Iziphunyukwazi

Iziqhingi zokwakha ezakhiwe ngama-excavator ephakela emayini omhlaba kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindonga zokumisa zisebenza njengenhlangano ebalulekile yokweseka izindlela eziyingqayizivele zokwakha amafuthwa ajulile okuhlanganisa izindonga ze-diaphragm, izindonga zokumisa, ama-piles e-secant, izindonga ze-sheet pile, kanye nezisebenzi zokuhlanganisa umhlaba. Le mishini isebenza ngaphezu kokuhanjiswa komhlaba okwakudala; inikeza ukwakhiwa komhlaba okuncane, ukulawula ukuhamba kokukhwabanisa, nokususwa kwe-cuttings okuwumsebenzi obalulekile ekugcineni ukuzinza ezindaweni ezinamathuba amanzi nasemagumbini asezansi komhlaba. Abakwa-excavator kuleli qembu ngokuvamile basebenza ngokuhlanganyela nezinsiza zokubhoboza, izinhlelo zokwelapha ukukhwabanisa, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhwabanisa i-tremie, zakha umsebenzi oqondile lapho ukuma kwe-excavator, ukuqina kwenqana, kanye namandla e-hydraulic kuthonya ngqo impumelelo yokufakwa kwezindonga zokumisa kanye nokuzinza komhlaba. Umqondo wokusebenza ugxila ekususweni kwemhlaba ophume ngaphandle ngenkathi kuqhutshwa ukubalwa kwamanzi aphakathi kanye nokuhamba kwezinto ezimele emanzini. Ekubhalweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm ngokwe-EN 1536, ama-excavator asusa ama-cuttings aqukethe i-bentonite ezindongeni zomhlahlandlela kanye nezinhlelo zokwesekela. I-sequencing ifezwa ngokubambisana nezinsiza zokubhoboza izindonga ukuze kusungulwe izimo ze-planar panel ezine ±500 mm yokubekezelelana okujoliswe horizontal. Ezindaweni zokusebenza zokumisa, ama-excavator aphatha ukususwa kwe-spoil okuvela emigibeni ye-auger kanye nezinhlelo zokujika, kubalulekile ekugcineni i-hydrostatic equilibrium ezindaweni ezijulile. Emsebenzini we-jet grouting, ama-excavator asusa izinsika ezihlanganiswe nemhlabathi-cement kanye nezinsalela ezinkulu ezingequkiwe yizinsiza zokubhoboza, ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ekuthatheni izindlu ezilandelayo nezindawo zokubeka izindonga. Izicelo zokuhlanganisa umhlaba zisebenzisa ama-bucket ama-excavator anama-paddles akhethekile wokuhlanganisa ukuze kulungiswe i-strata ethambile noma izinto ezikhiphayo ngaphambi kokuphinda zisetshenziswe ezindaweni zokuphakamisa noma ezinhlelweni zokukhwabanisa. Izicwangciso zezimoto zihluka ngokusukuma kokufaka nezinga lomhlaba. Ama-excavator e-backhoe ajwayelekile (CAT 320, Komatsu PC200) asebenza ezindaweni ezifinyelela ku-15 m futhi anezikhono ze-bucket hydraulic ezingu-0.8–1.2 m³, ezifanele ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokuhambisa izindonga zomhlahlandlela kanye nezindonga eziphezulu. Izinhlobo ze-longreach ezine-11–14 m booms ezithuthukisiwe zisebenza ezindongeni ze-diaphragm ezijulile (25–50 m ukujula) ngaphandle kosizo lwephayinari lokunyakaza. Ama-excavator ama-amphibious anciphisa ukuhamba kwendawo nokufinyelela ezindaweni ezivimbelwe ngezisekeli zomgwaqo zethunithi. Amathuluzi akhethekile afaka ama-high-flow hydraulic quick couplers (ISO 16028), ama-bucket agqokiswe kakhulu ahlonziwe ngamasizeni aqinile aklanyelwe umhlaba onobuhlungu lapho i-SPT N-values idlula ku-50, kanye nama-buckets aklanyelwe ukuhamba kokukhwabanisa okungaphantsi ngaphandle kokufakwa komoya. Izinkomba zokukhetha ziphinde zibe nesidingo sokushintsha kumjikelezo wokufaka, usayizi we-borehole, ukuhlukaniswa kwemhlabathi (ISO 14688), izidingo zokuphakela ukukhwabanisa, kanye nezimo zokufinyelela endaweni. Isisindo semishini kanye namandla okuthwala komhlaba (ngokuvamile 60–80 kPa ngamathuluzi wesikhashana) sithinta ukuthi imiyalo yokuhamba kwe-tracked noma wheeled ifanele izimo zendawo. Izinga lokugeleza kwe-hydraulic ye-excavator kudinga ukuhambisana nezinga lokuphuma kwemiphumela ye-drilling rig mud pump ukuze kuvinjezelwe izinga lokukhwabanisa elingadluli ±500 mm, ngokwe-ISO 22476-12 imiyalelo yequality control yokwakha ukufika kwabafuthwa. Ulwazi lwe-operator ngokuqinisa iziteshi zokuhlanza umhlaba, i-slurry rheology, kanye nokuphatha i-cuttings gradation kuhlukanisa imiphumela yokusebenza ezindaweni ezinamakhaya amancane noma ezinhlelweni ezidlayo zomhlaba. Izinga elifanele liqukethe i-EN 1536 (ukwenza imisebenzi ye-geotechnical ethile—izindonga ze-diaphragm), i-DIN 4126 (ukubekezelelana kwe-diaphragm wall), i-ISO 14688 (ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical), i-ISO 22476-12 (ikhwalithi yezinto ezixubene emabhalweni okugubha), kanye ne-API RP 2A (izicwangciso zokwakha ukwaziswa kwezinsiza). Ukuhambisana nalezi zinga kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-excavator kuhambisana nezinga lokuzinza komhlaba, ukwakhiwa kwe-slurry, kanye nezinhlelo zokususa i-cuttings ezimiswe abagibeli bezinhloso zokwakha kanye nezikhungo ezilawulayo.