I-Jet grouting iyindlela ekhethekile yokwelashwa komhlaba esebenzisa amanzi aphezulu okuphoqelela ahlanganiswe nokufakwa kwe-grout ukuze kudalwe amakholomu omhlabathi e-homogeneous, aqinile ngaphakathi kwemass yomhlaba. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekwakheni izinto zokwakha eziphansi, kuhlanganisa nezindwangu zokuphuca, amapaneli odonga lwe-diaphragm, odonga lwe-secant kanye ne-tangent pile, kanye nezivimbelo zamanzi emaphandleni ama-deep foundation. Le teknoloji ivumela onjiniyela ukufinyelela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-soil okuphakathi kokulawula nokuzinza ezinhlakeni ezijulile ezivela kumamitha ambalwa kuya phezulu kwe-100 m, okwenza kube kubalulekile ezinseleku ze-geotechnical eziyinkimbinkimbi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasemakhaya anokungcoliswa. Ngokuhambisana nezicelo ze-deep foundation, i-jet grouting isebenza njengesixhobo sokukhipha-ukuhlala kanye nokuvikela amanzi. Lapho kwakhiwa odonga lwe-diaphragm ezindaweni soft noma ezingazinzile, i-jet grouting idala amakholomu omhlaba asemqoka anika ukusekelwa okwethenjwa nokwenza kube nzima ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwamapaneli odonga. Ukuze kuphuculwe izindwangu zokuphuca ngaphansi kwezihlahla zezimvu nasekunciphiseni umhlaba okungcolile, i-jet grouting ikhiqiza izivimbelo ezinamazinga aphansi okungena ngaphezu kokuhlanganisa ngokupheleleyo i-grout esekelwe kumphakathi nomhlaba ohlangene, kukhishwa amafutha enhlalo futhi kudalwe izakhiwo zamakholomu ezinamazinga okungena athanda ukuba phansi kwe-10⁻⁵ cm/s. E-odonga lwe-secant piles, i-jet grouting isungula amakholomu okuhamba nokudlula izigaba zodonga, kuyilapho kwezicelo ze-sheet pile, ithuthukisa futhi ivale izimo ze-subgrade ukuvimbela ukulahleka komhlaba eduze kwemigqa ye- piles futhi ithuthukise ukuzinza komqondo. Umsebenzi wezakhiwo ukhomba ukufaka ngesikhathi esisodwa amanzi aphehlwa phezulu kanye nesiphithiphithi se-grout ngaphezulu kwemiphunga yokuhlola efakwe kumathambo okuhamba. Ama-jet ayinhloko, asebenza kum压力 phakathi kokwe-400 kanye ne-600 bar, ahlola futhi aphule i-mass yomhlaba ezindaweni ezijulile, akha indawo yomhlaba eqinile. Ama-jet e-grout, aqukethe ukwehla okuncane kwe-pressures, agcwalisa le ndawo ethulelayo futhi ahlangana kahle nomhlaba osethelwe, ubopha amaqhamukile ndawonye abe yi-mass ye-composite. I-rod yokuthunga iyakhishwa ngama-increments alawulwa—ngokuvamile 0.25 ukuya ku-1.0 meter ngesivinini—ngenkathi ibonisa ukuhamba okungapheli kwezakhiwo. I-geometri yokwelashwa ihluka kuye ngama-parameter okusebenza: amasistimu e-fluid eyodwa (ohlelo lwe-grout kuphela), amasistimu e-fluid amabili (amanzi kanye nama-jet e-grout), kanye nezinhlelo ezintathu (amanzi, umoya, kanye ne-grout) zivumela abathengisi ukukhipha ukuphuma kokwelashwa, ububanzi bekholomu, nokulinganiswa kwe-soil-cement ukuze kwehlise izimo ezithile zendawo. Izikhungo zezinhlaka ziqhathekelwe ezithombeni eziphathwayo ezinomgogodla obheke phezulu kuya kumagaju ahlakaniphile alungiselelwe izicelo ezinzima noma ezinzima. Ama-units e-jet grouting ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izinhlelo zokuphumpa eziphezulu (ukwenziwa kwe-50-500 L/min ku-600+ bar), ama-manifolds wokufaka ophindwayo anokulawula okufanele, izitshalo zokuhlanganisa i-grout ezinamamethuli, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhola zokuthunga ezinembile. Izinhlelo zesimanjemanje zifaka phakathi izikhumbuzo ze-GNSS, izikhumbuzo zokuhambisana, kanye nokuhlola umoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kwezakhiwo nezimfanelo zokwelashwa. Izinketho zokuqalisa izinsiza ze-jet grouting zisebenza ezimpandeni ezithile ezihlobene nezici zomhlaba (ukuhlangana noma ukuhlala kwemigudu), ububanzi bezikhala bekholomu ezidingekayo nezindawo, ukuhamba kokwelashwa, izithiyo zokufinyelela, kanye nemigomo yemvelo ekuqondiseni kwe-slurry. Izimo zomhlaba zikhomba izinhlelo zezinhlelo zefekcinesi kanye nezilungiselelo zama-jet pressure; izitezi ezinzima zidinga ukuphuma okukhulu futhi zingaholela ekufuneni usizo lwe-air-jet. Izincazelo zokwelashwa kufanele zanelise izindinganiso ezihlobene kuhlanganise ne-EN 12716 (Ukuqhutshwa kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile—Jet grouting), i-ISO 21464, i-DIN 4093, kanye nemigomo ethile yezwe yokuphucula i-grout, ukuphuma kwe-slurry, kanye nemikhawulo yokuhlanjelwa komhlaba. Abathengisi kufanele baqinisekise ubuqotho bekholomu ngezimoto zokuhlola izibonelo ezivela endlini futhi benze ikontroli yekhwalithi yendawo besebenzisa i-sonic logging, ukulinganiswa kwemikhiqizo ye-gamma-gamma, kanye nokuhlola ukumelana nokuqina/nokuhamba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izincazelo zokwakhiwa zifeziwe.
Ukugoqa kwejet emifutheni eyodwa kuyindlela yokuthuthukisa umhlabathi nokwakha okuyinhloko lapho umfluid eyodwa enesilinganiso esiphakeme - ngokuvamile i-grout esekelwe ku-cement noma i-slurry ye-cementitious - ifakwa ngqo emhlabathini noma emalotsheni nge-nozzle eyenzelwe ngokukhethekile. Ukuze isebenze ngaphakathi komndeni womsebenzi wejet grouting, ukuphathwa komfutholuketshezi okuyinhloko kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsiza ezinzulu, ikakhulukazi ezicelweni ezidinga ukuvuselelwa komhlabathi okwenziwe ngokuqondile, ukususa amanzi emhlabathini, nokuphuculwa kokuxhaswa kwamagumbi. Ngaphandle kwezinhlelo eziphindwe kabili ezisebenzisa ukufakwa okwamanje kwe-grout ehlukile kanye nezifungu zamathumbi, ukugoqa kwejet emifutheni eyodwa kuhlanganisa umgogodla wokuxhunywa kanye nesikhala sokuhambisa kuhlanganiswe ndawonye ngaphambi kokucindezela, kuhlinzeka ngokulula kokusebenza kanye nokugcina izindleko kumaphrojekthi wokuvuselela amancane nezindawo zokuthuthukisa ukunemba. Ukugoqa kwejet emifutheni eyodwa ngokuvamile kusebenza ekwakhiweni nasekuvuselelweni kwamapaneli ezindongeni ze-diaphragm, lapho kuxazululwa khona ukufakwa komhlabathi kanye nokulungiswa kokuphumula kwepanele; ekwakhiweni kwamadokodo aqhubekayo okwakha ukuvimbela amanzi emhlabathini nokulawula ukuvuza; nakuqhamukeni kwemikhawulo ye-secant pile kanye ne-pile wall yokuhlanganisa, lapho ukugoqa kwejet kuqinisa umhlabathi phakathi kwemikhawulo noma kuqinisa izindawo zokuhamba ezinamandla. Ezinye izicelo zifaka ukwelashwa kwezitezi eziyingozi ngaphansi kwamagumbi aphansi, ukuhlanganiswa komhlabathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhono lokuthwala izithuthukisi, kanye nokuvuselelwa kokuvimbela ezindaweni ezinzima zomphakathi lapho ukunyakaza nosizi kungaphazamisa izindlela zokuhlola eziyimvelo. Emaphrojekthini okubhoboza nokwakhiwa kwezinsiza ezingezansi, izinhlelo ze-fluid eyodwa zinikeza ukuphathwa komhlabathi okuhlosiwe phambi kwezikhala zokuhlanza ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza nokunciphisa ukugeleza kwamanzi. Umthetho wokusebenza ubandakanya ukwethula ama-jet streams aphezulu (ngokuvamile 20–60 MPa) nge-nozzle eyodwa ebekwe endaweni yokwelashwa. Njengoba i-jet ithumela emhlanganweni wombhali, ibhujiswa futhi ihlola izinto ezikhona ngenkathi ifaka i-grout ye-cement. Ama-particulate wombhali abhuqwa ahlanganiswa ne-grout efakiwe ngaphakathi kwendawo yokwelashwa, akha umhlanganisi ongenamkhawulo wombhali-cement noma "soilcrete." Ukuphendula nokukhuphuka kwejet nozzle kudala ama-cylindrical treated columns adlalana noma izakhiwo ze-curtain zine-diameters ejwayelekile ye-0.4–0.8 amamitha ngaphezulu, kuye ngokuhlangana komhlabathi, umfutholuketshezi, nesikhathi sokubhujiswa. Izinhlelo zezinto zihlukaniswa zisuka kumayunithi e-jet grouting aphephile abekwe kuma-drilling rigs ajwayelekile kuya ezinhlelweni ezihlanganisayo ezihlanganisa amapampu aphezulu, ama-mixers e-grout, kanye nezilinganiso ezinzima noma eziguquguqukayo. Imiklambo ye-nozzle iyahluka ukuze ihambisane nezidingo zephrojekthi: ama-nozzles abantu-abazithengisa nge-jet ezikhethiwe, imiklambo ye-multi-opening yokuhlanganisela kanye nokwelashwa, kanye nemiklambo yokuphenduka yokuthuthukisa ukucindezela phakathi kwezimo zomhlabathi ezihlukahlukene. Izinkethiso zibe nezinhlobo zomhlabathi nezimo (ukugoqa kwejet kusebenza kahle kakhulu emhlabathini ogcinwa ngama-granular kanye nezinhlobo ezilula ezizimele), ukujula okuceliwe, i-geometry ye-zone yokwelashwa, ububanzi bezakhiwo ezikhona, izimo zamazi omhlaba, nezindleko. Ochwepheshe bahlola izinjongo zokunciphisa ukungena kwe-vertical ne-horizontal, ukuthuthukiswa kokuthwala umthwalo, kanye nokuhambisana kokutholakala kokuhlanganiswa kwezinkanyezi eziphumayo. Amaphrojekthi e-jet grouting eyodwa ngokuvamile ahambisana ne-EN 14199 (Ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical - Jet grouting), izindinganiso zezimboni z eJalimane (DBV, DIN 1054), neziqondiso zezezimali ezivela kudatha yokuhlola ye-geotechnical nezidingo zedizayini. Ukulawula ikhwalithi kudinga ukuhloleka kwengcindezi, amarekhodi enani le-grouting, nokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kokwenza ngemva kokwelashwa okufana ne-Standard Penetration Testing noma ukuhlolwa kwe-pressuremeter etholwe endaweni.
Ukugaya amanzi amabili okuhlola isikhalazo sefuzi kuyindlela ethuthukisiwe yokwelapha ngaphansi komhlaba edlulisela ukungcola okuphansi ngenkathi isebenzisa ukuvunyelwa kwama-grout ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zomhlaba futhi idale imikhawulo ehlakazekile phakathi komhlaba nezakhiwo. Ngaphakathi kwemikhankaso yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, le ndlela isebenza njengesisombululo esibalulekile sokuvimbela nokulungisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuncishiswe ukugeleza, futhi kudalwe imikhawulo efanele ezimweni zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinhlelo ze-fluid ezimbili zihambisana kahle neprojekthi zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile lapho ukujula okwenziwe ngokuqinile kuhluleka ngenxa yokujula okuphezulu, imayini ehlukaniswe kakhulu, noma imithombo enokukhishwa okuphansi okudinga ingcindezi eqhubekayo nokuhlanganiswa okujulile. Le technology isebenza ngomgomo wokufaka ama-phases amabili: amanzi anemithamo ephezulu noma umoya ophumile (iyona fluid eyinhloko) aphuma nge-monitora ukuze aguqe futhi aphuphume umhlabathi, ngenkathi ngokuphakamisela i-cement-based noma i-grout eyenziwe ngendlela ethile ifakwa endaweni efanayo. I-jet eyomileyo idala umgodi futhi ixuba kahle i-grout emhlabathini ozungezile, ngenkathi i-grout yesecundari igcwalisa izikhala futhi ihlanganise ikholamu yomhlabathi owelashwe. Le ngaphezu kokufaka kwenzeka ngokushelela kuyiphumelela kakhulu kunezinhlelo ezilandelanayo ezisemithini ehlukanisiwe noma emezulwini, njengoba iphoqa i-grout ukuba ingene ezindlini ezandisiwe ngenkathi igcina ukuhlanganiswa nokucindezela okuqhubekayo. Le nqubo idala umhlaba ophethe i-cement odinwe kakhulu ngokwenyukayo futhi ngempela ikhulisa ikhono lokubamba umthwalo. Izicelo ezibalulekile emsebenzini wokwakha izisekelo ezijulile zifaka phakathi ukwakha amakhadi okuphuma ngaphansi kwama-dams nasezindongeni, ukuvala izindawo ezikhishwayo ezungezile ezindaweni zokumba kanye nezindonga ze-diaphragm, ukudala imikhawulo emhlabeni owonakaliswe, ukuvuselela izikhunta ezijulile nezibopho ze-tangent, nokwelashwa kwezikhala ngaphansi kwezakhiwo ezikhona. Izinhlelo ze-fluid ezimbili zifanelana kakhulu nezicelo ezidinga ukuncishiswa kokugeleza phansi kuka-10⁻⁶ cm/s, ukwakha izisekelo emathafeni ikholamu kanye nezithako zokulawula izindawo ezihlabekile ze-limestone kanye ne-chalk. Le ndlela ibalulekile futhi ekwelapheni izikhala, izikhala, kanye nezindawo zokwehla ngaphambi kokufaka izisekelo ezijulile. Izimo zokwakha zalesi sikhahlo ngokuvamile zifaka phakathi i-monitors yokubhabhadela eyethulwe ngokukhethekile enezinhlelo eziphephile ngokusekelwe, amapompo anemithamo ephezulu yokuhambisa (ukhono lwe-grout 50–200 liters/ngaphakathi), izinhlelo zokucindezela umoya ezihlukile noma izinhlelo zokucindezela amanzi, izinhlelo ze-automated zokuphakamisa ikholamu ukuze zilungise ubukhulu bokwelashwa, izinsiza zokuhlola ingcindezi nokuhamba komswakama, nezinsiza zokuhlanganyela zezintambo ezikhaleni ezibalelwa ekusebenzeni kwama-phases amabili. Izinhlelo zanamuhla zifaka ukufaka idatha ngesikhathi sangempela yemingcele yokufaka kanye nokulawula ukujula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo phezu kwekholamu ye-grouted. Ukukhethwa kwezimoto zokugaya amanzi amabili kuncike kumafektha amaningi wezobuchwepheshe: ubukhulu bokwelashwa (ukuphakama kwekhola), uhlobo lomhlabathi kanye nebhakede, ukugeleza kokugcina okudingekayo endaweni elashlwayo, ukufinyelela okukhona ukuze kubekwe umshini, ibanga lokugaya elidingekayo emgodleni ngamunye, nemigomo yokubhaliswa nemigomo yokukhiqiza. Ukukhethwa kwezinsiza futhi kubheka izidingo zokuhlukana kwe-grout nezikhala ezinjengokukhanya kokucindezela, izimo zokushisa ezithinta ukujula, nokukhwabanisa noma izindinganiso ezithile projekthini zokucindezela, ukuhamba kokuhamba, kanye nokubeka izindawo zokwelashwa. Le ndlela ilawulwa yi-EN 12716 (Ukuphumeza imisebenzi ethile yezobuchwepheshe – Jet grouting), edlulisela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokugaya i-jet, izinqubomgomo zokuhlonza izinga, nezimfuneko zokwamukelwa. Iziqondiso eziningi ezihlobene zihlanganisa i-ISO 21503 (Ukuhlolwa kwe-situ kwezakhiwo ezijulile) ukuze kuqinisekiswe izakhiwo zendawo elashlwayo, i-DIN 4093 (Izikhumbuzo zesiJalimane zokugaya), nemigomo ethile yeprojekthi esekelwe kumigomo yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nezokwakha kwezobuchwepheshe.
Ubuchwepheshe bokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu bemishini yokwakha buhlinzeka ngezixazululo ezithuthukile zokwenza ngcono umhlaba kanye nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba, okuhlanganisa ukungeniswa kwesixazululo sokwakha esihlukene ezintathu - ingxube ye-cement slurry, umoya ophakanyisiwe noma i-nitrogen, kanye namanzi - ngama-nozzle ahlukanisiwe endaweni eyodwa yokumba ukuze kudalwe izinsika zomhlaba ezithuthukisiwe ngamandla aphezulu nokuphazamiseka okuncane. Le ndlela ikhombisa uhlobo olunembile kakhulu lobuchwepheshe bokugrutheka futhi ibalulekile ekwakheni izisekelo ezijulile, ukuvuselela umhlaba, kanye nemisebenzi yokulungisa lapho izimo ze-geotechnical ezinzima zidinga ukulawula kahle ukwelashwa komhlaba nokuthinta okuncane emvelo. Izinhlelo ezisemqoka zokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu zifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwamavala e-secant pile kanye nemiqolo ye-tangent pile yokweseka ukuhlinzwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwegumbi langaphansi, ukufakwa kwemicu yokukhipha emanzini kumadamu nasemazikweni akhona ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphefumula nokuphakamisa kwemihlahlandlela, ukugrutheka ngaphambi kwezakhiwo eziphansi ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okuthwala nokulawula ukuhamba, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinsika zokugrutheka eziqhubekayo zokuxuba umhlaba nokwengeza umhlaba ezindaweni ezinzima ezifaka phakathi ama-clays amancane, ama-silts, udaka oluphukile, kanye nezinto ezi-granular ezixubile ngamanzi omhlaba. Le teknoloji ibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezimakethe zomlando lapho izindlela zokuhlinza ezijulile ezingavumelekile zingeza ubungozi bokudlula kwephezulu, uhlelo lokuvusa, kanye nokwehla kwezikhungo ezikule ndawo. Imigomo yokusebenza yokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu ibandakanya ukufakwa komoya ophakanyisiwe noma i-nitrogen (okuvamile phakathi kuka 15–30 MPa) okwandisa ingxube ye-cement slurry (efakwa ku-25–50 MPa) ngama-nozzle aklanyelwe kahle, kuyilapho amanzi aphakanyisiwe noma ingxube ethambile (ngokpressure ephansi ye 5–15 MPa) ifakwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubola kokuhamba kanye nekhono lokuxuba phakathi komhlaba ozungezile. Le nqubo yokufaka evamise ukufaka izigaba ezintathu inikeza ukulawula okungcono phezu kwe-erosion radius, ukwakheka kwensika, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla okugcina uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zokufaka ezihlanganisa eyodwa noma ezimbili. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimfuno zokugrutheka kuvamise ukusebenzisa ubudlelwane bemanzini nezinyumba phakathi kuka 1.0:1 no 2.0:1, kuye ngokuthi izidingo zokuphuphuma kanye nezimo zomhlabathi, futhi kuvame ukufaka nezinto ezengeziwe zokwakheka, i-bentonite, noma i-silica fume ukuze kushintshwe izici zokungena, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla, nokuhlala isikhathi eside. Izinhlobo zezisetshenziswa zokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu zifaka phakathi ama-drilling rigs ahleliwe anama-manifold wokufaka ama-triple-feed anokulawula izinga lokucindezela, amapulatifomu okudonsa aphothulelasinwe ngama-units wokugrutheka kanye neziteshi zomoya, kanye ne-monitoring drilling-grouting okukwazi ukugcina ukulandelana kokucindezela okuqondile phakathi kwama-fluid streams. Izithako ezibalulekile ze-archive zihlanganisa ama-compressors e-diesel (okuncane 10–15 cubic meters ngomzuzu ngamakhono ku-30 MPa), izitshalo zokuxuba nokuhambisa ingxube yokugrutheka, abandakanya ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo, ama-pumps aphakanyisiwe ahluka-hluka anokulawula kokucindezela okuphakeme noma okokuphakela, ama-valves okuhlukanisa, kanye nezikhwama zokumba ezikhethekile ezine-nozzles ezihlelwe kahle ukuze kulawulwe isikhathi sokufaka kanye nezinga lokuhamba. Ukukhetha izinhlelo zokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu kuncike ekwakhiweni kwabafundi bomhlaba, isilinganiso sokuhlukaniswa kwensika (okuvamile 0.6–3.5 imitha), ubude bokungena obudingekayo, izimo zamanzi omhlaba, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zokuhambisa ezitholakalayo. Ukuqalisa kwezobunjiniyela kuhlanganisa ukuthola izinjongo zokufaka kumazinga afanele ukuze kutholwe ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba, ikhemikhali yokugrutheka ehambelana nezidingo zokuhlala, izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa kwensika ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunakekela okuqhubekayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinkantolo ezitholakele nezamo kubhujiswa kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla. Izindinganiso ezijwayelekile zemboni zifaka phakathi i-EN 1538 (Ukuphumeza imisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile - Izingqimba ezithunyelwe), i-EN 14679 (Ukuphumeza imisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile - Jet grouting), kanye nezikhombandlela zomklamo kazwelonke (i-German DIN 4093, i-British HA 68/94) ezisungula izimfuno eziphakeme zamsika, izilungiselelo zokucindezela, izinqubo zokuxuba, kanye nezidingo zokuhlola ikhwalithi emisebenzini yokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu kuzohlinzwa kwezinsika.
I-Tunnel jet grouting iyindlela ethile yokuzinza nokuhlanganisa umhlaba ethathwa ekuhloleni okuphansi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zomshini zomhlaba nesikhala esihambisana nezakhiwo zethunikhla. Kumathathu ejulile nasekConstruction yangaphansi, i-tunnel jet grouting ibalulekile njengendlela yokulungisa nokuvikela yokuphatha izimo zomhlaba, ukulawula ukushelela, nokwakha ubuqotho bezakhiwo ezindaweni ezinzulu zemvelo. Le teknoloji isebenzisa izimiso zokwakha i-jet—ukusebenzisa i-jet enguqukayo ephezulu ukuze iphule, iyekise, futhi ihlanganise umhlaba ngegrout efakiwe—ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezihlobene nezithunikhla, kuhlanganise ne-pre-grouting phambi kwezindawo zethunikhla, post-grouting ngemuva kwezindonga zokuqina nezefekthali, ukuhlanganiswa ezindaweni eziphansi kwemali, kanye nokuzinza komhlaba obhujiswa eduze kokumba kwethunikhla. I-Tunnel jet grouting isetshenziswa ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zokwakha ngaphansi: imisebenzi ye-pre-grouting yokuzinza izindawo ezibuthakathaka nokunciphisa ukugeleza lapho kudlulela ezindaweni ezithwele amanzi noma izikhala ezingekho emthethweni; i-post-grouting ukufaka izikhala nokuhlanganisa umhlaba phakathi kwezindonga zethunikhla nezindawo ezizungezile; ukwelashwa kwezindawo zokuhudula; ukulungisa umhlaba ophansi kokukhukhuleka kamuva kokumba; futhi izinhlelo zokungena kwamanzi ezizungezile ngezithunikhla. Le ndlela iyenzeka kahle nasekwakhiweni kwemetro nasezithunikhleni, ezithunyelwe ezijulile nasemigwaqweni, ezinhlelweni zokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zamandla aphehla umphakathi, kanye nezishoshovu zokwakha izithunikhla ezikhona eziveza ukuhamba, ukuvuza, noma ukwehliswa kwesakhiwo. Isimiso sokusebenza siqinisekisa ukufaka i-grout ye-cementitious noma ye-polymer-based slurry phakathi kweziqhamo ezithile ezibekwe ngendlela efanele ezinhlangothini ezikahle ukusuka ethunikhla. Ama-jet aphezulu—avame ukusebenza ku-300 kuya ku-600 bar—aphula umhlaba osondelene noma ukhukhulelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa okukhona kumafutha afakwe. Lokhu kuphula kanye nokuhlanganiswa kuvele ngesikhathi i-drill rig igijima ukuphindaphinda nokukhipha, kudala izindawo zeziqu ezikhuthaza amandla okudlulela nokunciphisa ubuchwepheshe. Izinhlelo ze-fluid eyodwa ezifaka i-grout kuphela; izinhlelo zezi-fluid zisebenzisa umoya ophakeme noma igesi engafani ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nohlanga lokugobhoza; izinhlelo zezi-three-fluid zihlanganisa ukugoba kokuqala ngakusasa, okuhambisana nomoya ophakeme kanye ne-grout, zifeze ukulungisa umhlaba kahle ezindaweni ezinzima. Izinhlelo zempahla zikhombisa izidingo zokusebenza: ama-rigs angapheli anikeza indawo eqondile yokubeka kahle ku-pre-grouting eziqhamukayo; ama-rigs ahamba phambili anikeza ukuhamba komsebenzi ukuze kube lula kwempilo post-grouting ezindaweni ezinde zethunikhla; izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo ezinezinhloso zokuhlola ingcindezi ngesikhathi esisodwa nokuhamba ziqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokulawula ikhwalithi. Imininingwane ebalulekile ye-technical ihlanganisa ingcindezi ephezulu yokusebenza (ivamise ukuba ku-400–600 bar), ama-rates okuphuma (50–400 l/min kuye ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe), ukujula kokugobhoza (kuze kufike ku-20–30 amamitha ezithunikhla), nokuhamba kwe-rig—okubalulekile ezindaweni ezihlanganisiwe nakuma-diameter ezithunikhla ahlukene. Izinga lokukhetha lihlanganisa izimo ze-geological (uhlobo lomhlaba, ubukhulu, ukugeleza, uhlelo lwamanzi), ukujula kwe-grouting okudingekayo kanye ne-diameter yeziqu, indawo yokusebenza etholakalayo ngaphakathi ezithunikhleni, imikhawulo ye-pressure ethuthukiswe ngemikhawulo yokweseka ekhoyo, izincazelo zemathiriyeli ze-grout (ama-bentonite suspensions, izakhiwo eziphathelene ne-cement, noma i-colloidal silica), kanye nezimfuneko zokuhleleka ezithuthukiswe yintuthuko yokumba. Umsebenzi kufanele uhlinzeke ngokuqinile kokubuka kwemigqa yeziqu ukuze ugweme ukulimala ezindongeni noma ezakhiweni eziseduze. Izindinganiso zemboni zifaka phakathi i-DIN 4093 (i-Jet Grouting), i-EN 12715 (i-Grouting yeMhlaba neseNthaka), kanye nemithetho yokwakha yombuso efanele esungula izincazelo ezincane zokusebenza, izimfuneko zemathiriyeli, nemigomo yokuhlola. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nge-testing ye-in-situ kanye ne-analysis ye-laboratory yamapulazi atholakele kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezincazelo zokwakhiwa.
Ukuhamba kwesikhumbuzo sokuhlanganisa i-jet grouting kumela isigaba esikhethekile seziqhumane ezijulile zomhlaba eziklanyelwe ukuphathwa kokuhlakanipha, ukujolisa ukuxhatshazwa kwemishini ye-jet grouting ngenhla kwezintambo ezinqunyelwe, kuqinisekisa ukudalwa kwemikhono elinganiselwe nezindonga eziqinisekile ngokuhamba okuphansi kokwelashwa ngemva. Le teknoloji ibalulekile ekwakheni amacurbani amakhulu, ukulungiswa komhlaba ngaphansi kwezakhiwo ezigcina amanzi, kanye nokuphuculwa komhlaba lapho ukwehla komzimba wokwakha nezimphetho ezijulile kubalulekile. Ekubunjweni kwezinsiza zokwakha ezijulile, amasistimu okuphathwa okuhamba aphethwe ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwamadamu, ama-reservoir, nezakhiwo ezingaphansi zomhlaba ezidinga ukulawulwa kokuphuma kwamanzi; ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwemigodi yokuxhumana ne-tangent, lapho umhlabathi ophukile unciphisa imiphumela yokunyakaza kwezinduku; kanye nokwakha amakhilomitha e-jet grouting ukuze kukhuliswe umthwalo nokusebenza kahle emhlabeni ophakeme. Lezi zinsiza zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komhlabathi ngaphambi kokushaywa kwemigodi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlanganisiwe, ukufakwa kwemigoqo yokugcina emaphrojeni wokulungisa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba ukuze kusizakale ekwakheni izisekelo emazingeni noma ezindaweni eziphumelelayo. Izinhlelo zifaka phakathi ukulungiswa kwe-diaphragm wall, ukuqina kwe-sheet pile wall, kanye nokuxubha umhlaba wezindawo ezinkulu lapho izinsiza ze-jet grouting ezimele zidalela izindawo ezingeziwe ezimangelengele zomhlaba. Isimiso sokusebenza sihilela i-jet grouting lance ethonyiwe kumakhi wokuhamba ophethwe ebhange elinengqondo ovuselelwa ngendlela elandelanayo yebhodi eqondile. Njengoba le frame ihamba phezulu - ngokuvamile ngezikhala ezingu-0.5 kuya ku-1.5 m - i-lance ihla phansi futhi iyashintsha ngaphezulu kosondo olwakhiwe, ifaka ucezo oluxhunywe ngogesi (ohlangothi olunye, olulodwa, noma lwama-fluid amathathu) emhlabeni ngengcindezi ye-bar eyi-300-700. Le igerisi ephezulu i-jet erosion ithinta ngokomzimba ibhantshi nokuhlala eduze komhlaba, okwakha izinduku eziqinisekisiwe noma izindonga ezinqunyiwe ezinomkhawulo ofanele (ngokuvamile phakathi kwemikhawulo eyi-0.6–2.5 m) nokusebenza kahle (3–30 MPa kuye ngohlobo lomhlabathi kanye nezimpawu zokufaka). Ukuhamba kwezinsiza kunciphisa izindawo ezingeziwe nokuphazamiseka kwamadwaleni okuvame ukufanela kumishini eqinile, kuqinisekisa ukuphuzwa kahle kwenzeka emaphethelweni amakhulu projekthi. Izindlela zeziqhumane zihluke ukusuka kumakh-frame ahlakaniphile aphakanyisiwe anohlelo lokuhlelwa kwe-hydraulic kumhlaba kuya kumamodeli aphelele anohlelo lokuphumelela nezimpawu ze-GPS ezihamba phambili. Ukufakwa okuvamile kuhlanganisa isakhiwo se-lattice noma esihlanganisiwe esiklayelekayo kumada amane akhanyayo noma amakhompyutha ahlukanisile, i-unit ye-pump engaphezu kwenqwaba (ngokuvamile i-150–200 kW), isakhiwo sokuphakamisa nokuqhubekisela i-lance, nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlanganisiwe ukuze kulawulwe ingcindezi yokufaka, ivolumu ye-slurry, ububanzi bezinduku, kanye nokuqhubeka kwezinqubo. Izindlela zokukhetha zifaka phakathi indawo yokulawula yokwelashwa okungenhla nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba, ububanzi bezinduku ezijolisiwe nezidingo zokuhlangana, ukujula kokufaka nokusebenza kahle okudingekayo, ukuphakama kokusebenza okukhona nokutholwa kwesikhala sokuhamba, ukukwazi kokuhamba komhlabathi nezimangalo zamandla, imisindo yokusebenza ne-oscillator, kanye nokufinyelela endaweni yokuphumeza izigaba zemuva. Ukukhethwa kwezinsiza kuxhomeke futhi kumazinga wokunemba komugqa ohlokozwayo, ukuphinda kabhi, ukwethembeka kwepump emigodini enezimo ezinzima, kanye nokuhambisana nezinhlelo zokuhlola ikhwalithi ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukuklanywa nokusebenza kugqugquzelwa yi-EN 14679:2018 (Jet Grouting – Ukuphathwa Komsebenzi Okhethekile Kwezobuchwepheshe), EN 1997-1 (Ukuklanywa Kwezobuchwepheshe – Imithetho Ejwayelekile), DIN 4093 (Ukuphathwa Kwe-Jet Grouting Nokwethembeka Kwekhwalithi), kanye nezindinganiso ezithile zomhlaba. Ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi kuvame ukufaka phakathi i-trial column coring, ukuhlola amandla okuqina okungaphunekayo, kanye ne-cross-hole sonic logging ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba nezinga lokwakha ngaphambi kokufaka zonke izinsiza.
I-jet grouting iyindlela ethile yokuthuthukisa umhlaba ehlanganisa uketshezi oluphezulu lwamafutha okuphakamisa kanye nokufakwa kokugubha okuhlawulelwe ukuze kudalwe amakholomu e-soil-cement athuthukisiwe noma amaphaneli aqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza komhlaba nokuvikelwa. Izinsiza ezixhasayo ze-jet grouting zihlanganisa izinhlelo zokweseka ezisemqoka nezakhiwo ezivumela ukufakwa kokusebenza kanye nokuphathwa kwemathiriyali, kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza. Le nkalo ifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokupompa, ama-units wokuhlanganisa nokulinganisa, imikhono yokufaka kanye nezikhwama, amathuluzi okuhlola, kanye nemishini yokuphakela namakhono okuphatha aqukethe izinhlelo ezihlangene ukuze zilethe ukugubha ezingeni elithile, ngamavolumu, nasezindaweni ezidingekayo ukuze kube nokwelashwa okuphumelelayo komhlaba. Izinsiza ezixhasayo ze-jet grouting zisetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi zobunjiniyela bomhlaba, kufaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kweminyango ye-diaphragm, ama-curtains okukhipha ama-masimba ukuze kulawulwe ukujula, izithiyo zokungena ngaphansi kwama-embankments kanye nezingadi ze-tailings, ukuzinza komhlaba ezungeze izisekelo ezikhona, ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba ngaphambi kokufakwa kwe-pile, kanye nokwakhiwa kweminyango ye-secant noma ye-tangent piles. Le teknologi ibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamafutha angcolile lapho ukwelapha umhlaba okwenziwayo kuthandwa kunokumba, ekwandeni kwemichiza yokuhlukaniswa, ekuqinisekiseni ukujula, nasekutholeni izinkinga zezakhiwo zomlando. Izicelo zifaka phakathi ukufaka amandla emhlabeni ezungeze izakhiwo ezingaphansi, ukuthuthukisa amandla okuphakela ezisekelweni eziphakeme, nokunciphisa ukuhamba kwezinto ezithintekayo. I-Operational principle ihlanganisa ukuphakela okuncibilikisiwe nge-cementitious slurry ngokusebenzisa izikhwama zokufaka ezakhiwe ngokuqondile ezijulile ezilawulwa ngezinsiza zokubhola ezikhethekile. Ama-grout jets aphezulu — abandakanya amandla aphakathi kuka-200 no-600 bar—abhujiswa futhi aphule izingxenye zomhlaba ngenkathi evuselela izikhala ezidalwayo, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-soil-cement composite enqamulelayo ngezinga elithuthukisiwe lokuqiniswa nokunciphisa ukujula. Izinhlelo ze-fluids eyodwa zifaka ukugubha kuphela; izinhlelo ze-fluids ezimbili zisebenzisa ama-jet omoya ophakanyisiwe ngenkathi kufakwa ukugubha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukujula kanye nokunciphisa amavolumu; kanye nezinguquko ze-fluids ezintathu zifaka i-jet yokugcina yokuhlanza. Izinsiza kufanele zigcine izinga lokucindezela elihambisanayo, zilawule izinga lokuhamba kahle, futhi zilandele izinga lokufaka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwelashwa okufanayo kwemikhakha efanele. Imikhakha ebalulekile kule nkalo ifaka phakathi amapompo okuphuma okujabulayo (ohlobo lwe-piston nolwemishini) oluhlosile ukuphatha ukugubha okuphezulu, izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa zamasondo eziningi zok Prepared Grout; izinhlelo zokulinganisa kwe-volumetric ezihlelwe ngokuqhubekayo; imikhono yokufaka enezikhala ezivumela ukwenza okuthile; amakha wokuhlola anemikhono eyodwa noma eyahlukene engashintshashintshi; izitsha zokusabalalisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwethembeka; nezinhlelo zokuhlola ngesikhathi esifanelekile ezihlanganisa izikhombisi zokuqinisa, izintambo zokulawula, nezinsiza zokuhlola ukujula. Amateku kanye nezingxenye kufanele zikwazi ukumelana nocindezeliseko oluqhubekayo ophakeme ngenkathi zivimbela ukujula kwamakhemikhali. Izindlela zokukhetha zihlanganisa uhlobo lomhlaba oluhlosiwe kanye nentshisekelo, ubukhulu bekholomu obudingekayo kanye namandla e-bond, ukujula kokufakwa nokufinyeleleka, isikhala sokusebenza esitholakalayo, izidingo zokukhiqiza, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokusebenza ezichazwe ngezimpande zokuphila zomphakathi. Abatekinisi bahlola ukuphuma kwepompo, izinga lokucindezela, kanye nezinga lokuhlola ukugubha. Ukuhlelwa kwe-nozzle—okuye ngokwe-jet eyodwa uma kuqhathaniswa neziqhumiso eziningi, ukujula kwe-jet, kanye nosayizi wezindawo—kukhonjiswa ngokuya ngemiphumela yokugubha komhlaba nakho ukwakheka okuyinhloko. Ukukhuliswa kokuhlola kufanele kuhambisane nesidingo esincintisanayo sezakhiwo zokucindezela nezindinganiso zokusebenza. Ukuklanywa kwezinsiza ze-jet grouting kulawulwa izindinganiso zaseYurophu ezihlanganisa i-EN 14679 (Ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical—jet grouting) kanye nezincazelo zobuchwepheshe zabakhiqizi, ezichaza imikhawulo ye-pressure-drop, ukunemba kokukala umthamo, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ukufaka. Izinsiza kufanele zihambisane nezikhombisi zamasheya nemishini yokucindezela (PED 2014/68/EU) nezindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini ezihlobene nezinhlelo eziphezulu zokucindezela.
Umshini wokukha umkhondo ophumelelayo onamathiselwe nezici zokukhipha amanzi uhambisana nesixazululo esihlangene sokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, sihlanganisa ukufakwa kwemikono encane nephuma emhlabeni, ukwelashwa komhlaba nokuzinza. Le mfuneko yeqembu lemishini isiza abaqashi abadinga izixazululo eziguquguqukayo zobunjiniyela obungaphansi, lapho ukufakwa kwemikono okujule kwejwayelekile kungasebenzi ngenxa yezinkinga zendawo, izidingo zokukhanda, noma izimo zomhlaba ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa kokuzinza nokusekelwa kwezisekelo. Umshini wokukha umkhondo unciphisa umthamo wezakhamzimba zezakhiwo, kuyilapho uhlelo oluhlangene lokukhipha amanzi lwenza ukwelashwa komhlaba, ukunciphisa ukuqina, nokwandisa amandla ngesikhathi esisodwa, kunciphisa isikhathi semisebenzi yonke nendawo yokusebenzela. Lezi zinhlelo ngokuyinhloko zithunyelwa emisebenzini yokwakha izisekelo ezishisayo nezokuphinda zisetshenziswe, lapho izakhiwo ezikhona zidinga ukuqiniswa kwezisekelo ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa. Zikahle kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezifinyo ezisekelwe ekukhipheni emisebenzini yokwakha amadamu, ekulungiseni izindawo zokungcola, nasekuphathweni kwamanzi emhlabeni. Emiphakathini yamawindi e-diaphragm, ukuhlanganiswa kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwesikhumbuzo se-secant noma se-tangent ngesikhathi sokwenza ukwelashwa lokukhipha emhlabeni ukuze kufezwe izincazelo ezidingekayo zokuqina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli qembu lemishini lisekela imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa umhlaba ukuze kuthuthukiswe umhlaba ophonsele umoya noma ophakanyisiwe lapho ukwandisa amandla akhulu kuqala kugcwaliswa. Iphakheji yokusebenza ihlanganisa izindlela zokubhola ezibhalwe noma eziphathekayo zokufaka imikono encane namasistimu okukhipha amanzi ahlwitha umoya ngokpressure ephezulu. Ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka kwemikono encane, i-casing ngokuvamile ijubane ngokuhamba yonke imikhawulo yomhlaba, ngenkathi izinsiza zokubhola zangaphakathi zishintsha. Uhlelo lokukhipha umoya oluhlanganisiwe—olusebenza ngokuzimela noma ngasikhathi sinye—lufaka i-slurry ye-cement imbobo ephezulu ejula phakathi kwemijikelezo eminingi ethunyelwe kulodzi lwezokwelapha. Le ndlela ye-dual ivumela ukwelashwa komhlaba okukhethiwe ngaphambi kokufakwa kwemikono encane, ngemuva kokuthola ukuhanjiswa kwezimali nokusebenza kwezakhiwo. Ingxenye yokukhipha amanzi idala iziqeshana ezihambisana noma eziyimigqa ezilinganiselwe kuya kwemigudu yokufaka (monojet, bijet, noma trijet systems) kanye noqhubekela phambili komshini. Ukulungiswa kwemishini phakathi kwalesi sigaba kuhluke kakhulu kuye ngaphezu okukha okukhulu (ngokuvamile 10-50 metres), ububanzi bemikono encane (150-350 mm), izinga lokucindezela lokukhipha amanzi, nezidingo zokumobilisa. Ukulungiswa kwemishini kuhlanganisa idivayisi encane, efakwe kumjikelezo efanelekayo ezindaweni ezizimele ukuze kutholakale kahle, ukuya kumasistimu amakhulu afakwe ezikhumbeni ukuze kutholakale izinga eliphakeme lokukhiqiza. Izitshalo zokuhlanganisa, izinhlelo zokuhlola ingcindezi, nezilawuli ezizenzakalelayo zokuphakamisa/ingcindezi zimele izici ezijwayelekile. Izimfanelo ezisemqoka zifaka ukuphakamisa okuphezulu okuphezulu, ubukhulu be-grout kanye ne-capacity pressure, ukunciphisa i-OD ye-casing, kanye nezinketho zokuhlanganiswa kwe-jet grout eziphuma kwe-module. Ukukhetha imishini kuhlola izimfanelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe: i-stratigraphy yasemhlabeni nempumelelo yemigudu, izidingo zemikono encane yokuthola amandla okuhlola nezimfanelo zempahla, ukubalwa kokwelashwa kwe-jet grout kanye nezincazelo ububanzi, isikhala esikhona sokusebenza kanye nezinqwaba zomkhiqizo, kanye nezikhathi zephrojekthi. Abakhi kumele bahlola ukuthi ukufakwa kwemikono encane nokukhipha amanzi ngesikhathi esisodwa noma emisebenzini elandelanayo kuhloswe kahle ngezidingo zephrojekthi. Ukujula kwamanzi emhlabeni nezidingo zokuphathwa kwe-tala yamanzi kuthinta izinto zezikamu nezinhlelo zokucindezela. Izindinganiso zokwakha nokusebenza ezisebenzayo zifaka phakathi i-EN 14199 (imikono emincane), i-EN 14490 (izixhumi zomhlaba nezinyathelo), i-ISO 13761 (ukukhipha amanzi), kanye ne-DIN 4128 (ukukhipha amanzi), ngemigudu yendawo ebheka izicelo zendawo zokuqeqeshwa kwe-geotechnical nemithetho yokuhlala.
Amasethi wokugrouta anemishini zokuqhuba ezinezakhi zofuzo ezilungiselelwe ukuhlinzeka imisebenzi yokugrouta ngamafutha anogesi aphakeme kubunjiniyela bezisekelo, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nasekuthuthukiseni umhlaba. Lezi zinkundla zokugrouta zihlanganisa amandla okudonsa naye kanye nezinhlelo zokugrouta ukuze zenze izakhiwo zompuntshisi ezihlanganisa umhlabathi ne-cement ezinzisa, ziqinisa, futhi zivikela izimo ezingezansi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezemisebenzi yokugrouta nokugrouta ngamafutha anogesi kuvumela abathengisi ukuba bangene ezigabeni zeogeology ngesikhathi sokufaka izinto eziqinisayo, okwenza lezi zinkundla zibe zibalulekile ezinsebeni zomsebenzi ezinzima ezimweni zomhlabathi ezinzima nezamanzi angaphansi. Izinkundla zokugrouta ezihlinzekwe ngezinjini zokugrouta zisetshenziswa emisebenzini ehlukene yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, okuhlanganisa ukwakha odongeni be-diaphragm, izifinyethelo, odongeni be-secant ne-tangent, nokuzinzisa iziqhingi nezikhala ezingezansi. Lezi zinkundla zisebenza kahle ekwakheni amakholomu anjengokuthi aphakanyiswe noma ashintshe isimo somhlaba ezithuthukisa amandla okuphatha, kunciphisa ukujikeleza, futhi kunikeze ukuzinza kwangaphandle. Emsebenzini wokulawula amanzi angaphansi, izifinyethelo zokugrouta zivimbela ukuhamba kwamanzi nokuhamba kwezinto ezingcolile phakathi kwezindawo ezithintekayo. Emsebenzini wokuthuthukisa nokulungisa izisekelo, lezi zinhlelo zingene ezindaweni ezinzima ezikhona futhi zithumele izinto zokubopha ngaphandle kokudingeka ukufaka ekugudluzweni okukhulu noma ukuphazamiseka kwezinsiza ezikhona. Umqondo wokuqhuba nokugrouta uhlanganisa ukudonsa okujwayelekile nokuthunga amafutha aphakeme. Umgibeli wokudonsa uvumelanisa ipayipi elikhethekile lokugrouta endaweni enemigqa. Amafutha agrouted—ngokuvamile i-cement slurry noma izixazululo zamakhemikhali—akhishwa ngama-jet ukuthola imithamo ethile ephakathi kuka-200 kuya ku-600 bar (20 kuya ku-60 MPa). Lamafutha avulelekile aphakeme asusa futhi ahambisa amaphutha omhlabathi, ewavumelanisa nezinto zokubopha ezifakwe. Njengoba ipayipi lokudonsa lishunqa ngesikhathi kugcinwa ukujula komoya nokuhamba okukhululekile, umkhiqizo we-cement somhlaba uvela. Umsebenzi lokuhlanza asetshenziswa, kuhlangene nezakhiwo zokubopha ze-grout, kudala izakhiwo ezihlanganiswa ezinemisebenzi ezingaphansi komhlaba ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu ezihluke kwi-virgin soil. Ukucushwa kwemishini kuleli cannon kuvamise ukufaka izinhlelo ezilodwa ezingama-fluid (lapho i-cement slurry kuphela ifakwa), izinhlelo ezimbili eziphindwe (zihlanganisa amanzi ne-cement ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufinyelela nokubaluleka), kanye nezinhlelo ezintathu ezihlukene (zihlanganisa amanzi, umoya, ne-cement ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhluzwa komhlabathi nokwenza okungcono kwekholomu). Izinkundla zisesimweni esincane, imishini ehlinzekiwe enye ifakwe ezindaweni ezikilalisiwe zezakhiwo ukuya phezulu ku-60 meters nezinye ezizithuthukisayo. Izingxenye ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe ezithinta ukukhetha kwemishini zifaka amandla okudonsa (ngokuvamile 50–200 kW), amandla okudonsa, ingcindezi futhi isi-siphona sokuqukethwe, usayizi wepayipi lokudonsa, nezilinganiso zokuzinza ezihambelana nezinhlelo ezithile zomhlaba nezimo zamanzi angaphansi. Abathengisi abakhetha izinkundla zokugrouta ezihlinzekwe ngezinjini zokugrouta babheka izidingo zedepth, ubukhulu obulindelwe bomhlaba, usayizi wekolomu oyimfuneko nezikhala, izimo zamanzi angaphansi, imingcele yokungena endaweni, nezinga lokukhiqiza. Imishini kumele ihlangabezane nezilinganiso zengcindezi ezichazwe yi-EN 12716 (Jet Grouting), EN 1537 (Ground Anchors), kanye ne-ISO 13374 ezinkambisweni zokugrouta. Ukuvunyelwa kwe-DIN 4090 kanye nemithetho yesikhungo sezokwakha kuqinisekisa ukusimama kwezokwakha kanye nokuphepha kwabasebenzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwegrouta enemingcele ethile.
Ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokumba izithameli, imishini ye-jet grouting yokumba ivelaphi ukhuluma ngemithi yokuhlinzekela izindawo zokwakha engaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibophezelayo lapho izindlela zokwakha ezijwayelekile ezinjengezikhala ezijulile noma izindonga ezikhiyeziwe zingasebenzi kahle noma zingesizo zinzuzo. Le nkathi yokusebenza ihlanganisa imishini ethile nezinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ye-jet grouting ehloswe kahle ezindaweni zokugaya izikhumbuzo, lapho ukwelashwa kwendawo kumelela ukujwayela ubface, ukulawula ukuhamba, nokuthuthukisa noma yiziphi izici zomhlaba ngaphambi noma ngesikhathi sokuhola umgudu. Izinqubo zokusebenza ze-jet grouting zokumba zifaka phakathi ukungeza kakhulu kwemix ye-cement noma ye-chemical ngok-pressure ephezulu—ngokuvamile i-300 kuya ku-700 bar—ngokusebenzisa umbono wokuhamba noma isikhanga esibekwe kumshini wokuhamba. I-jet stream enezinga eliphezulu, ngokuvamile iphakama ngaphezulu kwama-200 m/s, iklwebha futhi ixubhe umhlabathi odlalayo, ngokuhamba ngesikhathi ophendukayo nokuqhubeka. Le nqubo iqamba i-columnar noma inethiwekhi yezenzo zokuhlobisa zomhlaba ezithuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa, zinciphisa ukungena, futhi ziqinisa ubface bomgudu. Izicelo zihlanganisa i-pre-grouting ngaphambi kobuso bomshini wokumba umgudu (TBM) ezimweni ze-geological eziphansi, i-post-grouting yokulawula ukuhamba komhlaba nokuvikela izikhala ngemuva kwezigaba, kanye nokwelashwa kwezigaba ezithintekile ngezinkinga, ukungena kwamanzi, noma izinguquko ze-geological ezingalindelekile. Ukucaciswa kwemishini ngokuvamile kuqukethe umshini wokuhamba ophethe izinhlelo ezikhethekile ezikwaziyo ukulawula u-jetting ngokuqinile, impahla ye-grouting ephezulu enezinqola ezinamandla ezihloniphekile yokusebenza okuqhubekayo e-500–700 bar, izinhlelo zokuhlunga nezixube, izinhlelo zokuthutha i-slurry, kanye nesikhanga sokuhamba se-jet esinezinhlaka eziningi (ukusebenza okukodwa, kabili, noma kuthathu). Izinhlelo ze-tripod noma zokuhamba ziqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwesikhundla futhi zenza kube lula ukuphendukela phezulu phesheya komgudu. Izinhlelo zokuphinda zisebenze i-mud noma i-slurry zibalulekile, njengoba i-jet grouting yokumba ikhiqiza ivolumu enkulu ye-fluid enezinsiza ezifanele ukusebenza kahle kwezinga lezemvelo. Ukukhetha imishini ye-jet grouting yokumba kuthinteka yizici eziningi kuhlanganisa ukwakheka komhlabathi endaweni bese izinto ezihlelekile ziqinile, izimo zamanzi omhlaba, ukujula kokuphakama nezimo zokucindezela, ububanzi obufiselekayo be-column kanye nezinye izinhlelo, izikhala ezitholakalayo zomsebenzi nezinqoba ezikhungweni zomgudu, kanye nespecification ye-composition ye-grout (i-cement slurry noma i-microfine cement noma i-chemical grouts). Umsebenzi we-jet kufanele ukwazi ukulawula ukujikeleza okuqondile nokwejwayelekile ukuze ifake kahle emholes ukuze iqinisekise ukuhamba okuhle phakathi kwe-columns ezinhle zokubeka ukuze kube nomthelela. Imisebenzi ye-jet grouting yomgudu ibhekwa ngezindinganiso zaseYurophu EN 14679 (Ukuphothula imisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical—Jet grouting) kanye ne-EN 12716 (Ukuphothula imisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical—Grouting), kanye nezincazelo zephrojekthi ezitholekayo ezisuke kumarekhodi okuhlola kwe-geotechnical. Imishini kufanele iveze ukuhlonipha imiyalo ye-pressure system futhi ibe nemibhalo efakazela amandla wamapompo, izinga lo-pressure, nezinhlelo zokuphepha. Abasebenzi badinga ukuqeqeshwa ekuphathweni kwencwadi, rheology ye-grout, kanye nokuqashelwa kwe-stability yendabuko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphepha emkhakheni onzima ophansi komhlaba.
Amaphampu e-walking jet grouting ayizinhlelo zokubhola nezokugroutu eziqhutshwa ngokuzimela, ezihlala kumathrekhi noma eziwheels ezenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo kokufakwa kwemfucumfucu ye-fluid enezinga eliphezulu ngaphansi komhlaba ukuze kuthuthukiswe umhlaba, kufakwe izigcawu, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuba nempumelelo. Lezi zifakiwe zihlanganisa isizinda samandla, uhlelo lwethenda lwe-hydraulic, umgodi wokubhola, nezinhlelo zokulawula endaweni eyodwa ephathekayo, okuvumela imisebenzi ye-jet grouting eqhubekayo ezindaweni ezivinjiwe nasemithambekeni esheshayo lapho imishini ejwayelekile yokubhola engakwazi ukufakwa ngempumelelo. Ezokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, ama-rigs e-walking jet grouting asetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni ama-cutoff curtains ngaphansi kwezisekelo zezingadla, ngaphansi kwezindawo ezingcolile, nasemathafeni wezintambo ukulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokuhamba kokungcola. Zibalulekile futhi ekwakheni izikhala ezihlotshiswe ngemva kokugroutu ekwakhiweni kwemigwaqo ye-diaphragm, zifeza ukungena emanzini ezikhala zamapaneli futhi zinciphise ugesi we-hydrostatic ophakanyiswa ezakhiweni ze zidanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zifiki ziqhakambisa ukuqina kwemizi ngemiphumela yokwehlisa umhlabathi kanye nokwenziwa kube mkhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ze-alluvial, ama-silts, kanye namathafa lapho izisekelo ezijulile zesiko zidinga ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba. I-jet grouting eyenziwa ama-rigs wokuhamba iphinde iqinise amaqembu amabhodi asethwe, ihlangabezane nezindawo ezizoba nezehlakalo, futhi idale amabhamuza aphakathi kwamanzi ezindaweni zasolwandle kanye nezindawo zamachibi. Iziqu ezisebenzayo zingaphansi kokufaka imfucumfucu efakwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi (imvamisa i-bentonite-cement noma imiphumelo esuselwa ku-cement) ngokuqhubeka kwebhande elijulile enezinga elijahile phakathi kuka-200 no-600 bar, kudala i-columna enezinhlaka ezilungiselelwe nehomogeneous. Umsebenzi ulandela ukulawula ingcindezi yokufaka, izinga lokugeleza, kanye nesivinini sokujika ukuze alawule usayizi namandla ethempeli elihlongozwayo, kanti umshini wokuhamba uvumela i-rig ukuba ibeke kahle phezu kwendawo ngayinye yokwelashwa futhi iqhubeke ngaphambi kwayo kwi-sayithi yephrojekthi. Izinhlelo zokuhlola ingcindezi nezilinganiso zokugeleza zinikeza impendulo yesikhathi sangempela ukuqinisekisa kontroli yokwakhiwa kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokusebenza kwawo wonke umsebenzi wokwelashwa. Ama-rigs e-walking jet grouting atholakala ezimweni eziningi: izinhlelo ezimi kumathrekhi ezimweni ezithambile noma ezicindezelwayo ezinga okuqhamuka noshintsho lwephezulu; izinguquko eziwheels ezindaweni ezinzima; ama-rigs amancane ezindaweni ezikhawulelwe; kanye nezinhlelo ezinamandla aphezulu zokuqhubeka amakhasi amakhulu. Ukuhluka okukhululekile kuhlanganisa amandla okubhola (imvamisa amamitha ayi-10 kuya kweyama-40), izikhala zokufaka ingcindezi (200–600 bar), isikhumbuzo sokugeleza kwemfucumfucu (30–300 litha/ngesigqi), kanye nokukhipha isizinda samandla (75–250 kW), ukhetha kusekelwe kumasu wokwakhiwa kanye nokufinyelela kwesayithi. Ukukhetha imishini kuncike ezicini eziningi: izidingo zokufaka ingcindezi kanye nesikhala okufanele zisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kwezinhlelo zokuhamba kwamanzi nokwakhiwa; ubuchwepheshe bezinto ezisemhlabeni kanye nobuhlungu (okunquma amaqembu e-nozzle nokujula kokwelashwa); imikhawulo yokufinyelela edizayinelwe nokuqina komhlaba; isheduli yokukhiqiza kanye namathafa okufaka; kanye nokutholakala kokuhamba kwamanzi kanye nemithi yokufaka. Abasebenzi kumele baqinisekise ukuhambisana nezidingo ezihlobene ne-EN 1997-1 (i-Eurocode 7 design) kanye ne-EN 12715 (imigomo yokubhala) ezichaza ngokuqinile umkhawulo wokufaka ingcindezi ezimbonini ezinzima, ukwakhiwa kokufaka nokuphila, kanye nemikhawulo yokuhlola ingcindezi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwemikhono. Imishini kumele ihlinzeke ngemiphumela edlulisekwayo, ekwazi ukulinganiswa nezincomo eziphelele zokuhlola ingcindezi, ukugeleza, isikhathi, nosayizi wezindawo zokufaka – okuhle kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni Inhloso yokwakha kanye nokwamukelwa kwezakhamizi kanye nezikhungo zokuhlola.
Izinsiza ezenzelwe ukwakhiwa kwemijondolo enezisekelo ezijulile zihlala zisebenzisa ama-rigs wokugroutinga ama-jet adonswayo, ezenzelwe ukwenza ukufakwa okuqondile, okuphezulu kwengcindezi yegroth ukuze kuthuthukiswe umhlaba nokwenziwa kuhle kwi-engineering yesisekelo esijulile. Lezi zinhlelo ezihamba ngamathrekhtha zihlanganisa izinhlelo zokufaka ezinembile nezindawo zokwakha ezihambayo, zenza ukuphathwa kwendawo ye-soil ekunokwenzeni ngokuphelele nezindawo ezinzima lapho ama-rigs avamile wokulawula okungeke akwazi ukusebenza kahle. I-jet grouting yakha inethiwekhi yezinsika ze-soil-cement ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokususa kanye nokufaka ngesikhathi esifanayo, ithuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo ze-geotechnical zomhlaba ozungezile ngesikhathi sokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela nemikhawulo yokusebenza ezindaweni zokwakha. Izicelo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa izinsiza zokugroutinga ze-jet ezisetshenziswe kumathrekhtha zifaka phakathi ukwenziwa kokwakheka kwemikhumbi engaphansi, kufaka phakathi izingubo zokulahla nezingozi ze-grout ezisebenza njengezingdiya ze-hydraulic ukulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi phansi kwedamu, ngaphansi kwezindonga ze-sheet pile, kanye naku-mikhosi ye-diaphragm. Lezi zinhlelo zenza kahle kakhulu ekwakheni izinsika ze-soil-cement ezizimele ezandleni ezithuthukisa amandla okuphatha kakhulu ezindaweni ezididayo, zigcine umgudu wokuphakama, futhi ziqhubele phambili ukwesekwa okuhle kokwakhiwa okuvamile nakwezikhathi ezithile eziphansi. Izicelo ezengeziwe zifaka phakathi ukuhlanganiswa kwe-soil ukuze kuthuthukiswe isisekelo, ukulungiswa kwama-strata aphansi atholwa ngesikhathi sokwakha izinsika, futhi ukuqina kwezisekelo ezikhona lapho izimo ezingaphansi zibe nezinkinga noma zicabangeleka phansi ngesikhathi semikhosi yokwakha. Indlela yokusebenza ihilela ukufaka uhlelo lokufaka olwenziwe ngezinyathelo eziningi lapho ama-jet alungele ukuphuma kwephakethe eliphezulu noma i-grout (invamile isebenza kumaphuzu aphakathi kuka-300 no-600 bar) akhamizela futhi ashiyeke izinto ze-soil ngesikhathi esifanayo efaka igroth esisekelweni se-cement noma i-grout eyenziwe ngokukhethekile. Ama-nozzles okukhipha, avamile ukuba endaweni yeziqu zomsebenzi, akhishwa ngezigaba ezilawulwayo njengoba igroth ingena, akha izinsika ezijulile ezithuthukisiwe zempahla. Izinhlelo eziyinhloko zifaka kuphela i-cement slurry, kuyilapho izinhlelo eziphindwe kabili neziphethwe kathathu zifaka ama-jet amanzi okuhlanga nofakazela i-grout yokubopha, kunikeza ukulawula okwandile ngaphezulu kwezikhala nezici zokuqina zokugcina. Izinhlelo zakamuva ezise-jet ezenzakalayo zifaka izimo ezihlukahlukahlukene ze-mast, zivumela ukufakwa okuthuthukisiwe kusuka ezicini eziphansi eziseduzane nezisekelo kuya ezijulile ezingaphezu kwama-30 metres. Izinsiza jikelele zifaka phakathi ama-unithi wamandla ahlanganisiwe (ama-diesel noma ugesi), izinhlelo zokufuna ezilawulwa ngengcindezi ezinemisebenzi yokukala ukuhamba, ama-mechanisms okuphakanyiswa okuphezulu, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezisebenzisa i-computer ezirekhoda imigqa yengcindezi, ukusho kwevolumu ye-grout, nokuhamba kobude. Ama-platforms akhululekile ayalinganisa ama-2 kuya ku-4 metres ububanzi, avumela ukufakwa kumakhaya, ngaphansi kwezindawo zokuhamba, nezindlela ezikhawulelwe lapho ama-rigs ajwayelekile aqondiswe emphakathini engahambisani nezinhloso. Izinkombandlela zokukhetha izinsiza zokugroutinga ze-jet eziphakanyiswa kumathrekhtha zibalulekile ekwakheni okwakhiwe komhlabathi, isilinganiso sezinsika ezifunwa nobubanzi bazo, ubude obufunwayo, isikhala esitholakalayo, kanye nesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Ochwepheshe bahlola izilinganiso zengcindezi ngokuya ngemvume yemhlabathi, amandla e-grout nokuhlanganiswa, isivinini sokuhamba nezinga lokuhambisa, ukuphakama kwemast, kanye nomthwalo wesistimu yokulandela. Izici zemvelo ezihlanganisa amazinga noise, ukudluliswa kokudlidliza, kanye nephatha yokubuyisela i-grout kuthonya ukukhethwa kwezinsiza ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ukuqokwa kufanele kuhambisane ne-EN 14679 (Ukuqedela kwemisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical — Jet grouting) kanye nokuhlelwa kwemithetho yasekhaya, okuyizinto ezibeka izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokubhaliswa kwezimo zezinsika, ukuqinisekisa izinga ngama-jersey okuhlola, ukuhlinzekwa kweze-grout, kanye nezinsizakalo zokunciphisa umthelela kwemvelo. Abasebenzi bezinsiza badinga ukufaka isiqinisekiso ngokuya ngestandards ze-geotechnical engineering zikazwelonke, kanye ne-integrity yesistimu ye-pressure kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo eziwusizo ze-pressure equipment directive.
Izitshalo ze-jet grouting kanye nezinhlelo ziyizinhlelo ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukulungisa, ukucindezela, nokufaka igwebu le-cementitious noma le-chemical ngesikhathi esiphezulu kakhulu emhlabathini ukuze kudalwe amakholomu omhlabathi-cement noludonga oluqhubekayo. Lezi zinhlelo zempahla zibalulekile ku-engineering ye-deep foundation yanamuhla, zivumela ukuthuthukiswa komhlabathi, ukulawulwa kwamanzi angaphakathi, nokwandiswa kwesisekelo sokwakha ezimeni ezinzima zezizinda. Izitshalo ze-jet grouting zingumgogodla wezobuchwepheshe zohlelo lwe-jet grouting, ziguqula igwebu elivamile libe yindlela yokufaka enezinga eliphezulu elikwazi ukushintsha futhi ixube nomhlabathi okhona ezindaweni ezijulile nasezicindezelweni ongaphezulu kwamakhono avamile okugwebu. Ezinhlelweni zokufaka ezijulile, izitshalo ze-jet grouting zisetshenziswa ukuze kudalwe imigoqo yokugxadla ethinta ukuhamba kwamanzi angaphakathi, stabilizing umhlabathi ogcwele amanzi, nokuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa ezindaweni ezinezimo zokushintsha. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuvuleni izisekelo ezikhona, ukudala izindonga ze-secant ne-tangent pile, stabilizing ama-slopes, kanye nokuthuthukisa amandla okufaka ezindaweni zomhlabathi ezithambile. Ekwakhiweni kwe-diaphragm wall, izitshalo ze-jet grouting zingasiza ekwelapheni umhlaba ngaphambi kokumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziwumsebenzi obalulekile emisebenzini yokuziqhuba, ukukhulisa umhlabathi eduze kwezinsiza ezingezansi, nokugcwalisa izikhala eziphansi kwezakhiwo ezidinga ukuhamba kabusha. Umthetho ophathelene nezitshalo ze-jet grouting ugxile ekuqinisekiseni ukufaka igwebu eliphezulu ngokucindezelwe. Igwebu lilungiselelwa ezihlanganisweni ezine-paddle noma ezine-colloidal mixers eziqinisekisa ukujolisa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-slurry. Amampompo athathelwa phezulu acindezela igwebu ukuze uthole izinga lokusebenza elivamile elijolise phakathi kuka-200 kuya ku-600 bar, nakuba izinhlelo ezikhethekile zingathola izinga eliphezulu. Igwebu elicindezelwe lilethwa kumathuluzi e-jetting monitors—amathuluzi okufaka akhishwe ezikhungweni zokumba—athumela ukuhamba komswakama ngokuqondile ngezikhukhula ezincane, kwakha i-jet ehambisana nezinhlayiya zomhlabathi futhi ibeke igwebu ezikhala ezidalwe ukuhamba kwe-jet. I-jetting monitor iyahoxiswa kancane njengoba ikholomu ikhuliswa, futhi umphathi uyakwazi ukuhlela ukuphenduka nokuhoxiswa ukuze afeze umumo wekholomu oyinhloko nokuhlanganiswa. Ukwakhiwa kwezimpahla ze-jet grouting kuhluka ngokuya ngezimfuno zokusebenza. Izinhlelo ze-single-fluid zifaka igwebu eliphezulu kuphela futhi zifanele izindawo ezihlanganisiwe. Izinhlelo ze-double-fluid zixuba umoya ohlanganisiwe ne-jetting, zithuthukisa ukuhamba kwamandla nokufaka ukujula, okungcono kakhulu emhlabathini ongunyaziwe. Izinhlelo ze-triple-fluid zifaka i-jet yamanzi ehlukile, ezinika ukulawula okuphezulu kwekholomu nezinga lokufaka. Izitshalo zokuxuba zihluka ukusuka ezikhungweni ezihamba ngebhayisikili ezifanelekile ezindaweni ezincane kuya ezinhlelweni ezimile ezikwazi ukuphatha amaphrojekthi amakhulu. Izinhlaka zamampompo zisebenzisa amaphampu e-piston, amaphampu e-screw, noma ama-jet pack aggregates, ngamunye unikeza izici ezihlukene zokucindezela-volumu ezihambelana nezimo zomhlabathi ezithile nezilinganiso zamaphrojekthi. Ukukhetha izitshalo ezifanele ze-jet grouting kuthintwa nezinqumo eziningi zobuchwepheshe: ukujula kokufaka okudingekayo kanye necindezela okukhombisa umqondo wombala womhlabathi nokuchwepheshe; izakhiwo zegwebu, ikakhulukazi i-viscosity kanye nezici zokuhlanza; izimfuneko zomzimba wekholomu; izinga lokukhiqiza elilindelekile; kanye nendawo yokufinyelela ukuze kubekwe imishini. Abakhiqizi kufanele bacabangele ukusabalalisa usayizi wezinhlayiya zomhlabathi, ukujikeleza, nesimo sokugcwaliswa lapho bethola ukuthi ngabe i-single-, double-, noma i-triple-fluid jetting ifanelekile. Ukunyakaza kwemishini kuba kubalulekile ezindaweni zedolobha noma emaphrojekthini anokulinganiselwa kwesikhala. Izindinganiso zezimboni ezilawula ukusebenza kwe-jet grouting zifaka i-EN 12716, echaza izincazelo, izimiso zokwakha, nezidingo zokusebenza ze-jet grouting ku-engineering yomhlaba. I-ISO 4465 inikeza umhlahlandlela ngezincazelo kanye nemikhuba yokugwebu. Abahlinzeki bemishini baphawule i-DIN 4125 ukuze bagcine izidingo zokucindezela igwebu futhi bagcine ukuhambisana nezidingo zabakhiqizi mayelana nocindezela okuphezulu kokusebenza nezikhawu ze-rheological zegwebu. Ukuqeqeshwa kwezobuchwepheshe kudinga ukufaneleka komphakathi, izinqubo zokwakha ezinohlonze, kanye neqinisekiso eliqinile lekolomu ngokusebenzisa amarekhodi okubumba nezifundo zobuchwepheshe zamasampula atholakele.
Izinsiza eziphathelene ne-jet grouting ziqukethe izinhlelo ezibalulekile zokweseka, izingxenye, kanye nemishini evumela ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ye-jet grouting ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba. Ngenkathi imishini eyinhloko ye-jet grouting ihlinzeka ngamajethi agxilisiwe adala imizimba ye-soil-cement ethile enezikhala, izinhlelo eziphathelene qinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okuqinisekisiwe kwensalela, ukufinyelela okuphezulu, ukumiswa kokugeleza, nokuphathwa ngokuphepha kwemfucumfucu yonke inqubo yokugrouta. Lezi zinhlelo zibalulekile ukuze kutholakale ukusebenza kahle, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, nokuphepha kwamasebenzi emisebenzini ye-jet grouting eyihlanganisa izinkanyezi zokuphela, ukuzinzisa umhlabathi, kanye nezivimbelo zokuphela kwamanzi. Izinsiza ze-jet grouting zithola ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, lapho zisekela izivimbelo eziphekiwe ze-jet ezilawula ukugeleza kwamanzi futhi zibonisa ukuvumela okuphambili. Kwezicelo ze-cutoff curtain—ikakhulu ngaphansi kwezithjloko, ekubuyiseni okuphathelene nezindawo ezimnyama, nasezindlini eziphansi—ama-ancillary systems agcina umehluko wombuso we-pressures kanye nezici zensalela ezibalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe ukusebenza okufanayo kwezivimbelo. Imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa umhlabathi generaye ama-columna ye-soil-cement yokweseka izisekelo noma ukuzinza kwezintaba iwele kuzincika ezinsizeni ukuze kuhlinzekwe izinga lokugeleza le-sluary elihlangene futhi lo mapharamitha we-hydrostatic aphathwe. Iphazili lokusebenza ihilela ukulungiselelwa okuhle kokuqhekeka noma okukhanyayo kwe-sluary, ukufaka ukucindezela ku-300-600 bar ngesikhathi se-pumps, ukuhlinzeka ngama-hoses aphakeme kumonitor ye-jet efakwe kumshini omkhulu, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nokuphatha kwemfucumfucu yokubuyisela kanye nensalela eyengeziwe. Izinhlelo eziphathene kontrola isigaba ngasinye: izitshalo zokusuka ezinamapaddle noma ama-ribbon mixers ziqinisekisa i-sluary efanayo; amathanka okuhlukanisa anama-compartments wokuhlala kanye nezingwegwe zokugeza ukuphatha ukususa insalela; abakhi bokucindezela kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ukuhlinzeka ngamapharamitha wokufaka ngaphansi kwespecification; nezivakashi eziqhuba insalela ephekiwe iphathe kubhuku yokulahla noma yokuphinda. Izindawo zomshini ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba ziqukethe ama-units ok preparing slurry anebanga elingu-20-100 cubic meters, ngokuya ngosayizi wephrojekthi; impompo ezinzima eziphezulu noma ze-quintuplex ezikhokhelwa ukucindezela (ngokuvamile 75-300 kW) ezilungiselelwe amanxeba kazinhlangothi zensalela ezinezingxenye eziyizinto eziyi-40 ngokwezinga; amathanka ahlukene nezokuhlukana anezithombe zamapaneli zokuhluka kahle; ama-manifolds aphezulu ngama-valve amabili athintele; izihlonzi zensalela namathuluzi okucindezela ukuphatha ukulandelela inqubo ngesikhathi sangempela; kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakela noma ze-pneumatic zokuhlinzeka ngempuphu ye-cement ephuma kumasilo. Izinkomba zokukhetha zihlanganisa ukucaciswa kwesithako se-sluary kanye nezinga lokutholakala, ubungako be-columna obuhlosiwe (ngokuvamile 0.8-3.0 meters), ubude bokwelashwa (ukuze kufike ku-50+ meters), i-stratigraphy yomhlabathi, kanye nekhono lokuphatha amanzi ajulile. Ochwepheshe bahlola ukukhanjiswa kwamapump ngokumelene nokulahleka kwempilo okuncike ebude, ukusebenza kwabahlukanisi benketho ye-binder ethile (i-Portland cement, i-microcement, noma okwakhiwa kwemithi), kanye nekhono lokuhlukanisa okuphathelene nezinga lemfucumfucu elilindelekile. Ukuvunyelwa kwemigomo ye-EN 14679 (Ukusebenza kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile—Jet grouting) kanye ne-ISO 14688 (Uphenyo lwe-geotechnical kanye nohlolo—Ukukhomba nokuhlukaniswa komhlabathi) kulawula ukucaciswa kwezinto kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ikhwalithi. I-DIN 4126 inikeza umhlahlandlela owengeziwe wokucindezela kokugrouta nemigomo ye-columna emakethe ekhuluma ngesiJalimane.
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