Ubuchwepheshe bokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu bemishini yokwakha buhlinzeka ngezixazululo ezithuthukile zokwenza ngcono umhlaba kanye nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba, okuhlanganisa ukungeniswa kwesixazululo sokwakha esihlukene ezintathu - ingxube ye-cement slurry, umoya ophakanyisiwe noma i-nitrogen, kanye namanzi - ngama-nozzle ahlukanisiwe endaweni eyodwa yokumba ukuze kudalwe izinsika zomhlaba ezithuthukisiwe ngamandla aphezulu nokuphazamiseka okuncane. Le ndlela ikhombisa uhlobo olunembile kakhulu lobuchwepheshe bokugrutheka futhi ibalulekile ekwakheni izisekelo ezijulile, ukuvuselela umhlaba, kanye nemisebenzi yokulungisa lapho izimo ze-geotechnical ezinzima zidinga ukulawula kahle ukwelashwa komhlaba nokuthinta okuncane emvelo. Izinhlelo ezisemqoka zokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu zifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwamavala e-secant pile kanye nemiqolo ye-tangent pile yokweseka ukuhlinzwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwegumbi langaphansi, ukufakwa kwemicu yokukhipha emanzini kumadamu nasemazikweni akhona ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphefumula nokuphakamisa kwemihlahlandlela, ukugrutheka ngaphambi kwezakhiwo eziphansi ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okuthwala nokulawula ukuhamba, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinsika zokugrutheka eziqhubekayo zokuxuba umhlaba nokwengeza umhlaba ezindaweni ezinzima ezifaka phakathi ama-clays amancane, ama-silts, udaka oluphukile, kanye nezinto ezi-granular ezixubile ngamanzi omhlaba. Le teknoloji ibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezimakethe zomlando lapho izindlela zokuhlinza ezijulile ezingavumelekile zingeza ubungozi bokudlula kwephezulu, uhlelo lokuvusa, kanye nokwehla kwezikhungo ezikule ndawo. Imigomo yokusebenza yokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu ibandakanya ukufakwa komoya ophakanyisiwe noma i-nitrogen (okuvamile phakathi kuka 15–30 MPa) okwandisa ingxube ye-cement slurry (efakwa ku-25–50 MPa) ngama-nozzle aklanyelwe kahle, kuyilapho amanzi aphakanyisiwe noma ingxube ethambile (ngokpressure ephansi ye 5–15 MPa) ifakwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubola kokuhamba kanye nekhono lokuxuba phakathi komhlaba ozungezile. Le nqubo yokufaka evamise ukufaka izigaba ezintathu inikeza ukulawula okungcono phezu kwe-erosion radius, ukwakheka kwensika, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla okugcina uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zokufaka ezihlanganisa eyodwa noma ezimbili. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimfuno zokugrutheka kuvamise ukusebenzisa ubudlelwane bemanzini nezinyumba phakathi kuka 1.0:1 no 2.0:1, kuye ngokuthi izidingo zokuphuphuma kanye nezimo zomhlabathi, futhi kuvame ukufaka nezinto ezengeziwe zokwakheka, i-bentonite, noma i-silica fume ukuze kushintshwe izici zokungena, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla, nokuhlala isikhathi eside. Izinhlobo zezisetshenziswa zokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu zifaka phakathi ama-drilling rigs ahleliwe anama-manifold wokufaka ama-triple-feed anokulawula izinga lokucindezela, amapulatifomu okudonsa aphothulelasinwe ngama-units wokugrutheka kanye neziteshi zomoya, kanye ne-monitoring drilling-grouting okukwazi ukugcina ukulandelana kokucindezela okuqondile phakathi kwama-fluid streams. Izithako ezibalulekile ze-archive zihlanganisa ama-compressors e-diesel (okuncane 10–15 cubic meters ngomzuzu ngamakhono ku-30 MPa), izitshalo zokuxuba nokuhambisa ingxube yokugrutheka, abandakanya ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo, ama-pumps aphakanyisiwe ahluka-hluka anokulawula kokucindezela okuphakeme noma okokuphakela, ama-valves okuhlukanisa, kanye nezikhwama zokumba ezikhethekile ezine-nozzles ezihlelwe kahle ukuze kulawulwe isikhathi sokufaka kanye nezinga lokuhamba. Ukukhetha izinhlelo zokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu kuncike ekwakhiweni kwabafundi bomhlaba, isilinganiso sokuhlukaniswa kwensika (okuvamile 0.6–3.5 imitha), ubude bokungena obudingekayo, izimo zamanzi omhlaba, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zokuhambisa ezitholakalayo. Ukuqalisa kwezobunjiniyela kuhlanganisa ukuthola izinjongo zokufaka kumazinga afanele ukuze kutholwe ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba, ikhemikhali yokugrutheka ehambelana nezidingo zokuhlala, izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa kwensika ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunakekela okuqhubekayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinkantolo ezitholakele nezamo kubhujiswa kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla. Izindinganiso ezijwayelekile zemboni zifaka phakathi i-EN 1538 (Ukuphumeza imisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile - Izingqimba ezithunyelwe), i-EN 14679 (Ukuphumeza imisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile - Jet grouting), kanye nezikhombandlela zomklamo kazwelonke (i-German DIN 4093, i-British HA 68/94) ezisungula izimfuno eziphakeme zamsika, izilungiselelo zokucindezela, izinqubo zokuxuba, kanye nezidingo zokuhlola ikhwalithi emisebenzini yokugrutheka ngamaphakethe amathathu kuzohlinzwa kwezinsika.
Ama-rig amathathu amanzi akhonjiswa njengemishini ethuthukisiwe eyenzelwe ukuqhuba imisebenzi yokugawula amanzi amathathu emizweni ejulile nasekuthuthukiseni umhlaba. Izinhlelo zokugawula amanzi amathathu zisebenzisa imijakazo emithathu ehlukene - ngokuvamile imijakazo eyinhloko ye-jet ethwele ingcindezi ephezulu (umoya ophungulwe noma amanzi), imijakazo yesibili yokuhlola, kanye nomhlaba wesithathu wokugawula - ukuze kufinyelelwe ekuhlanzeni umhlabathi okuphezulu nokulungisa umhlaba ngendlela enembile engafinyelelwa ngezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zamafluid athathu noma amabili. Lezi zikhali zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezindonga zediyaframu, izithiyo zokusika, ama-pile secant, izakhiwo zokusekela ze-sheat pile, kanye nezinhlu eziyinkimbinkimbi zomhlaba-cement. Le teknoloji ibaluleke kakhulu lapho umhlaba onosawoti udinga ukuvalwa ngama-barrier angangeni, lapho ukuvikelwa kwamanzi asetshenziswayo kuphoqelelwa imithetho yemvelo, noma lapho izimo ezingaphansi komhlaba zidinga ukugcinwa kahle kokwakhiwa komhlaba nokuphuma kwamanzi. Izinhlelo zigubungela ukuvuselelwa kwemithombo yentsalela eholela emaphandleni, ukwesekwa kokumba ejulile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ukuqondiswa kokuvuza kwemifudlana, kanye nokuzinzisa izisekelo ezihlanganisa ama-geologies ayinkimbinkimbi okubandakanya izikhala eziphukile nezindawo ezinamathuba aphakeme. Itheknoloji isebenzisa imijaho emithathu ehlukene ye-fluid etholakala kusixhumi noma endaweni enezinkanyezi ezizimele. I-jet yokuqala ethwele ingcindezi ephezulu (ngokuvamile 200–400 bar kumasistimu asebenzisa amanzi, ukuya ku-600 bar kwama-variant axhaswe umoya) ithinta futhi ihambisa ama-particular soil. Ngasikhathi sinye, imijakazo yesibili yokuhlola inikeza ukulawula kweqondiso kanye namandla okukhipha okwandisa, kuyilapho imijakazo yesithathu yokufaka ifaka izinsiza zokubopha - kungaba i-cement-bentonite slurry, ama-grouths amakamelo, noma izinto ezikhethekile - ukugcwalisa izikhala nokwakha ikholomu egcwele yokwelashwa. Ama-jet amathathu ayasebenza ngokuhambisana noma ngokuhambisana kuye ngesimo sokuhlanganiswa kwezinsiza nezincazelo zedizayini, akhiqiza ama-kholomu ahlanzekile emhlabathini avamile aphakathi kuka-1 kuya ku-3 metres ububanzi nokwakhiwa okulawulwayo nezimpahla. Izimo ezisemqoka zemishini kule ndawo zihlanganisa ama-tracked drill carriers (15–50 ton class) anezinhlelo zokupompa amanzi amathathu ezihlanganisiwe, ama-lattice-mast rig systems wokusebenza ezindaweni ezijulile ezingaphezu kwemitha engama-50, nezinhlelo ezikhethekile zamanzi amathathu ezinamabha noma ezikhiphayo ezindaweni zokuphepha. Ukuhluka kwemishini kuhlola izidingo ezahlukahlukene zamapayipi, izinga lokufaka, nezimo ze-mast ezihamba nemiphumela emisha ye-neer ezitholakalayo. Izinga lokukhetha ama-rig amathathu amanzi ligxile kumthamo okhuthazwayo, ukuhambisana komhlaba (okuhambelana komhlaba ovuthayo noma owomile), ububanzi be-kholomu obudinga ukwakhiwa kanye nobubanzi bezindonga, uthuli lokuhambisana (kubalulekile ezindaweni ezihlakazekile), nokuhlanganiswa kwefayili ye-fluids efanelekayo edingekayo ukuze kutholwe izinhlobo zomhlaba nezinhloso zezifiso zokusebenza. Izincazelo kufanele zihambisane nezindinganiso zokwakha eziphathelene nokwakhiwa komhlaba okujwayelekile, okuhlanganisa i-EN 12716 (Ukusebenza komsebenzi oyingqayizivele wokwakhiwa komhlaba: jet grouting), i-EN 14679 (Ukusebenza kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokwakhiwa komhlaba: deep mixing), i-DIN 4093 (Ukugawula ezindaweni: jet grouting), nezindinganiso ezithile zephrojekthi ezisungulwa ngokuhlolwa kwepitha yokuhlola kanye nenhlangano yelabhorethri yeparamitha yomhlaba owelashwa kuya ekukhuleni kokucindezela okungakhawulelwe, ukunciphisa ukukhipha, kanye nokusebenza kwesimo eside ngaphansi kwezimo zokuthola umsebenzi.
Ithuluzi lokufaka amanzi kathathu limele ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile bokwelashwa phansi phakathi kwejet grouting, obulungele ukudala ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba okunamandla aphezulu, okuphansi kokungena emanzini ezinhlelweni ezinzima ze-geotechnical. Lezi zithuluzi zenza kube lula ukufaka lokhu kwelashwa kathathu okwehlukile — ngokuvamile ukugrouta okukwenza nge-cementitious, amanzi anezinga eliphezulu, nomoya ophumayo — emhlabathini noma ezindaweni ze-rock ngokusebenzisa ithuluzi elilodwa lokufaka. Le tekinoloji ibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezisekelo ezijulile lapho indlela ejwayelekile yokufaka amanzi noma amabili inganele, ikakhulukazi emaphrojeni adinga ukwakhiwa kwama-cut-off wall okufanele, ukumiswa kwe-secant piles, ukuqinisa umhlaba ezindaweni ezihlangene, kanye nokunciphisa ukungena emanzini ezakhiweni ezingamanga. Izicelo eziyinhloko zezimali zokufaka amanzi kathathu zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezindonga zomoya nezikhethini zokuphuma ngaphakathi kokwakhiwa kwezinqolobane nokuqeda izindawo ez contaminatayo, ukwakhiwa kwe-secant kanye nezindonga ze-tangent piles zokusekela ukuhluza kwejula, ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba nokuzinza kwemass ezizeni ezithambile noma eziguquguqukayo, nokugrouta okulungisa ezindaweni ze-rock ezinama-patterns akhulu. Izinhlelo zokufaka amanzi kathathu zisebenza kahle ezindaweni lapho ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba nokungena emanzini okuguquguqukayo kungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-jet grouting, njengoba ukulawula okuhlukile kwalolu hlobo lwe-fluid kuvumela abasebenzi ukuthi baphathe inqubo yokufaka ngesikhathi sangempela ngokuya ngezimo zomhlaba ezibonakalayo kanye nezimpendulo zokuchoboza. Ngokwenziwa, ukufakwa kwamafluid kathathu kusebenzisa ukwakheka kwe-nozzle yokufaka ethintwa isikhala esisodwa lapho amanzi ne-grout efakwa ngejubane nezinga elihlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa iziteshi ezihlangene, ngenkathi umoya ohlakazayo uhambisana nezilayidi ze-fluid. Le nhlangano ikhiqiza umkhiqizo ophathwa kahle we-erosion okwakha izindawo ezicilindile noma ezicilindile ezihlanganisiwe ezinomgomo ovamile ophakathi kuka-0.8 kuya ku-2.5 amamitha, kuye ngokushosholoza kwethuluzi, i-nozzle geometry, amandla omhlaba, kanye nezinga lokuhweba lekhatiji. Isilinganiso se-grout kuya kwamanzi nomoya ungaguqulwa ngokwemvelo phakathi kokusebenza, uvumela ukulawulwa okuphelele kokwakhiwa kwamandla, izici zokungenisa emanzini, kanye nosayizi wokugcina womugqa — ikhono elingekho ezinhlelweni zokwakha ezijwayelekile zefaziyo eyodwa. Ukwakhiwa kwezimali kuleli qembu kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zokwakha ezimutshaliweyo ezinezinhlaka ezijulile noma ezikhonjiswe kahle, izithuluzi zokuhluza ezijulile ezihlotshiswe nezixazululo ze-triple-fluid, kanye nezinsiza zokwakha ze-jet ezihlanganisiwe ezinezinhlelo zokulawula ezizenzakalelayo zokulawula ingcindezi nokuhamba komswakama. Izinhlelo zesimanje zifaka ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kwezinga lokufaka (ingcindezi, ukuhamba komswakama, ukuhlinzeka ngomoya), ukulawulwa kwesivinyo sokuphenduka, kanye namakhono okugcina idatha ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga lokwakha kanye ne-password yokuqinisekisa. Izimiso zokukhetha izinsiza zokufaka amanzi kathathu zihlanganisa izidingo zendawo yokusebenza (ezihambelana nezindawo ezishubile zokuqala kuya ezimatheni ezingama-60+ meters), izinhlobo zomhlaba nezindonga ezilindelekile, izidingo zokugcina umgomo wokugcina nokuhlonza, ukufinyelela endaweni nezikhala ezikhanyayo, kanye nezidingo zokunemba kokwakhiwa kwemigqa ye-well noma ukuvumelanisa kwamakhono. Abaklami baqinisekisa amandla wezinsiza ngokuhlola ingcindezi enkulu yokufaka (ngokuvamile 25–60 MPa), ukuzisebenzisa kwamandla amanzi, izidingo zomoya ophumayo, kanye nokuhambisana nezakhiwo ezikhona zokuhluza noma zokwakha. Izindinganiso zezimboni ezilawula i-triple fluid jet grouting zishiwoyo ku-EN 12716 (Ukuqedela kwemisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical—Jet grouting), ISO 21496 (Ikhwalithi yomhlaba namanzi ngaphansi—Isiqondiso sokuhlola nasekuhlobeni kokuhlola izinga lokushisa lemigogodla ukuze kuhlolwe ikhwalithi yamanzi), kanye nemigomo efanele yezwe efana ne-DIN 4126 eJalimane nezindinganiso ezihambelanayo ze-European. Ukuhambisana nalezi zindinganiso kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana endaweni yokwakha, izinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi, imibhalo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza emaphrojeni aphesheya.
Amasistimu ama-air compressor wezinhlelo zokuphumela kwefluid ezintathu (triple fluid jet grouting) angumsizi omkhulu ophumayo wama-mazinga aphakeme obalulekile emsebenzini wemiphakathi emisha yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba. Ku-triple fluid jet grouting, i-air compressor ihlinzeka ngemitha eyodwa ezintathu ze-fluids—i-air jet ethusayo evula inqubo yokuhoxiswa komhlaba nokuhlanganiswa—okwenza kube yingxenye ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kweqembu eliphelele. Lezi zikhompiyutha zakha i-jet eyinhloko eqhuba ukuhleka isigceme somhlaba ngaphambi kokuba kwethulwe amanzi-cement kanye nemithombo ye-fluids yesibili, eqinisekisa ukudalwa kwezinsika ezihlangene, ezinokwakheka ezifanele ekuthuthukiseni umhlaba, izivimbela ezingangeneki, nezici zomkhiqizo ezinzima ezisemqhelwaneni. Amasistimu ama-air compressor wezokuphumela kwe-fluid ezintathu athola izicelo ezihlukahlukene ngezindlela zokwakha ezijulile. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni izindonga ze-diaphragm kanye nezinye izinsika, lapho izinsika ezisetshenziselwa i-jet grouting zinikezela ngezinto ezidingekayo zodonga noma ziqinisa umhlaba oziphakathi; ekufakeni kwe-curtain cutoff yokulawula amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nokuvimbela ukuvimbela; kwi-systems ye-tangent pile wall lapho izinsika zenza izakhi ezithwele umthwalo; nasemsebenzini wokuhlanganiswa komhlaba kanye nokuzinzisa umhlaba in-situ. Lezi zinhlelo zixhumelela futhi kwi-jet grouting yokwenza ukuqina ngokuhlasela, ukuphayiza, ukulungiswa kwezinyathelo, nasokuthuthukisa izimo zomhlaba ezibi lapho ukufakwa kwezinsika kokujwayelekile kungakhanga. Umthetho wokusho usekelwe ekulethweni komoya ophansi ezingeni likagesi phakathi kuka-150 no-250 bar, noma kunjalo, izicelo ezikhethekile emhlabeni odakayo, ojulile zingase zidinge ukuhlinzeka ngaphezulu kuka-300 bar. Umoya uthunyelwa ngemuva kwensalela ephakathi kwenhloso yokubhoboza, uhamba ngejubane elikhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kahle komhlaba kanye nokuhlanganiswa ngesikhathi insalela ihoxiswa. I-compressor igcina ingcindezi eqinile nomthamo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ububanzi bezindonga ezihambisanayo kanye nokujula kokungena—okubalulekile emakhemisi ezinsika nasemqondweni amandla akhula. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-slurry ye-water-cement (evamile engama-30 kuya kwangama-50% solids) kanye ne-fluid yesibili yokuzinzisa (efana ne-bentonite suspension) iphonswa ngama-nozzles ahlukanisiwe, kanti i-air jet ihlinzeka ngamandla ukuze ithumele futhi ihlanganise lezi fluids ngqo emhlabathini ophukile. Ukuhlelwa kwemishini kwemithombo ye-fluid ezintathu kuvame ukuthatha ama-compressors athunyelwa ngogesi, akhiwe ku-skid-mounted reciprocating noma rotari screw compressors anokunyakaza okuvela phakathi kuka-5 kuya ku-15 m³/min noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngezidingo zokusebenza kanye nezinhloso zokukhiqiza. Imishini iklanyelwe ukuze isebenze ngokuqhubekayo kakhulu ngezinga eliphezulu lokuhlunga, ukukhipha umswakama, kanye nezinhlelo zokupholisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yomoya—okubalulekile ukuze kubhalwe kahle kwe-jet grouting lapho amanzi noma ukungcola kwemicron kuhlukumeza ukujwayeleka nokuhlala kwezinsika. Izimfanelo zokukhetha zigxile kumthamo wecindezi, isivinini sokuhamba, ukuvikeleka komjikelezo wesikhathi, izindinganiso zekhwalithi yomoya ophumayo (ISO 8573-1 Class 2 okungenani), ukulungeleka, ukusebenza kokuphila, nokuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo nezinhlelo zokulawula zezimboni ezizenzekelayo. Ukuhambisana nemigomo ye-EN 14679 yezokuphumela kwe-jet grouting nokuhambisana nezinkombandlela zokuphepha emsebenzini kuqinisekisa ukuthi izisekelo ezijulile zakhiwa zihlala ziphephile futhi zikhangele.
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