Amathuluzi okumba ama-anchors akhonjiswa njengezisetshenziswa ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukufakwa nokuqedwa kwe-anchors zomhlaba, okuwumgogodla obalulekile ku-geo-technical engineering nasezinhlelweni zesisekelo ezijulile. La mathuluzi abalulekile ekwakheni imifantu ebumbelekile evumela ama-anchors akhanyiswe noma agqwethelwe ukwakha izakhiwo zokuqinisa ezisekela izakhiwo ngokumelene namandla aphezulu nokuphakanyiswa. Ukumba ama-anchors kuhilela izindlela zokumba eziqondile ukuze kuqinisekiswe amaphuzu okumba aqinile emanzini afanele nasemakhanda, ukuphakamisa okuvamile okujwayelekile kusuka ezinhlelweni zokumba eziphakeme kuya kwezokumba ezikude okudlula ku-50 metres. Le nqubo idinga ukuqonda kahle kwezimo zomhlaba, izikhala zokumba, kanye namandla okuthwala umthwalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kokufakwa kwe-anchors ekwakhiweni kobubanzi, ukwakhiwa kwegumbi elingaphansi, kanye nezinhlelo zomkhiqizo wezinto zomhlaba. Inqubo yokumba ama-anchors ihlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlelwe ngezimo zomhlaba ezithile nezimfuneko zephrojekthi. Ukumba okushaya kakhulu kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni imifantu eqondile neyehlisiwe, kusebenzisa izinhlelo zokumba ezishisayo noma ezihambayo ngokwezinto zomhlaba nasemabhalane. Izindlela zokumba ezihambile zenza ukufakwa kwama-anchors ngezikhala ezicacile, okuwusizo kakhulu ezindaweni ezinokukhawulelwa noma lapho kusebenza izimo ezithile zomthwalo. Ukumba kwezakhiwo nge-diamond core noma izithako ze-pulverizing hammer kuba semqoka lapho ama-anchors kufanele ahlale ebhizweni noma ngezakhiwo ezinqotshwe. Ukukhethwa kwemethrikhi yokumba kuncike ezintweni ezifaka phakathi ubukhulu bomhlaba, umswakama, amandla edwala, kanye nezinga lokuhluleka okwengeziwe. Izinto zokumba ze-anchors zanamuhla zivame ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo ze-casing ukuvimbela ukuhamba komhlaba, ikakhulu emhlabathini ophumile noma kumakholi anamanzi, futhi zisebenzisa amathuluzi okugrouta ukuqinisa ubuhlobo obuqinile phakathi kobufakazi be-anchor neendawo ezijikayo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zamathuluzi okumba ama-anchors zifaka imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokwakha nezobunjiniyela zomhlaba ezindaweni zokuqekwa. Ama-anchors okwesikhashana ahlinzeka ngoxhaso olusemqoka lwezindawo ngesikhathi sokukhukhula okunzima, ukwakhiwa kwegumbi elingaphansi, kanye nokufakwa kodonga lohlanga, kuvumela abaqashi ukuba bathekelwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kokudinga izinhlelo ezibanzi zokuxhasa. Ama-anchors aqinile adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni izintaba, evikela izintaba ezithinteka kakhulu ekudluliseni, kanye nezinhlelweni zesisekelo zezakhiwo ezisendaweni ezinzima. Izindawo zokuqina, izikhala zomkhono, kanye neziteshi ezingaphansi komhlaba zivame ukuncika kubuchwepheshe bokumba ama-anchors ukuze kuhanjelwe ukuphakama komthwalo okubhekelwe. Izimo zomhlaba ezifanele ukufakwa ama-anchors ziqukethe isihlabathi esithambile nezithako, amagquma aqinile, nezingxenye ezithilingana, nezakhiwo zezakhiwo eziphukile noma ezincibilikisa. Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kudinga ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwabachwepheshe bokumba, onjiniyela bezezimali, kanye nezinkampani zokuthuthukisa umhlaba, ngokuhlanganisa izisetshenziswa ezithuthukile ezisebenzisa izinhlelo zokubheka isikhathi sangempela nokulawula okuthuthukile okuvhuma ukukwazi ukufaka kahle nokunikeza ukuqinisekiswa kwemigomo yokwakhiwa.
Ama-bit wokubhoboza abalulekile njengemishini yokusika ezinhlanganweni zokudrill, aklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngezikhala ezinqandeni ezicacile emathonjeni aphakeme nasemhlabathini ukuze kufakwe ama-anchora omhlaba, ama-anchora edwala, kanye nama-anchora emhlabathini. Le mishini ethile iyingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba lapho kudingeka ama-anchora aqinile noma alondolozwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwezinhlelo, kuvinjelwe ukuwa komgoqo, noma kuhanjiswe ukweseka okufanayo. Emkhakheni wezeMvelo, ama-bit wokubhoboza ama-anchora kufanele ahlale phansi ezithwaleni ezinzima nasemazingeni omhlaba ahlukahlukene ngenkathi kugcinwa izilinganiso zokukhipha zakho ezicacile, okuyisisekelo ekufezeni ukuhlinzekwa kokubopha ama-anchora nokukwazi ukudlulisa izinsiza. Ukukhetha ama-bit afanele kuncike ezimweni zomhlaba, uhlobo lwe-anchora, kanye nezidingo zokuphakama kokubhoboza. Emhlabeni othambile nasemathanjeni e-clay, ama-bit e-auger nama-bit e-spade athuthukisa ukuhlinzeka ngokushesha ngokubhoboza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okwengeziwe, kuyilapho emathanjeni anzima afaka i-limestone, i-sandstone, ne-granite, ama-bit e-roller cone kanye nama-bit e-core anikezela ngezinga eliphezulu lokungena nokuphila komhlaba. Ukuhlinzwa kwama-anchora kuvamise ukwenza izindlela zokubhoboza eziphindwe kabili, ukubhoboza kwe-percussion, kanye nezindlela ezihlanganisiwe zokuphindisela-percussion ukuze kuhlangabezane nemingcele eyahlukene ye-geological ebhalwe emsebenzini wezisekelo. Ama-bit akhethekile afaka ama-bit e-compression-flange ezindaweni ezingazinzile, ama-DTH (down-the-hole) bits ukuze kubhobozwe emaphuzini aphezulu ngokubambana, kanye nama-bit anama-diamond aphephile ukuze kube nemikhiqizo ye-mineral ephukile. Imishini yokubhoboza uqobo—noma ikuphi emakhasini, izikhungo ezigijimayo, noma izinhlelo zokuthola ama-anchora—kufanele kube kuhle ukuze kuhlanganiswe nezincazelo zamaholo ezikhethiwe ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okukhululekile, okusebenza kahle. Izinhlelo zokubhoboza ama-anchora zifaka ezihlukahlukene ezinsizakalweni ze-design. Ekwakhiweni kwezinqobo nokugcinwa kwemigoqo, ama-anchora emgodla avimbela ukuwa kwezikhathi emizileni ephezulu nasemigqeni evulekile emanzini. Ekukhishweni ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nokwakhiwa kwamathunongo, ama-anchora adlalisa indima yokwesekwa ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kanye nokuzinza kwezindleko okuthile. Izakhiwo eziphakeme kanye nezisekelo zamabhuloho zisebenzisa ama-anchora amakhanda ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuhamba kwemoya nokuzinza kwe-seismic. Izigaba zokuthuthukisa umhlaba zifaka ama-micro-anchora ekuhlinzekeni, ukuqhubekisela phambili seismically, kanye nokuxhaswa komhlabathi ezindaweni lapho ukwakha ama-piling ajulile kungafanelekile ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwezindawo noma izimo zomhlaba. Izicelo zokumbiwa nokuphakathi zidinga ubuchwepheshe bokubhoboza ama-anchora ukuze kuhlanganiswe imishini nezisekelo ekuqinisekiseni izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze kube nempumelelo kokubhoboza ama-anchora kuncike ekuqondeni isayensi yomhlabathi, izimo zamanzi omhlaba, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinsika zemagetsi. Izinkampani kufanele zihlola izinhlobo zomhlabathi, izinzuzo ezihlobene, kanye nokuphila kokuphakama ukuze kutholakale ukukhetha okuhle kwama-bit, ijubane lokubhoboza, futhi kukhuphule ingcindezi yokufaka. Ama-bit wekhwalithi avela kubakhiqizi abaziwayo aqinisekisa ubukhulu obuphumelelayo bemigudu, ukudambisa isikhathi sokuphumula, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwe-anchora, ekugcineni kwehlisa izindleko zomsebenzi nasekuthuthukiseni ukwakha. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezobuchwepheshe bokubhoboza obuphambili nokukhetha okuhle kwama-bit kwenza kube nezingqikithi ezithembekile, zokusebenza kwezinsiza eziphephile kwezinhlelo zezeMvelo nganoma iyiphi isilinganiso.
Amapayipi wokuhlobisa abalulekile ezicini zomsebenzi wokuhluza i-anchor, asebenza njengamapayipi avikela isikhathi esithile noma esimweni esiqinile ahlola izimbobo ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwamakhonkco omhlaba kanye nezinye izingxenye zezimbiwa ezijulile. Ezinhlelweni zezengezo zophakathi komhlaba, amapayipi wokuhlobisa agcina ukujula kwembobo ngokuvimba ukuwa komhlabathi, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezemvelo ezingazinzile, ezikhanyayo, noma ezandiwe, lapho ukuhluza ngaphandle kokwesekwa kuzoholela ekuweleni okukhulu komhlaba nasekwehliseni isisekelo. Lezi zinsimbi ezijiyile zensimbi zidziwe phansi ngaphambi kokuhluza, zenze umoya uphephile wokufaka amakhonkco, ukugrouta, nokudlulisela umthwalo ezinhlelweni zomhlabathi ezizinzile noma ezimbonini zezinhlaka. Ukukhetha nokufaka amapayipi wokuhlobisa afanele kuncike ekuhlukanisweni komhlaba, ezimweni zokuhamba kwamanzi, ukujula kokuhluza, kanye nomthwalo okumele uthathwe yohlelo lwe-anchor. Ezemahlathini angena kuxhamazela njengezihlabathi nezintuli, amapayipi ahlinzeka ngesisekelo esibalulekile sokuxhasa izindonga zembobo ngokumelene nohambo lwe-hydrostatic kanye nohambo lwezulu olulolangazelelo, kuyilapho emhlabathini noma enhlakeni ezixakile, amapayipi elula angase abe nenjongo noma akhululeka ngokuphelele. Amandu amapayipi wokuhlobisa ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe ukusuka ku-76 kuya ku-1,016 millimeters, nge-thickness yomkhondo kanye nezinhlobo zezinto ezikhethiweyo ngokususelwa ekubalwa kwezobunjiniyela nakwaziswa kocwaningo lwe-geotechnical. Amapayipi avame ukujija futhi adlulelwa usebenzisa ama-drilling rigs akhethekile anezicuthezo zokuhlobisa, amandla aphumelele adlalwa ngezigaba zokuphuma ezingasiza ukwenza imisebenzi yokugrouta kanye nokubona ing pressures ye-pore ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Izicelo zamapayipi wokuhlobisa emsebenzini wezisekelo ezijulile zifaka ukwesekwa okungapheli noma okwesikhashana kwamakhonkco omhlaba ezindaweni ezixhunywe, ezinhlelweni zokwandisa izixuku, izakhiwo zezitshalo ezikhethiwe eduze kwezakhiwo ezikhona, kanye nezisekelo zeziko ezifuna izinhlelo zokuxhasa ezibangelwa ngohambo. Kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, amapayipi wokuhlobisa evumela ukufakwa kwamakhonkco aphezulu akhululeka umthwalo ezindaweni ezinzile ezijule, kwehlisa ukwehla futhi kukhuthaza ukuvikeleka kwesakhiwo semisebenzi yesikhashana nekahle. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamapayipi wokuhlobisa nezinhlelo zokugrouta zokufaka kuvumela ukuphatha okunembile kwe-pressure ye-pore, ukuthuthukiswa kokudluliswa komthwalo ngezimfanelo zamakhonkco, kanye nokwandisa ukuqina ngezokubambisana. Abaklami abakhokhelwa kanye nezinjiniya ze-geotechnical basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamapayipi wokuhlobisa ukuvumela ukuhluza okuphephile, okuphathwa kahle ezimeni ezinzima zomhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela kwehlisa ingozi yokwakha, kusebenza ngesikhathi sephrojekthi, futhi kuqinisekise ukuhambisana nemithetho yokwakha nezidingo zokuvikeleka kwezinhlelo zezisekelo kumabhizinisi, ezentengiselwano, ezinkampani, kanye nezinhlaka zezifundo.
Amathuluzi e-DTH (Down-The-Hole) ahlanzekile wokubhola ama-anker anzima ukuqinisekisa ukusakazwa kwezakhiwo ezijulile nasezinhlelweni ze-geotechnical ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Lezi zinsiza ezincane zihlakaniphile zilungele ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokubholela phezulu phansi ukuze zakhele ama-holes ama-anker anobubanzi obujwayelekile ukusuka ku-50 kuya ku-150 milimitha, zentela izinga elithembekile lokungena ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba nezindleko. Amathuluzi e-DTH ane-diamitha encane akhiwe ngendlela yokusebenza kahle kwezicelo lapho izindlela zokubhola ezijwayelekile zingakwazi ukufaka umthwalo, okuvumela abaqeqeshi ekwakheni ama-anker ngaphandle kokuphazamisa indawo kakhulu futhi kugcinwe izinga le-holes elibucayi nokuhlelwa okubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla okuthwala kanye nokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwesakhiwo eside. Imikhuba yokusebenza ye-DTH yokubhola ama-anker ane-diamitha encane ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa umshayeli namathuluzi okufanele, izinhlelo zokuzivikela, kanye nezinsiza zokujikeleza ukuze kulawulwe ukuphuma kwezinto ezisuswayo nokugcina imiphetho ye-borehole ibhalansi phakathi kwenqubo yokubhola. Lezi zinsiza zisebenza ngezimvula ezisheshayo ezitholakala ebusweni bethuluzi, ziqhumisa itshe nomhlaba kancane kancane ngenkathi umoya noma uthuli luqinisekisa ukususwa kwempahla esuswa kwi-hole. Iphuzu elicacile lenza kube lula ukufaka emakhaya anobubanzi obuphansi njengamaphrojekthi okuphucula amadolobha, izithukuthuku zokumba, kanye nezikhangiso ezinobuhlanga lapho amathuluzi okujikeleza ajwayelekile engakakwazi ukufinyelela kahle. Izicelo zihlanganisa ukusungulwa kweziqephu eziphakeme nezisodwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhleleka kwezindawo zokugcina, izakhiwo zokubamba, izinhlelo zokuphakamisa, umoya ophakeme, nezixhumi ezijulile zokwakhiwa kwemigede emikhulu kanye nezinhlelo zebhuloho. Izimo zomhlaba ezifaneleka ukuhlinzeka ama-DTH anobubanzi obuncane zihluka phakathi kwezifunda ze-geotechnical, zisuka emapakasini akhuluphele kanye nezindawo ezithambile phesheya kwamatshe okuphelele nezingxenye zemvelo ezibhalwe kakhulu. Izinqubo zokubhola ezihambelana ne-percussion ziba nomvuzo omkhulu emapakasini ongawusizayo nama-formations ahambisana ne-cobbles lapho izindlela zokujikeleza ziba nezinkinga ezibucayi zokungena nokuwasha amathuluzi. Ematheni athambile nasezindaweni ze-sandstone, ama-DTH hammer ahlinzeka amandla alawulwayo alinganisa ukungaila kwemiyalo ye-borehole kanti anciphisa ukuphazamiseka kohambo lwemibondane ye-anker, izinto eziyisisekelo ezithinta amandla okuphuma kwe-anker nezinhlelo zokuhlakanipha. Ngama-micropile foundations, izingxenye zokwakha ezixhunywe nomhlaba, kanye nezinsiza zokubola izindonga emigedeni nasemikhakheni engaphansi, ubuchwepheshe be-DTH obuncane buhlinzeka ngokubhola okuhlekile okudingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe kumazinga anembile nokwakhiwa kokuxhumana okuqinisekisiwe ngezingwe ezibekiwe. Ukukhetha imishini ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba sokubhola ama-anker ane-diamitha encane kusekelwe kuma-abhayela amakhulu alindelekile, izici zomhlaba nezithandani, kanye nezidingo zokuba ama-holes amancane anobubanzi obuthile kumapharamitha omklamo we-geotechnical. Izinhlelo zokubhola ezihlanganisiwe zikhombisa kahle amamodeli ahlutshisiwe, izinzwa ze-percussion, nezilawuli zokujikeleza ukuze zandise ukukhiqiza emigedeni eyodwa nezinhlelo eziningi zamathuluzi, zandise ukunciphisa izidingo zabantu kanye nezindleko zokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezingajwayelekile. Ukwanda kokwamukelwa kwe-DTH percussion drilling emsebenzini wokhuselo kuveza ukukhula kokwaziwa komsebenzi, izinga le-holes, kanye nezindleko ezinembile ekufinyeleleni ukukhishwa kokusebenza ngokuhambisana nekakhuli lokwakha, ukusimamisa amabhakede, kanye nezicelo zokubhaliswa komhlaba kuyo yonke indawo yokwakha ezijulile.
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