××ש ×Š× ××Öž×€×¢××× ×ª××× ×ת. ××××£ ×€ÖŒ××Ö·×¥ ××Ö·××Ö·× ×××× × ×עסעך ס׀֌עש×Ö·×××××š× ×š×××× × ×Ö·×§××××€ÖŒ××¢× × ××× ×עךק ××ַש××××× × ×֞׀֌ש××××× × ×Š× ××ַש××××× × ×××עך×××××Ö·× ××֞ך××× ×××¢× ×¡×€ÖŒ×¢×¡××€××§×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡ ×€×ַך××× ×עך×倩接. ס××Ö·× ××¢×š× ×€ÖŒ×֞ס×× ×××× ××× ×€Ö¿×× 27 ××× ×ש ×Š× 48 ××× ×ש, ××× ×€Ö¿×ַך××× ××¢× ×¢ ×ס×× ×¡×Öž×§×¢× ×××€ ××Ö·×€ÖŒ× ×€×× 24 ×Š× 36 ××× ××©× ×€×ךע×× × ××× ×¢×š× ××Ö·×š× ×§×Ö·×€ÖŒ×ַ׊×××¢× ×§××ס×. ××××-××¢× ×©×× ×©××Öž× ××× ×× (ASTM A588 Grade A ×××¢×עך×× × ×©××Öž× ××× ASTM A709 ×ך××§- ×ך×Ö·× ×¡×€ÖŒ×¢×¡××€××§×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡) ׊×ש××¢×× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×××סש×××× × ××¢×× ÚÙÙØ¯ ××× ×Ö·×ך×ַס××× ×¢×š×, ×עש×ַס ×§×Öž× ×§×š×× ×Ö·×××¢×š× ×××× ×€Ö¿×× ×§× ××¢× ×Š× ×¢× ×©×ך ×××¢×× ASTM C94 ׀ך×ש ××קס ס׀֌עס××€××§×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡ ××× ACI 318 ×€Ö¿×ַךש××ַךק××× × ×¢×š×©×× ×€Ö¿×š×××¢×. ××Ö·××××Ö·× ×××× × ××Ö·××Ö·× ×××× ××¢× ××ַ׊×Öž×× ××× ASTM A123 ××× ×××Ö·× ×§×Öž××Öž××× × ××š×¢× ××¢× ×§ (70 ××קך×Öž× ×¡ × ×Öž××× ×¢×), ×Š× ×××× ××× ××× >40-××֞ך ××Ö·××× ×. ×Ö·××¢ ××Öž××¢×š×¢× ×Ö·× ××¢×€×× ×׊××¢ ×ך×××¢× ×Š× ×¢×š×- ××× ×©××ַך××§×-×××עך××¢×××©× ×§×Ö·××××¢ ××× ××Ö·××Ö·× ×××× × ×ײַ׀ֿ××Öž×¡× ××× ×€ÖŒ×× ×§× ×§×¢×× ×¢×š×××§× ×€×× ××Öž××֞ך ׊×××ַסך×ס סעך×Ö·×××ת ×§×Öž××××× ××× NCHRP 350 ××× MASH (××Ö·× ××¢× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×עך ××ַש××××× × ×€×× ×××עך×××× ××ַך×××עך) ×עך×Ö·×€ÖŒ×. ××× ××©×¢× ××š× ×€Ö¿×ַךש××¢×× ×××Öž×× ×¢×¡ ××× ××Ö·×עך××Ö·×ס ×ַך××¢× ××× ×××× ×¢×§×Öž×××Ö·× ×××ךש××¢×Ö·× ×¡×× ××××§, ××Öµ× × ×× ××¢ ××¢××ש ××× ×€×Ö·×š× ××× ×§××× ××××¢×× ×€ÖŒ×Ö·×š×§×¢× ×€×Öž×××× ×§×ַ׀֌ע, ×××עך ××¢× ×××Ö·××××§ ×× ××× ×××שע ך××עך, ×§×Öž-עסק ׀עך××¢×××× × ×Š××××©× ×׀שך ××¢×€Ö¿×× ×¢× ×€Ö¿×ַך×××× ×. ×××ס××§ ××ÖŽ××ש ×€×ך×××ס ×€Ö¿×ַךש××¢× ×××§ ש××Ö·× × ×ַס ××××× ××× ××ס עךס××¢ ××× ASTM F1554 ×Ö·× ×§×¢×š ×××× ×¡×€ÖŒ×¢×¡××€××§×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡ ×€Ö¿×ַך ×€×ַך××× ××× × ××֞ך×××עך, EN 1317 ×××ך×֞׀֌ע×שע ×××עך×××× ×××š× ×€Ö¿×ַך ש××¢×× ×××ס׀ֿ×Ö·×עך×× × ×Š× ×€×ַך××××××, ××× ISO 6892 ×ַך׊×× ×ס ס××š× ×Ö·× ×××ª× ×××Ö·×¡× ×××¢× ×Š×××¢×××× ×¢× ×Š×. ×× ×š×¢××¢×§×©× ×©×²Ö·×¢×עך ×××Öž×× ×©×××Š× ×€×× ×¢×š×€ÖŒ× ×€ÖŒ×× ×¡×¢××× ××× ××֞ס ××××××ס, ×Š× ×€×ַך×עסעך ×× ×××עךש×××§ ××ÖŽ××ש ××× ×ך××סעך.
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×ך×Öž× ××× ×š×¢×××× ×××Ö·× × ×֞׀֌ש×××. ××ך×ך××× ×€ÖŒ×֞ס×× ××¢× ×¢× ××¢××× ×€×Öž××§×ס ××× ×¡×ך××§×××š×¢× ×©××Öž× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž×€××× (W-beams, ×Š×¢× ×עך סעקש×Ö·× ×, ×Öž×עך ×§×ַס××Öž× ×š×Öž××× ×€×֞ך×ס) ×Öž×עך ׀֌ך××§×Ö·×¡× ×€Ö¿×ַךש××Ö·×š×§× ×§×Öž× ×§×š××, ××× ××Ö·×עך××Ö·× ×§×Öž×××× ×ַ׊××¢ ×××Ö·×× ×××× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××¢×§× ×€×ַך××× ××¢× ××× ×××××¢××× × ×¢×§×¡×€ÖŒ×Öž××ש×ך ×Š× ××ÖŽ× ×š×׀ֿך. ש××Öž× ×€ÖŒ×֞ס×× ××¢× ×¢× ××¢××××× ×××¢× ××¢××¢×š× × ×Öž×עך ×¢×§×Öž×-××¢××××§×× ×€Ö¿×ַך ××¢× ××××ש, ס׀֌ע׊××¢× ××× ××¢×× ×× ××× ×§×֞ס××××עך ×Öž×עך ××¢××ש ×Ö·×ך×ַס××× ××Ö·××× ××. ×§×Öž× ×§×š×× ×€ÖŒ×֞ס×× ×Š×ש××¢×× ×עך ××ך×Ö·×××××× ××× ×€ÖŒ×שך-××¢×××Ö·×××××§×¢ ××Ö·× ×עס ××× ×Š×ש××¢×× ×עך××Ö·× ×¡××Ö·×××××× ××× ×¢×š×©××××§ ××¢×׀֌עך×Ö·××ך ×€×××§×××ַ׊×עס. ×× ××¢× ×Öž××ך×שע ××××²Ö·× ×€×× ××¢× ×€ÖŒ×֞ס×× ×× ×§×××××š× ×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ××Ö· ××ס××Ö·× ×©×Ö·× ×, ×××Ö·× × ×××§× ×ַס ××× ×€Ö¿×ַךש××ַךק××× × ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž×ך×Ö·××¢× ×Öž×€ÖŒ×××××××š× ×€Ö¿×ַך ××Öž××¢× × ×§×¢×× ×©××¢×, שעך ×€×ַךש×××ַעך×× ×, ××× ×¢×š×××Ö·× ×€×× ×Ö·× ××× ×¡××Ö·××ך×× × 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××¢××ס ×€ÖŒ××Ö·×¥ ×××áááס ×Š× ×€Ö¿×¢×֎ק××× ×××עך ×עש×××× × ××× ×¡××Ö·×××š× ×Š× ×¢×§×¡×€ÖŒ×š×××¢× ×Öž×עך ׀֌ךע-ס×Öž×§×¢××¢× ×ס××. ××Öž×š× ××©× ×× ×× ×š×¢×§×××ךements ×€×ַך××Ö·× ×× ××× ×€×ַךש׀֌ך×××× × ×€×× UV ××¢×ך×Ö·×××ש×Ö·× ×€Ö¿×ַך ××¢××××§×× ×©××Öž× ×¢××¢××¢× ×× ××× ×§×Öž× ×ך×Öž×××š× ××ַש×××עך ××Ö·××× ×× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×§×Öž× ×§×š×× ××× ×Š× ×€×ַך×××× ×§×š×Ö·×§×× × ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž×××§×× ×Š×××× ××¢×š× ×¢××¢××××§ ××× ××Ö·×§×ַך××ש ×Š× ××Öž×€×¢××× ×ª××× ×ת. ××××£ ×€ÖŒ××Ö·×¥ ××Ö·××Ö·× ×××× × ×עסעך ס׀֌עש×Ö·×××××š× ×š×××× × ×Ö·×§××××€ÖŒ××¢× × ××× ×עךק ××ַש××××× × ×֞׀֌ש××××× × ×Š× ××ַש××××× × ×××עך×××××Ö·× ××֞ך××× ×××¢× ×¡×€ÖŒ×¢×¡××€××§×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡ ×€×ַך××× ×עך×倩接. ס××Ö·× ××¢×š× ×€ÖŒ×֞ס×× ×××× ××× ×€Ö¿×× 27 ××× ×ש ×Š× 48 ××× ×ש, ××× ×€Ö¿×ַך××× ××¢× ×¢ ×ס×× ×¡×Öž×§×¢× ×××€ ××Ö·×€ÖŒ× ×€×× 24 ×Š× 36 ××× ××©× ×€×ךע×× × ××× ×¢×š× ××Ö·×š× ×§×Ö·×€ÖŒ×ַ׊×××¢× ×§××ס×. ××××-××¢× ×©×× ×©××Öž× ××× ×× (ASTM A588 Grade A ×××¢×עך×× × ×©××Öž× ××× ASTM A709 ×ך××§- ×ך×Ö·× ×¡×€ÖŒ×¢×¡××€××§×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡) ׊×ש××¢×× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×××סש×××× × ××¢×× ÚÙÙØ¯ ××× ×Ö·×ך×ַס××× ×¢×š×, ×עש×ַס ×§×Öž× ×§×š×× ×Ö·×××¢×š× ×××× ×€Ö¿×× ×§× ××¢× ×Š× ×¢× ×©×ך ×××¢×× ASTM C94 ׀ך×ש ××קס ס׀֌עס××€××§×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡ ××× ACI 318 ×€Ö¿×ַךש××ַךק××× × ×¢×š×©×× ×€Ö¿×š×××¢×. ××Ö·××××Ö·× ×××× × ××Ö·××Ö·× ×××× ××¢× ××ַ׊×Öž×× ××× ASTM A123 ××× ×××Ö·× ×§×Öž××Öž××× × ××š×¢× ××¢× ×§ (70 ××קך×Öž× ×¡ × ×Öž××× ×¢×), ×Š× ×××× ××× ××× >40-××֞ך ××Ö·××× ×. ×Ö·××¢ ××Öž××¢×š×¢× ×Ö·× ××¢×€×× ×׊××¢ ×ך×××¢× ×Š× ×¢×š×- ××× ×©××ַך××§×-×××עך××¢×××©× ×§×Ö·××××¢ ××× ××Ö·××Ö·× ×××× × ×ײַ׀ֿ××Öž×¡× ××× ×€ÖŒ×× ×§× ×§×¢×× ×¢×š×××§× ×€×× ××Öž××֞ך ׊×××ַסך×ס סעך×Ö·×××ת ×§×Öž××××× ××× NCHRP 350 ××× MASH (××Ö·× ××¢× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×עך ××ַש××××× × ×€×× ×××עך×××× ××ַך×××עך) ×עך×Ö·×€ÖŒ×. ××× ××©×¢× ××š× ×€Ö¿×ַךש××¢×× ×××Öž×× ×¢×¡ ××× ××Ö·×עך××Ö·×ס ×ַך××¢× ××× ×××× ×¢×§×Öž×××Ö·× ×××ךש××¢×Ö·× ×¡×× ××××§, ××Öµ× × ×× ××¢ ××¢××ש ××× ×€×Ö·×š× ××× ×§××× ××××¢×× ×€ÖŒ×Ö·×š×§×¢× ×€×Öž×××× ×§×ַ׀֌ע, ×××עך ××¢× ×××Ö·××××§ ×× ××× ×××שע ך××עך, ×§×Öž-עסק ׀עך××¢×××× × ×Š××××©× ×׀שך ××¢×€Ö¿×× ×¢× ×€Ö¿×ַך×××× ×. ×××ס××§ ××ÖŽ××ש ×€×ך×××ס ×€Ö¿×ַךש××¢× ×××§ ש××Ö·× × ×ַס ××××× ××× ××ס עךס××¢ ××× ASTM F1554 ×Ö·× ×§×¢×š ×××× ×¡×€ÖŒ×¢×¡××€××§×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡ ×€Ö¿×ַך ×€×ַך××× ××× × ××֞ך×××עך, EN 1317 ×××ך×֞׀֌ע×שע ×××עך×××× ×××š× ×€Ö¿×ַך ש××¢×× ×××ס׀ֿ×Ö·×עך×× × ×Š× ×€×ַך××××××, ××× ISO 6892 ×ַך׊×× ×ס ס××š× ×Ö·× ×××ª× ×××Ö·×¡× ×××¢× ×Š×××¢×××× ×¢× ×Š×. ×× ×š×¢××¢×§×©× ×©×²Ö·×¢×עך ×××Öž×× ×©×××Š× ×€×× ×¢×š×€ÖŒ× ×€ÖŒ×× ×¡×¢××× ××× ××֞ס ××××××ס, ×Š× ×€×ַך×עסעך ×× ×××עךש×××§ ××ÖŽ××ש ××× ×ך××סעך.