Amathubu amasha amelela imikhiqizo ethuthukisiwe ye-tubular steel emkhatsini wezimfanelo ezingavuliwe, eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nezobuchwepheshe. Lamathubu enziwa ngezinqubo ezingenamkhawulo noma ezihlangene futhi ahlangabezana nezinga eliphezulu lokuhlola okudingekayo emisebenzini ebalulekile yokuthwala, ukudrila, ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba, nasezinhlelweni zemithetho yokugcina. Amathubu amasha ahlukaniswa ngemikhiqizo ethuthukisiwe noma esebenzisiwe ngokuphila kwabo kwemikhiqizo, izakhiwo ezihlonziwe zomele, kanye nokuhlola okuhlelekile kuya ezingeni le-manufacturing. Amathubu amasha enziwa ngensimbi ye-structural-grade, evame ukutholakala ngensimbi ye-carbon noma ye-alloy. Amathubu angenamkhawulo enziwa ngezinqubo zokushisa noma zokuhluka ezigcwele, kanti amathubu ahlanganisiwe akhiwa kusuka kumakhoyili ensimbi noma amabhodi futhi enziwe nge-seam-welding kuhambisana nezimfuneko. Lezi zimpahla zikhombisa ukuvunyelwa kwezifunda ezihambelana, ubukhulu benkanyezi be-internal kanye ne-external, kanye ne-compostion yomkhiqizo ojwayelekile. Inqubo yokwakha iqinisekisa ukuthi amathubu ahlangabezana nezinga le-yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, kanye nezidingo zokumelana nomthelela ezibalulekile emsebenzini wezisekelo ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokudubula nokuphuthuma. Amathubu amasha anika imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ku-engineering yobuchwepheshe. Izicelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa: amathubu okufaka ku-micropiles, anika ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo esikhanjiwe noma esiyindlondlobala futhi kuvinjwa ukuwa kwe-borehole emhlabathini ongenamqondo; amathubu okudrila njengengxenye yezinhlelo ze-rotary drilling rigs kanye ne-continuous flight auger (CFA); amacasepiling wezindilinga zemifula emhlabathini odinga ukulawula amanzi angaphakathi noma ukweseka umhlabathi ongenamandla; kanye namapayipi e-slurry wokwakha izikhala zomzimba nezindilinga lapho kuthathwa ukuzungeza ongumgogodla ongu-bentonite. Kulokho kuthuthukiswa komhlaba, amathubu asebenza njengezindlela ze-tremie zokugrice omhlabathi, izihlangu zokugrice eziphakanyisiwe, kanye nezingxenye zezakhiwo ezimnandi emisebenzini yokuxuba ejulile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathubu amasha achaziwe ezinhlelweni ze-sheet piling, imikhondo ye-soldier ezindaweni zokugcina, kanye ne-secant/tangent pile walls ezikhungweni zasemadolobheni lapho ukunciphisa isikhala noma ukuvikela izakhiwo eziphakeme kubalulekile. Amathubu amasha afinyelelwa ngemikhotho noma athunyelwa ngokuqondile, anokuhlangula okuvikelwe okukhulisa ukuvimbela ukugqwala ngesikhathi sokugcina. Ukugcina lokhu kudinga imiqulu ephakeme noma ukwephula okhuni ukuvimbela ukuhlangana nomhlaba kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi. Amathubu kumele ahloliwe uma efika ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphuma kwezimfanelo, isimo se-surface, kanye nokuhlola okuhlelekile. Ukuhlinzeka kudinga imishini ethile—ama-pile drivers, drilling rigs, noma izinhlelo zokufaka ama-hydraulic—kuye ngohlobo lwezicelo. Ukuphathwa kahle, ukusika, ukuxhoma, nokuxhoma izindlela kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwendawo futhi kuvinjwe iziphazamiso eziphumayo. Izinguquko ezivamile zifaka amathubu e-carbon steel angenamkhawulo (EN 10210, ASTM A500), amathubu e-API 5L line pipe (ezicelo eziphakeme), amathubu e-alloy steel (EN 10216), kanye namathubu e-galvanized noma e-epoxy-coated ezindaweni eziguquguqukayo. Ububanzi obuvamile bulingana ngama-60 mm kuya ku-1,220 mm, kuthi ubukhulu bezindonga buze phakathi kuka-2.5 mm kuya ku-25+ mm kuya kwemfuneko yokuhanjiswa kwezimoto nezimo zomhlaba. Abaklami bawela amathubu amasha ngokusekelwe kumthamo odingekayo wokuthwala, ukujula kokufaka, ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba (i-clay, i-sand, i-rock), izimo zamanzi angaphakathi, impilo elindelekile yokusebenza, kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ukugwema ukugqwala, ukufanelana nezindlela zokuxhuma, kanye nokumelana kokudlula ngesikhathi sokushaywa kwe-pile kuthinta izincazelo zokugcina. Izindinganiso ezisebenziswayo zifaka i-EN 10210-1 (amathubu aphelile ngokuphezulu), i-EN 10219-1 (amathubu aphelilwe ngendlela ephansi), i-ASTM A500 (amathubu e-carbon steel aphansi), i-ASTM A252 (ama-pile we-steel), i-API 5L (i-line pipe), kanye ne-ISO 1161 (amathubu ajwayelekile). Ukuqinisekisa ukuklanywa kuhlangana ne-EN 1997-1 (Eurocode 7), i-ASTM D1143, kanye nezimfuneko zomgwaqo wezobuchwepheshe zendawo.
Amathubu amasha amelela imikhiqizo ethuthukisiwe ye-tubular steel emkhatsini wezimfanelo ezingavuliwe, eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nezobuchwepheshe. Lamathubu enziwa ngezinqubo ezingenamkhawulo noma ezihlangene futhi ahlangabezana nezinga eliphezulu lokuhlola okudingekayo emisebenzini ebalulekile yokuthwala, ukudrila, ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba, nasezinhlelweni zemithetho yokugcina. Amathubu amasha ahlukaniswa ngemikhiqizo ethuthukisiwe noma esebenzisiwe ngokuphila kwabo kwemikhiqizo, izakhiwo ezihlonziwe zomele, kanye nokuhlola okuhlelekile kuya ezingeni le-manufacturing. Amathubu amasha enziwa ngensimbi ye-structural-grade, evame ukutholakala ngensimbi ye-carbon noma ye-alloy. Amathubu angenamkhawulo enziwa ngezinqubo zokushisa noma zokuhluka ezigcwele, kanti amathubu ahlanganisiwe akhiwa kusuka kumakhoyili ensimbi noma amabhodi futhi enziwe nge-seam-welding kuhambisana nezimfuneko. Lezi zimpahla zikhombisa ukuvunyelwa kwezifunda ezihambelana, ubukhulu benkanyezi be-internal kanye ne-external, kanye ne-compostion yomkhiqizo ojwayelekile. Inqubo yokwakha iqinisekisa ukuthi amathubu ahlangabezana nezinga le-yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, kanye nezidingo zokumelana nomthelela ezibalulekile emsebenzini wezisekelo ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokudubula nokuphuthuma. Amathubu amasha anika imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ku-engineering yobuchwepheshe. Izicelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa: amathubu okufaka ku-micropiles, anika ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo esikhanjiwe noma esiyindlondlobala futhi kuvinjwa ukuwa kwe-borehole emhlabathini ongenamqondo; amathubu okudrila njengengxenye yezinhlelo ze-rotary drilling rigs kanye ne-continuous flight auger (CFA); amacasepiling wezindilinga zemifula emhlabathini odinga ukulawula amanzi angaphakathi noma ukweseka umhlabathi ongenamandla; kanye namapayipi e-slurry wokwakha izikhala zomzimba nezindilinga lapho kuthathwa ukuzungeza ongumgogodla ongu-bentonite. Kulokho kuthuthukiswa komhlaba, amathubu asebenza njengezindlela ze-tremie zokugrice omhlabathi, izihlangu zokugrice eziphakanyisiwe, kanye nezingxenye zezakhiwo ezimnandi emisebenzini yokuxuba ejulile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathubu amasha achaziwe ezinhlelweni ze-sheet piling, imikhondo ye-soldier ezindaweni zokugcina, kanye ne-secant/tangent pile walls ezikhungweni zasemadolobheni lapho ukunciphisa isikhala noma ukuvikela izakhiwo eziphakeme kubalulekile. Amathubu amasha afinyelelwa ngemikhotho noma athunyelwa ngokuqondile, anokuhlangula okuvikelwe okukhulisa ukuvimbela ukugqwala ngesikhathi sokugcina. Ukugcina lokhu kudinga imiqulu ephakeme noma ukwephula okhuni ukuvimbela ukuhlangana nomhlaba kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi. Amathubu kumele ahloliwe uma efika ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphuma kwezimfanelo, isimo se-surface, kanye nokuhlola okuhlelekile. Ukuhlinzeka kudinga imishini ethile—ama-pile drivers, drilling rigs, noma izinhlelo zokufaka ama-hydraulic—kuye ngohlobo lwezicelo. Ukuphathwa kahle, ukusika, ukuxhoma, nokuxhoma izindlela kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwendawo futhi kuvinjwe iziphazamiso eziphumayo. Izinguquko ezivamile zifaka amathubu e-carbon steel angenamkhawulo (EN 10210, ASTM A500), amathubu e-API 5L line pipe (ezicelo eziphakeme), amathubu e-alloy steel (EN 10216), kanye namathubu e-galvanized noma e-epoxy-coated ezindaweni eziguquguqukayo. Ububanzi obuvamile bulingana ngama-60 mm kuya ku-1,220 mm, kuthi ubukhulu bezindonga buze phakathi kuka-2.5 mm kuya ku-25+ mm kuya kwemfuneko yokuhanjiswa kwezimoto nezimo zomhlaba. Abaklami bawela amathubu amasha ngokusekelwe kumthamo odingekayo wokuthwala, ukujula kokufaka, ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba (i-clay, i-sand, i-rock), izimo zamanzi angaphakathi, impilo elindelekile yokusebenza, kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ukugwema ukugqwala, ukufanelana nezindlela zokuxhuma, kanye nokumelana kokudlula ngesikhathi sokushaywa kwe-pile kuthinta izincazelo zokugcina. Izindinganiso ezisebenziswayo zifaka i-EN 10210-1 (amathubu aphelile ngokuphezulu), i-EN 10219-1 (amathubu aphelilwe ngendlela ephansi), i-ASTM A500 (amathubu e-carbon steel aphansi), i-ASTM A252 (ama-pile we-steel), i-API 5L (i-line pipe), kanye ne-ISO 1161 (amathubu ajwayelekile). Ukuqinisekisa ukuklanywa kuhlangana ne-EN 1997-1 (Eurocode 7), i-ASTM D1143, kanye nezimfuneko zomgwaqo wezobuchwepheshe zendawo.