Izicholo zokufaka umhlabathi ezizenzekelayo zihlobo lwezinto ezikhethekile zokubopha eziklanyelwe ukugcina futhi kuqinise izinkanyezi zomhlabathi ezinhlelweni ze-geotechnical ngaphandle kokufaka izikhukhula eziphakanyisiweyo. Ngokwehluka kwezicholo zomhlabathi ezijwayelekile ezidinga izinqubo zokubhola ezihlukile, izinhlobo ezizenzekelayo zihlanganisa ikhanda lokusika ne-drill bit ngqo ohlelweni lokuqinisa, ivumela ukubhola nokugruta ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lezi zinhlelo zihlala ziqukethe ibhande les steel elikwazi ukuhamba elinokukhanya okubuyekeziwe noma okuhlanganisiwe okuwumqhele ophakeme, lapho um liquid yokubhola noma i-cement grout iphuphuma ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Uthuli uqobo lusebenza njengethuluzi lokubhola kanye nomgogodla wesikhathi eside, okwenza kube isixazululo esihlanganisiwe sokugcina izinga, ukwakhiwa kwezinqaba zokugcina, kanye nokuqinisa umhlaba emisebenzini yokwakha ezijulile. Uhlaka lwezitholo zokubhola umhlabathi ezizenzekelayo lubandakanya ama-tube e-steel anamandla (ngokuvamile angama-25 - 50 mm ububanzi) anama-tensile strengths ahamba kusuka ku-400 kuya ku-600 MPa, axhunywe ne-tungsten carbide noma izikhanda zokusika ze-steel ezinzima eziklanyelwe ukudlula ezinhlelweni zomhlaba ezihlukahlukene nezinsalela ezinamandla. Uhlobo olukhonkobela lwenza ukukhetha kokubhola nokugruta kwe-tremie, kudala ukhonkolo oluhlanganisiwe olwandisa amandla aphakathi komphakathi ngesitho sokuhlakazeka nokuhlangana namalahle azungezile. Le msebenzi emibili igcina izinqubo zokubhola ezihlukile, kunciphisa isikhathi sokufaka, futhi kuthuthukisa umkhiqizo endaweni yokusebenza. Emkhakheni wezokwakha ezijulile nasemkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, izicholo zokubhola umhlabathi ezizenzekelayo zisetshenziselwa ukugcina izindlela zokwakha ezinjengokwakhiwa kwezikebhe, ikakhulukazi lapho imishini yokubhola ejwayelekile ingenakufinyelela ezindaweni eziyingxenye noma ezindaweni ezihlambele. Zibalulekile ekuqhubekiseni isakhiwo sephephethi, ukuxhasa okupholile ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, kanye nokugcinwa kwezindawo ezinciqhwa yizinsuku ezimbili ezibhekene ne-erosion noma i-seepage. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlelo zixhasa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ukusebenza kwelokhu-kweluni okuphakathi kwezindlu, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba ezindaweni ezibhekene nemisebenzi ye-seismic noma ukusikeka komhlaba. Amandla azo okusebenza ezinsalweni ezinamandla, umhlaba ohlushwe, nendawo engapheli kuyazithokozisa ezinsekweni ezinzima ze-geotechnical. Izitholo zokubhola umhlabathi ezizenzekelayo ziviliswa ngokuqhubekayo ubude obujwayelekile obusemkhatsini wama-6 kuya kwama-18 m, ngezinsizakalo zokuzikhethela ezenzakalelayo lapho kudingeka. Ukugcina kwendawo kudinga ukuvikela ekuphazanyisweni nasekuhlukanisweni, kanti ukwenziwa ngendlela efanele ngesikhathi sokuhamba kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka komjovo noma ukukhanda. Ukufaka kudinga imishini yokuqhubekisela phambili ebonakalayo ezikwazi ukuqhubeka nge-axis thrust (ngokuvamile ama-50 - 200 kN) nokujikijela, kanye nokugrutsha ngesikhathi sokubhola ukuze kukhuphule ukwakheka kokuhlengahlenga nokunciphisa amathuba okungena. Ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kuhlanganisa amahhosha agcotshiweyo ahlanzekile anokuxhumana okukhonkobele, ukwakhiwa kwe-welded seam, kanye nezinhlobo ze-tube eziyisidima. Izinhlanga zokusika zihluke ngokwakhiwa—ama-tri-cone rolling cutters, izikhephe ezibhalwe, kanye nezikhanda zokubhola—ngcada ukufanisa kuzimo zomhlaba ezihlukene. Izinhlobo zensimbi zijwayele ukujwayela ku-EN 10025 noma efanayo, nezinsimbi ezikalelwe ngogesi noma ze-stainless steel zikhona zokuhamba ezimeni ezibuthakathaka. Abaklami bachaza izicholo zokubhola umhlabathi ezizenzekelayo ngokuya ngezimiso zomhlaba (uhlobo lomhlabathi, ubukhulu, amandla okucindezela okungashayiwe), amandla adingekayo (ukuphula okugcina), ubude bokufaka, izimo zamanzi omhlaba, nezikhathi zomsebenzi. Ukuhlaziywa kwezimali kuvame ukuncoma izinhlelo zokubhola ezizenzekelayo lapho izinsiza zokubhola ejwayelekile zikhombisa ukuthi zibiza kakhulu noma zenza kube nzima. Ukuhlangana nokwakhiwa kuhambisana ne-EN 14490 (Ukuphathwa Komsebenzi Okhethekile Kweze-Gotechnical—Soil Nailing), ASTM D4435 (Imigomo Yokwakhiwa Kwenqwaba Yeziqhingi Nokufakwa), kanye ne-ISO 10236 (Ukuxhomekeka Komhlaba Nezinsalela) kuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwezobunjiniyela nokwaneliseka kwezakhiwo. Imithetho yokwakha yendawo nezindinganiso zokwakha kwezobuqhaza ziegasposedge ukulawula izincazelo namazinga wokwamukelwa.
Izibhele zesenzela (Hollow Bars) ziyizingqalo zentuthuko yensimbi enezimpilo ezinengxubevele engaphakathi, ezahlanganiswe ukwenza ukuhlaya nokugela nkosishiyane ekuncineni komhlaba nokusumuza umhlaba ezintwalatweni zokugweba nomhlaba. Lezi zibhele zinobunzuza besimbi esiphezulu ne-umuntu wamandla (internal passage) engamandla ekugeleni igumuthu lesesimento noma iresini ngaphansi kwephepha. Idizayini enengxubevele ivumela ukuhlaya ngaphakathi nesibhele, okwenza lezi zingqalo zibe izakha, ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuqoba umhlaba ekuthuthukiseni isivikelo somhlaba ezisetshenziswa ekusimbeni komhlaba nokuthuthukiseni isisebenzi senendawo.
Izibhele zokuhlaya ziyithuluzi lokusika elibalulekile lapho linxulumene nezinhlelweni zokuqoba umhlaba eziziqubulela, ezahlanganiswe ukuthi zenze izindanda eziqinile ngenkathi zifaka izingqalo zesisebenzi sengqalasizinda. Lezi thhuluzi ezenziwe ngolwazi oluthile linobusuku obukhulu besimbi ene-tungsten carbide enezigcama zokusika noma ubusuku obubekwe ekugcineni, okuhlanganiswe ukuphakamisa nokunqotha iqutha lentuthuko njengoba isibhele sijikelezwa futhi sithi isimele emhlabeni. Izakha ze-carbide zinika ukuqina okungenakubalwa nokuqinile okukile, ekuvumela ukungenela kwizakhiwo zomhlaba ezinzima njengamuncu amanzi kuya ezilangeni elayoshwa. I-geometry yesibhele—kuphakamisa i-angle yebhadi, ukuhlanganisa kwefluthe, ne-tip configuration—ihlanganiswe ulungele ukunqotha nokugcina ubuqinile bendanda ngesikhathi somsakazo wonke, esusa isidingo sokuhlaya okufanele noma ukususwa kwemtholo.
--- Ezinhlelweni zeziqongo zokuhlola umhlaba ezizenzakalelayo, ukudidiyela kusebenza njengezixhumi ze-mechanical ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa izingxenye zeziqongo ngokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokufaka, kuvumela ukuba kugweme umhlaba nezinto zokwakha ezijulile. Lezi zisetshenziswa ezikhiqizwe ngokuqondile ziqondiswe ekwenzeni ukuvikeleka kwemikhiqizo nokugcina umthwalo ohambisanayo kuwo wonke ubude beziqongo. Iziqongo zifaka noma izikhiye ezinezinhlaka ezihlelwe kahle noma ezimweni zokuhlangana, eziqinisekisa ukudluliswa okuthembekile kwamandla okubanjwa nokwehliswa phakathi kwezihlanganisi ezihlanganisiwe ngenkathi zigcina ukujolisa okujwayelekile okubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuphumula. Iziqongo zibalulekile ekugcineni kwezintaba, ekuqiniseni kwezingxenye zezicabha, ekunciphiseni kwezikhukhula, nasekuthuthukiseni izindonga ezikhangayo. Ezisebenziseka kahle ezinhlakeni ezijulile nocwaningo lukamasipala, zivumela onjiniyela ukuba balungise ubude beziqongo ukuze buphindaphinde izimo zomhlaba ezithile, amafayela omhlaba, nezindawo ezidingekayo zokufakwa ngaphandle kokufuna izingxenye ezikhiqiziwe ngokwezifiso. Le modularity ibalulekile kakhulu ezimweni ze-geotechnical eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihilela ama-strata amaningi, ubukhulu bomhlaba obuhlukahlukene, noma izindawo ze-rock ezingalindelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziqongo zenza kube lula ukuhlela kabusha amaphrojekthi wokugcinwa lapho amazi acwecwethekile adinga ukwandiswa noma ukuqiniswa. Lezi zingxenye zivame ukuhlinzekwa njengezindawo ezikhiqiziwe ngaphambi kokuhlinzekwa emaphaketheni ezindala ezizenzakalelayo, zilethwa nezifakelo zokuvikela ukuvimbela ukubola ngesikhathi sokuhamba nokugcina. Endaweni, iziqongo ziqhamuka ziqhume ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezihlelekile nezezi Ngesi, imvamisa ngama-wrench amathuluzi we-torque noma amathuluzi e-pneumatic ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-preload efanele. Ukugcina kahle ezimfundweni ezomile kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikelwa kwesigqoko nokuhlola izikhala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezilwandle noma okumanzi lapho ingozi yokubola iphezulu. Izinhlobo zokudidiyela zifaka izakhiwo ezijwayelekile ezinezikhiye ezihambelana nezinhlaka zeziqongo ezikhethiweyo, izinhlobo ezinamandla zokusebenza ezinzima, kanye nezixhumi ezikhethekile ezinezindlela zokuzivala ukuze kuvinjelwe ukujikeleza ngenxa yokunyakaza noma ukulinda. Ukuhloswe ngalesi sici kudinga ukwenziwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezithinta imkhawulo ye-Grade 8,8 kuya ku-Grade 10,9 steel, ezinezithiyo eziphakeme ezedlula i-640 MPa, kuqinisekisa amandla omthwalo ahambelana noma adlula izingxenye ezihlanganiswe. Izinketho zensimbi ye-stainless z available zikhona ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesimo somhlaba esidlayo noma izidingo zokuhlala isikhathi eside. Izinhlinzeko zokukhetha iziqongo zifaka ukuvuma kwemithwalo ehambisana nezincazelo zeziqongo, ukuqinisekiswa kokuhambisana kwe-thread, ukuhambisana kwezinto ngokomqolo noma ngezindlela ezicindezelayo, nezidingo zokusebenza kwesikhathi eside ezimweni zomhlaba ezithile. Onjiniyela kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi ukwakheka kwesikhala somhaka kuhlangabezana nemithwalo elindelwe, bahlola bobabili amandla okuthunga okuvama nezidingo zokukhuluma kwemvula noma ukucindezela. Ezisebenzelanayo eMhlabeni, ukukhombisa izincazelo zokudidiyela kuthinta izinga lokuphindwa kwenqubo yesistimu kanye nezinhlaka zokuphepha. Iziqongo ziphathwa ngemigomo ehlanganisa i-EN 197 (izincazelo ze-cement zokusebenza ngokusebenzisa i-grouted), ASTMA A449 (amashalofu ama-hex cap efanele iziqongo eziqinisekisa umthwalo), kanye nemigomo ye-ISO 4014/4016 yezincazelo zohlangano. Izincazelo zephrojekthi zingabhekisela kwi-DIN 934 yeziqongo ze-metric noma imithetho yezwe ethile yokuhlangabezana nezingxenye ezikhiqizwa. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana, kuhlanganiswa nezitifiketi zezakhiwo nedatha yokuhlola imishini, kuyinto ejwayelekile embonini yokuhlola ikhwalithi eziphezulu emaphaketheni okuthuthukiswa komhlaba nokuphepha.
Izipuleti ezizonzakele zizakha zesisebenzi esiphezulu ezintan enhlelweni yokuqoba umhlaba, ezahlanganiswe ukuthi zidluliselwe amandla avela ekugcineni kwesikhashane kuya umhlaba omunyathelwene noma impilo eshiywa. Lezi zipuleti, ezivamise ukuthenjwa ngensimbi enambundla, zisebenza njengezindawo zokusabela amandla lekwalokelele ezinhlelweni zokuvumela umhlaba, ikakhulukazi kwizinhlelweni zokuqoba umhlaba eziziqubulela ezisetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni ikunqaba, ukutathelana nokubudalwa okwesikhashana nesikhathi eside, ukunzuza ikhela, nokuthwala komitholo yokuzisumuza. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-bearing plate wukwandisa indawo yokubambisana phakathi kwesikhanda lesibhele nohlelo lokubuka (kungaba isikhumba somhlaba esikhashana, i-geotextile, noma iphanele elisikhashana le-shotcrete/i-concrete), ngakho kuthuthuke ukucindezeleka kwamandla ekuncineni okungenza umhlaba oshiywe wame noma ukudluliselwa kwamandla okungalinganiselwe. --- **ACTION REQUIRED:** Please provide the complete English descriptions for Items 1 and 4 so I can translate them properly.
Amanutha noamahleza ayizingxenye ezisezingcwele zokuphakamisa kusetshenziswa ekusistemeni yokubhuja umhlaba oqulunqulisa, futhi asebenzi njengomthelela onolwazi olungingeleza phakathi kweshafuri yokubhuja nomuntu ozokusetshenziswa ukuqinisa. Lezi zingxenye zisebenza ngokuhlanganisa ukumiselwa umandla ozilendlele, kuvimbela ukuthintwa kwenshubu yokubhuja emathe ehlukahlukayo, futhi kuqinise indlela enombele yokusebenziselana ngesikhathi eside ekusistemeni yokubhuja izwe nesinzalo esiku-deep. Ihleza, okwajwayelekile yenzwe insimbi eyenkazelo, ikheza indawo enkulu yokusesha amandla okuthi iphakamise amandla e-tensile ne-shear ngokulinganayo endaweni yokuhlobonela yokubhuja, ngesikhathi umuthi uqinsa ihumusha ngengxabano yethaladini. ---
Iplate yobukhoshe iyingxenye enolwazi lokugcina amandla ekusistemeni yokuthuthukisa umhlaba nesinzalo, ngaphakathi kwimikhakha yokubhuja umhlaba namakoshela e-anchor. Okwajwayelekile yenzwe insimbi eyenzeke ngobukhulu obukhulu, iplates zezindawo ziyathumela amandla e-tensile ohlobo lwento yokuthuthukisa endaweni elulukhiwe, futhi zisebenza ukudluliselwa kwamandla okuvela ekaramu yokuthuthukisa endaweni yeumhlaba. Okucetshiyene kuhluke ekuphakamisweni kwegrafu okufana ne-S235 (E24) noma S355 (E36), nakuba amabhayibhili amakhulu ahohle abiswa kwimikhakha eyenzeka kanzima. Lezi plates zenziwe ukumelana nokuqoqwa kwamandla futhi kuvimbele ukuhlakanipha kwamandla endaweni ye-soil-nail, futhi likhuthe amandla aqoqiwe endaweni enkulu yokuvimbela umuntu angavele uve, ukuthamatela okulezindlela, nokuwela nomhlaba. ---
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