I-Tunnel jet grouting iyindlela ethile yokuzinza nokuhlanganisa umhlaba ethathwa ekuhloleni okuphansi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zomshini zomhlaba nesikhala esihambisana nezakhiwo zethunikhla. Kumathathu ejulile nasekConstruction yangaphansi, i-tunnel jet grouting ibalulekile njengendlela yokulungisa nokuvikela yokuphatha izimo zomhlaba, ukulawula ukushelela, nokwakha ubuqotho bezakhiwo ezindaweni ezinzulu zemvelo. Le teknoloji isebenzisa izimiso zokwakha i-jet—ukusebenzisa i-jet enguqukayo ephezulu ukuze iphule, iyekise, futhi ihlanganise umhlaba ngegrout efakiwe—ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezihlobene nezithunikhla, kuhlanganise ne-pre-grouting phambi kwezindawo zethunikhla, post-grouting ngemuva kwezindonga zokuqina nezefekthali, ukuhlanganiswa ezindaweni eziphansi kwemali, kanye nokuzinza komhlaba obhujiswa eduze kokumba kwethunikhla. I-Tunnel jet grouting isetshenziswa ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zokwakha ngaphansi: imisebenzi ye-pre-grouting yokuzinza izindawo ezibuthakathaka nokunciphisa ukugeleza lapho kudlulela ezindaweni ezithwele amanzi noma izikhala ezingekho emthethweni; i-post-grouting ukufaka izikhala nokuhlanganisa umhlaba phakathi kwezindonga zethunikhla nezindawo ezizungezile; ukwelashwa kwezindawo zokuhudula; ukulungisa umhlaba ophansi kokukhukhuleka kamuva kokumba; futhi izinhlelo zokungena kwamanzi ezizungezile ngezithunikhla. Le ndlela iyenzeka kahle nasekwakhiweni kwemetro nasezithunikhleni, ezithunyelwe ezijulile nasemigwaqweni, ezinhlelweni zokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zamandla aphehla umphakathi, kanye nezishoshovu zokwakha izithunikhla ezikhona eziveza ukuhamba, ukuvuza, noma ukwehliswa kwesakhiwo. Isimiso sokusebenza siqinisekisa ukufaka i-grout ye-cementitious noma ye-polymer-based slurry phakathi kweziqhamo ezithile ezibekwe ngendlela efanele ezinhlangothini ezikahle ukusuka ethunikhla. Ama-jet aphezulu—avame ukusebenza ku-300 kuya ku-600 bar—aphula umhlaba osondelene noma ukhukhulelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa okukhona kumafutha afakwe. Lokhu kuphula kanye nokuhlanganiswa kuvele ngesikhathi i-drill rig igijima ukuphindaphinda nokukhipha, kudala izindawo zeziqu ezikhuthaza amandla okudlulela nokunciphisa ubuchwepheshe. Izinhlelo ze-fluid eyodwa ezifaka i-grout kuphela; izinhlelo zezi-fluid zisebenzisa umoya ophakeme noma igesi engafani ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nohlanga lokugobhoza; izinhlelo zezi-three-fluid zihlanganisa ukugoba kokuqala ngakusasa, okuhambisana nomoya ophakeme kanye ne-grout, zifeze ukulungisa umhlaba kahle ezindaweni ezinzima. Izinhlelo zempahla zikhombisa izidingo zokusebenza: ama-rigs angapheli anikeza indawo eqondile yokubeka kahle ku-pre-grouting eziqhamukayo; ama-rigs ahamba phambili anikeza ukuhamba komsebenzi ukuze kube lula kwempilo post-grouting ezindaweni ezinde zethunikhla; izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo ezinezinhloso zokuhlola ingcindezi ngesikhathi esisodwa nokuhamba ziqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokulawula ikhwalithi. Imininingwane ebalulekile ye-technical ihlanganisa ingcindezi ephezulu yokusebenza (ivamise ukuba ku-400–600 bar), ama-rates okuphuma (50–400 l/min kuye ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe), ukujula kokugobhoza (kuze kufike ku-20–30 amamitha ezithunikhla), nokuhamba kwe-rig—okubalulekile ezindaweni ezihlanganisiwe nakuma-diameter ezithunikhla ahlukene. Izinga lokukhetha lihlanganisa izimo ze-geological (uhlobo lomhlaba, ubukhulu, ukugeleza, uhlelo lwamanzi), ukujula kwe-grouting okudingekayo kanye ne-diameter yeziqu, indawo yokusebenza etholakalayo ngaphakathi ezithunikhleni, imikhawulo ye-pressure ethuthukiswe ngemikhawulo yokweseka ekhoyo, izincazelo zemathiriyeli ze-grout (ama-bentonite suspensions, izakhiwo eziphathelene ne-cement, noma i-colloidal silica), kanye nezimfuneko zokuhleleka ezithuthukiswe yintuthuko yokumba. Umsebenzi kufanele uhlinzeke ngokuqinile kokubuka kwemigqa yeziqu ukuze ugweme ukulimala ezindongeni noma ezakhiweni eziseduze. Izindinganiso zemboni zifaka phakathi i-DIN 4093 (i-Jet Grouting), i-EN 12715 (i-Grouting yeMhlaba neseNthaka), kanye nemithetho yokwakha yombuso efanele esungula izincazelo ezincane zokusebenza, izimfuneko zemathiriyeli, nemigomo yokuhlola. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nge-testing ye-in-situ kanye ne-analysis ye-laboratory yamapulazi atholakele kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezincazelo zokwakhiwa.
Izingcingo zeTunnel Jet Grouting Izingcingo ze-tunnel jet grouting ziwumkhiqizo wezinsiza ozinhloko, owenziwe ukuqhuba imisebenzi ye-jet grouting ephephile nengcwele emhlabeni ongaphansi, ikakhulu ekwakhiweni kwethuneli, ukweseka ukuhlwanyela, kanye nokuzinza komhlaba ezindaweni eziphithizelayo. Lezi zinhlelo zifaka i-grout enezinga eliphakeme nge-nozzle ezinamakhono emhlabeni nasemadwala, zihlukanisa futhi zixuba ingqimba ekhona ngokuhlanganisa ne-cementitious binder ukuze kwakhiwe amakholomu omhlaba aqinile anokuthwala okuhle, ukuvimbela umswakama, kanye nokuhlanganiswa komshini. Ekuqeqesheni kwemigqa ejulile, izingcingo ze-tunnel jet grouting zisebenza njengezixhobo ezibalulekile zokwelapha umhlaba ngaphambi kokwakha, ukuzinza ngemva kokuhlwanyela, kanye nokwakha ama-curtain okuphumula ukulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezinzima noma eziphumelelayo. Izingcingo ze-tunnel jet grouting zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezahlukene zomhlaba ongaphansi. Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kufaka phakathi i-jet grouting yokuzinza kwezinhlangothi zethuneli kanye nokufakwa kwamaphoyisa, ukudalwa kwamakholomu e-jet grouting aqondile nesiwombe ukuze kusekelwe odongeni bethuneli futhi kuvinjezelwe ukuvulela, ukufakwa kwamakhethwa amanzi angangeni emhlabeni ezindaweni eziphithekayo, ukuthuthukiswa kweqembu elingalungile elisemhlabeni jikelele ngezinye izigaba, kanye nezithiyo zokuvimbela umswakama endaweni ye-karst. Lezi zingcingo zibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamathunithi emadolobheni lapho ukuvuvukala kwangaphandle nokukhala kufanele kuncishiswe, kanye nomhlaba ophelele lapho ubuchwepheshe boma-diagram obujwayelekile bukhombisa izinselelo zokuphatha. Izinhlelo zextendela ukwenza i-consolidation grouting ngaphansi kwezinto ezikhona ngesikhathi sokufuduka kethuneli nokuqinisa umhlabathi phambi kwe-shield tunneling operations. Umqondo wokusebenza uxhomeke ohlelweni lwe-grouting olunomfutho ophakeme, oluvame ukuba ne-piston noma ipoho ecentrifugal egcwalisa ucwaningo lwezinga le-350-800 bar, iletha i-grout ngentambo ye-drilling mast enezinsiza zokusebenzisa eziyodwa, ezimbili, noma ezintathu. I-drilling mast ibeka i-nozzle array ezindaweni ezithile emhlabeni, futhi amandla okujikeleza kokuqapha kuvumela ukujolisa kwe-nozzle emhorizontal nasezintweni ukuze kudalwe izimo zamakholomu. Njengoba i-mast ikhutshwa ngendlela ehlelekile, i-jet enezinga eliphakeme (ivamile ukuba ngu-200+ m/s lapho iphuma ku-nozzle) ihlukanisa umhlaba nasemadwaleni asendaweni, ngasikhathi sinye ixubha nabo be-grout slurry, okwenza kube khona ikholomu ye-soil-cement eqinile. Uhlelo lokulawula u-pressure noluhlu lokukhipha luphatha usayizi wekholomu, ovamile ukuba ngu-0.8-2.5 m kuye ngohlobo lomhlabathi nolwakhiwo lwe-nozzle. Izinhlaka zeziphumo zihluka kakhulu ngokwemvelo yokufakwa. Iziqu ze-nozzle eyodwa zikhombisa ukulawula okuqondiyo kokwelashwa; izinhlelo ze-nozzle ezimbili nezintathu zisheshisa ukudalwa kwekhomolomu futhi zinciphisa isikhathi sokusebenza. I-drilling masts ivame ukufakwa ezinkundleni ezinemigqomo noma ezinkwethu ukuze ivumele ukuhamba phakathi kwezindawo zethuneli, kuyilapho ukufakwa okungashintshiwe kusetshenziselwa lapho ukufinyelela njalo ezindaweni zomsebenzi ezizinzile kudingeka. Izingcingo ezikhethekile zenzelwe ukufakwa ezithunyelwe eziphansi; izinhlelo ezinemojuli zivumela ukuhlukaniswa nokubuyiselwa ezindaweni eziyizimo eziphakathi. Izingxenyekazi zokuxuba ze-grout zibalulekile, zivame ukuhlinzekwa ngemixers ye-colloidal noma amadivayisi aphezulu ukuze kube necwecwe eliphumile elihle nge-leutzhel umphumelo wokwenza okuthile. Izinkomba zokukhetha izinsiza ze-tunnel jet grouting zigxile enanini eliphakeme lokusebenza, ubukhulu obuncane be-nozzle, ukujula kanye nezinga lokuhamba ngaphakathi kokwakhiwa kwethuneli, ukunemba kokujikeleza nokuphinda kabusha kwe-monitor, ukuhamba kwegrout okuqinile, kanye nokuhambisana nezimo zokuphinda kabusha. Ukuzihlanganisa okuphezulu — okuhlanganisa ukulawula i-mast ye-computer, ukulawula ijubane lokukhipha, kanye nokuhlola u-pressure — kuyanda kakhulu, kuvumela ukufakwa kokukhombisa kwesikhala sendawo nokubhaliswa kokwenziwa kokwelashwa. Ukuthembeka kwezinsiza phakathi nezikhathi zokusebenza ezide kanye namakhono okukh shutdown asemqoka ezindaweni zethuneli ezisebenzayo. Izindinganiso ezihlobene zifaka i-EN 12715 (ukuphunyelelwa kwemisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical: grouting), i-EN ISO 13286 (material engahlanganisiwe kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe — Ingxenye 3: jet grouting), kanye ne-DIN 4093 (jet grouting), ezicacisa izidingo zokusebenza, ukuvumelanisa kwezinto, kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha izinga. Ukwelashwa komhlaba okukhethekile kuthuneli kulawulwa yi-EN 14679 (ukuphunyelelwa kwe-deep jet grouting) kanye nemithetho yokwakha nezokumbiwa ezweni.
Imishini yokufaka ekhululekile ifaka phakathi hệzimi ezithuthukisiwe nezihlangene ezikhula okunamathiselwe ukuze kuzuzwe ukuzinza komhlaba nokusebenza kokufaka okulawulayo ezindaweni zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile. Lezi zimpahla zisebenza njengamaqondo abalulekile phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-jet grouting, zivumela abaqashi ukuba bafake i-grout ephezulu, amanzi enziwe ngempahla ye-cement, kanye nezithako zokuzinzisa ezibhalwe ezindaweni zomhlaba ukuze kutholakale ukuphuculwa kokwakhiwa komhlaba ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imishini yokudrill ephelele. Ngokwezemisebenzi yokwakha izindonga zomhlaba kanye nezixhumi zomumo, izinhlelo zokufaka ezenzakalayo ziqinisekisa izinqubo zokuhanjiswa okuqondile okudingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe amakholomu omhlaba ahlale kahle, izithiyo zokuhlunga, kanye nesakhiwo esiqinile ezimweni ezinzima zomhlaba. Imishini yokufaka ekhululekile ithola ukusetyenziswa okuyinhloko ezinhlelweni ze-jet grouting ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, ukudala izixhumi eziphezulu nezihambayo, ukuvikela izindonga ze-sheet pile, kanye nokukhulisa ukufakwa kwe-secant ne-tangent pile. Lezi zinhlelo zibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni umhlaba ne-cement endaweni efanele, ukunciphisa ukujula emanzini aphezulu, kanye nokwakha ukuhamba okungangeni amanzi ngaphakathi kwezitezi zomhlaba ezibuthakathaka kanye nezakhiwo ezikhona. Ukuthuthwa kalula nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo ezincane kubenza babe nenzuzo enkulu ezimeni ezikhulu, ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, nasezimbonini ezidinga ukusika kokuzinza okwengeziwe phakathi kwezinga noma izigaba eziningi. I-ophareyishini eyisisekelo igxile ekulawuleni ukufutha nokufaka emhlabathini okufaka izinsiza ezifanele ezindaweni eziqondiwe nezivulekile kumaphuzu athile. Izinhlelo ezincane zisebenzisa amapompo ahlanzekile—ngokuvamile amapompo e-piston noma e-screw—ukugcina ukufutha okuhambisanayo nezilinganiso zokuhamba ngaleso sikhathi abaphathi benza ukujula kokuphakela, ijubane lokujika, kanye nezinga lokudonsela ukuze kudalwe amakholomu ahlale kahle anobubanzi nokukhanya okujwayelekile. Imishini ifaka phakathi izilawuli zokucindezela, amakhalethi, kanye nezilawuli zokubuyisela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwenziwa kabusha phakathi kwezikhathi eziningi zokufaka nokuvimbela ukuqhuma okungaphezulu okungase kube namathuba okuphula umhlaba oseduze noma umonakalo kwizakhiwo ezikhethiwe. Izinhlelo zokuphatha ama-hose aneziqhamo ezisheshayo nezixhumi ezijikelezayo zenza kube lula ukuphinde kutholakale umsebenzi futhi kunciphise isikhathi sokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezindawo zokufaka. Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile zemishini yokufaka ekhululekile zifaka phakathi units yokufaka ezibheke emamakethe (5-15 kW ukuhamba kwempompo), izinhlelo ezibalulekile ezinezinsiza (10-25 kW), kanye nezimboni zokufaka eziphethe zikhona ezinokukhumbula, ukugcina, nokufaka umoya ngenkathi zihlanganisa ukulawula ukufaka. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokufaka ezinemigqa emibili ukuze kwenziwe ukuhamba kwesikhumbuzo ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye ne-jet grouting, ama-manifolds amaningi avumela ukungqubuzana kwezikhumbuzo okwandayo, kanye namaphakheji wobuchwepheshe abhalela ucindezelo, ukuhamba, ijubane lokujika, kanye ne-verticality phakathi nezikhathi zonke zokufaka. Izinketho zokukhetha imishini yokufaka ekhululekile zigxila ekuphakameni okuphamukayo (cc/rev), ukucindezela okufanele ukusebenza okuphezulu (bar), ukulawula ukuhamba okufanele (L/min granularity), kanye ne-flexibility yomthombo wamandla—diesel, kagesi, noma amanzi akhaliphile kuye ngesimo samandla esizeni nezimo zomhlaba. Abakwaqashi bahlola ukujula nobubanzi bama-hose ukulungisa nezinjongo zokudrilla, izinga lokuxhumana ukuze kushintshwe imishini kalula, nokuthi imishini yokufaka enezinsiza zibe nezinzuzo eziphezulu ngokwezimali uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhungo zokuhlanganiswa nezinjongo zokufaka. Ukufinyeleleka kokugcinwa, ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezithile, kanye nokuba lula kokuxhumana nomsebenzisi kuthinta ukwethembeka kokusebenza okude kumaphrojekthi anobude. Izindinganiso ezihambisene nezimboni zifaka i-EN 14679 (Ukufeza umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe obukhethekile—Jet grouting), i-EN 12716 (Ukufeza umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe obukhethekile—Grouting), i-ISO 22282-3 (Uphenyo lwezobuchwepheshe nokuqinisekiswa—Uphenyo lwe-geohydraulic, Ingxenye 3), kanye nezindinganiso zokuvunywa kwezobuchwepheshe ezithile kumaphrojekthi ezivela ezikhungweni zokwakha zendawo. Imishini kufanele ihlangabezane nezimelene nezokuphepha kwemishini (ukuhlonza kwe-CE) kanye nemithetho yokuphepha kwemishini (i-PED) yezingxenye eziphakeme kwe-0.5 L kanye ne-0.5 bar yokucindezela.
Iziqondiso zokuhlola ezikhethekile zokwakhiwa kwemigudu ziwuhlelo olukhuluma ngokuqonda kokusebenza nokwakheka kwezinsika ze-jet grouting, imijiggwa yaphansi, kanye nezithiyo zokuphazamisa ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwemigudu nezokuthuthukiswa komhlaba. Ekubhaliseni izisekelo ezengeziwe, lezi zikhombisi zisebenza njengezinto ezibalulekile ngokuhlinzeka ngemininingwane yesikhathi sangempela mayelana nokusebenza kwegrouting, ukusathelwa kwezinto, ukuphendula komhlaba, kanye nezimo zokwakha ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-jet grouting nasezinyathelweni zokukh excavation ezilandelayo. Zivumela abakhiqizi ukuba baqinisekise ukuthi izilungiselelo zokwakha ziyahlangatshezwa, kutholakale izinkinga ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi kwenziwe izilungiso ngaphambi kokwehluleka kokwakha noma ukuhamba komhlaba okungamukeleki. Iziqondiso ezikhethekile zisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zokuphucula komhlaba kuhlanganisa nezinsika ze-jet grouting ezimface nasemijiggeni yemigudu, izithiyo zokuphatha amanzi ngaphansi kwendawo yokuqondisa, izinqubo zokujova imijiggingi, ukwakhiwa kwezinsika ezihambelanayo nezinsika eziphelele, kanye nezindlela zokuqhuba umhlaba ezindaweni zomnyango wemigudu nasekwakhiweni kwamashafa. Zibaluleke kakhulu emaphakathini amadolobha lapho ukuphatha ukwehla kungokuqukethwe, ezindaweni ezinzima ezinezakhiwo ezikhipha izinkinga ezimile, futhi ezindaweni lapho izakhiwo ezisondelene zifaka imikhawulo eqinile yokuhamba. Umgomo wokusebenza ubandakanya ukurhaxwa kwemininingwane ebalulekile phakathi nangemva kokusebenza kwejetting. Izilinganiso zomfutho nezilinganiso zokuhamba zihlola amazinga okufaka izinto zokuqinisekisa ukusathelwa okuhle nokuthola izivimbelo noma ukukhathazeka kwezinsiza. Ama-inclinometers nezilinganisi zokuhlala zilandela ukuhamba komhlaba nezakhiwo ukuze kutholakale ukunqwabelana okungaphezulu noma ukuhamba okuhamba phezulu. Ama-piezometers measure ukunwetshwa komfutho wezikhala nokushintsha kwezinga lamanzi ngaphakathi naseduze kwezindawo eziphehlelwe. Izinsiza zokuthola amanzi nokuhlola ubukhulu ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokuqhuba zithola amandla kanye nezici zokwenziwa. Izinhlelo zokuhlola izwi nezisombulula ezibukekayo (iyunithi ze-boreholes) zihlola ikhwalithi yesinsika futhi zithole izikhala noma izinkinga emathanjeni abhekelwe. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu kule kategorie zifaka imiyalo yokurekhoda umgogodla okukhululekile efakwe ngqo ezinsizeni zokujova, amakhonkco okubona angalandela izimo eziningi ahlanganisa umfutho, ukuhamba, ukuhamba, nezilungiselelo zomfutho wezikhala, izinhlelo zokwazisa ezenzakalayo ezikhipha izixwayiso uma izilinganiso zidlula imikhawulo yokwakha, nezinkundla zokubhalisela imininingwane ezihlanganisa ukufinyelela ngesikhathi sangempela kwemisebenzi yephrojekthi. Izinsiza ezikhethekile zifaka ama-transducers azimele omfutho wokuhlola ukuvikeleka kwezinsika ze-grouting, ama-piezometers avuma kakhulu wokuhlola amanzi isikhathi eside, kanye nezinhlelo ze-GNSS ezibhala isikhathi sangempela (RTK) zokwakha ukuma kwezimo ezintathu. Izinketho zokukhetha izibalo ezikhethekile zokuhlola zifaka ubunzima bephrofayili ye-geotechnical kanye nezinga lokungafani komhlaba, ububanzi bezakhiwo ezibalulekile kanye nemikhawulo yokwehla edingekayo, uhlobo lwezinto zokuqhuba nezilinganiso zokufakwa, ukujula kwemigudu kanye nezimo zamanzi, isikhathi sephrojekthi kanye nesidingo sokuhlola isikhathi eside, izidingo zokudlulisela imininingwane (ngalesi sikhathi vs. njalo), kanye nokuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokulawula ezizenzakalelayo ze-jetting. Izinto zomkhiqizo zendlela yokwelapha, izinguquko ze-thermo, kanye nekhwalithi yokuhlanganiswa komfutho wezinsiza nezinto zokuqhuba kufanele zicatshangwe. Izindinganiso zemboni ezimayelana nezokuhlola zifaka i-EN 1538 (Izindala Zokwakha), i-EN 14199 (I-Micropiles), i-DIN 4125 (Ukubamba), i-ISO 6892-1 (Izivivinyo Zezinto), kanye ne-API RP 65 (Ukukhathalela Nokusebenzisa I-Casing Ne-Tubing). Iziqondiso zokuhlola kufanele zihambisane nezincwadi ze-geotechnical ezisekelayo nezinhlelo ze-TABLES zokuphendula izenzo zokwelula (TART), kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthola okukhangayo kuqondisa izindlela zokwakha eziguqukayo kanye nezinguquko zokwakhiwa ngesikhathi sangempela njengoba izimo zangaphansi zikhonjwa phakathi kokukhululwa.
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