Izindonga ze-pile ezifanayo zikhombisa uhlelo olukhethekile lwezindonga zediyaframu olusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezobunjiniyela bezisekelo ezijulile ukuze kugcinwe umhlaba ngokuqinile, kuvinjwe amanzi angaphansi, futhi kusekelwe izakhiwo ezindaweni ezixhaphakile. Le teknoloji ibalulekile ekuwakhiweni kwezisekelo ezijulile, ikakhulukazi emaphrojekthi lapho izithiyo zendawo, izinga eliphakeme lamandla amanzi, noma ukusatshalaliswa komhlabathi kudinga izithiyo eziqine, ezingenawo amanzi ezinamandla okuthwala umthwalo ogcwele. Izindonga ze-pile ezifanayo zisetshenziswa ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene ne-geotechnical, kufaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwezingaphakathi ezindaweni zenhlalo ezikhukhumele, ukuxhaswa kokuhanjiswa kwesitimela ngethuluzi, ukwakhiwa kwe-cofferdam ezithombeni zesikhungo sebhange, kanye nezinhlelo ze-cutoff curtain zokulawula amanzi angaphansi nokugcina izinto eziyingozi. Le teknoloji ibalulekile ezimeni zomhlabathi opholile, izimo zomhlabathi ezihlukanisiwe, nasezindaweni ezidinga ukuvuvukala okuphansi—njengoba umsebenzi ulandelela izakhiwo ezithintekayo zomlando noma izinsiza ezinobuchwepheshe obukhulu. Ezindaweni zezimboni nasemathafeni wokuphosa udaka, izindonga ze-pile ezifanayo zisebenza njengokuvikela kokungcolisa, zixuba ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo ne-hydrological isolation. Umthetho osebenzayo ubandakanya ukudonsa uchungechunge lwezindonga eziphakeme (okungasakhokhiswa noma ezokutholakala) ezakhiwe ngophahla lwekhonkrithi ngendawo ejwayelekile, kulandelwa ezindongeni eziphakeme eziqinile zikhonkrithi ezibekwe ngenhloso yokugqokisa nokuxhumana nezindonga eziphakeme ezikhona. Njengoba izindonga eziphakeme zifakwa, ukhonkolo wazo ugena empahleni ye-pile eziphakeme, kudala ukuxhumana futhi kwakha udonga oluqinile nolungapheli. Le ndlela yokuhlangana ivulelekile, ngokuvamile ifika phakathi kuka-75 kuya kwe-150 millimitha kuye ngezimfuneko zokwakha, ihlukanisa izindonga ze-pile ezifanayo ezindongeni ze-tangent piles, lapho izindonga ezihlobene zixhumana kuphela ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa. Ukusebenza kokugqokisa okuphakathi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemikhono kuholela kudonga olungavuni amanzi noma olunokunciphisa, kunye nengqondo yokwakha etholakala ku-reinforcement phakathi kwepahlezi eziphakeme kanye nengxenye ephelele yomzimba we-pile ophakathi. Izinkanyezi zomshini emsebenzini we-pile ezifanayo zifaka izigubhu zokugobhoza ezijulile (CFA), izigubhu ezivundlile eziphenywa nge-tremie tube zokuletha ukhonkolo, kanye nezigubhu ezinkulu ezibekwe kumakhirini. Izinsiza eziwusizo zifaka ama-units akhuphukayo okukhonkolo, izinhlelo zensimbi ezitholakalayo, amakhenkethi okuphatha ama-cage we-pile, nezitshalo zokulawula amanzi zokweseka udaka noma ama-fluids e-polymer. Amathuluzi akhethekile afaka amathuluzi okwakha namabhithi okuthwala aphuhliswa kahle ukuyimisa kahle kumkhono wokukhonkolo nokwakhiwa kwezinto eziphelelwe. Izinkambo zokukhetha ku-pile technology zifaka umhlaba wokuhlola nobude be-UCS, ubukhulu bedonga obudingiwe kanye nezinga lokumba, izimo zokuthi umthwalo ophambili kanye nemigqa yokugoba, isimo samanzi angaphansi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula ukuvuza, imikhawulo yokuvuvukala, kanye nezindawo zokwakha ezitholakalayo. Abakhi bahlola ububanzi be-pile kanye nensiza yokubeka phakathi kwezikhotha ukuze bafinyelele ikhono lesakhiwo elifunwayo, bacabangele izincazelo zamandla ekhonkolo (ngokuvamile phakathi kwe-35–50 MPa) zokuhlanganisa ukugqokisa kwe-pile, futhi babone ukufinyelela kokufaka i-reinforcement cage kanye nokufakwa kwe-tremie ye-concrete. Izindinganiso zemboni ezilawula ukwakhiwa kwe-pile ezifanayo zifaka i-EN 1538 (ukuphothulwa kwe-piles ezichotshoziwe), i-EN 12699 (ukufakwa kwe-pile okukhuphukayo), i-ISO 14688 (ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba), kanye nezindinganiso ezihlobene ze-DIN zezisekelo ze-cutoff walls. Izincazelo zikhomba i-API RP 2A yezicelo zezimanga nezindinganiso zendawo ezihlobene nezokwakha ezidinga ubukhulu bedonga bukhulu, izishintshi ezinqunyiwe, izigaba zokuphila zekhonkolo, nezidingo zokusebenza eziqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwesakhiwo kanye ne-hydrological.
Izinsiza zokwakha zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ze-rigs zokuqhuba ibhuleki ezikahle ezihlinzekwe nge-cased kelly drilling ezimele ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile ku-engineering yeziqalo ezijulile, eziklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngama-piles agijimayo, izindonga ze-pile ezihlangene, nezinye izingxenye ezisemhlabeni ezinamandla ngokusebenzisa izici ze-geological eziyinkimbinkimbi ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuzinza komhole. Indlela ye-cased kelly drilling ihlanganisa ukunyuka kwe-casing okuqhubekayo noma okufanele, nokuhamba okuyindilinga, okwenza ukufakwa phakathi kwephedi eliphukile, amasimu anokuphuma okuphezulu, nezigaba zamanzi aphilayo lapho ukuhamba kwehole okuvulekile okujwayelekile kungahle kuveze ukuwa kwebhole noma ukunyakaza okukhulu kwemicabango ehlanganisiwe. Le ndlela yokuhamba ithola ukusetshenziswa okubucayi ekwakheni izindonga ze-pile ezihlangene, lapho ama-pile eqinile e-hardened concrete—ngalunye lungama-pile ahlangana i-neighbor—wakha indlela eqhubekayo yokuthwala umthwalo noma umkhawulo. Izinhlelo ze-cased kelly ziyabalulekile futhi ezindlini ze-pile ezihambisanayo, kwezinye izimo ze-diaphragm wall, nezinye izindonga ezijulile ezidinga ukuphathwa kwamanzi noma ukuvalwa kwezinto ezingcolile. Le ndlela ibalulekile ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka ukufika ezindaweni ezinemifino efakwe phansi nehlathi elinomthelela, noma uma ubude be-pile obhujwayo buhamba phezulu kwe-30-40 amamitha kanti ukuwa kwesizinda kuba kubucayi. Ngokusebenza, i-kelly ejikayo—evamise ukuba uphahla lwepulasitiki olubhalwe kuwe, lukhombisa umfanekiso wokuqinisa amandla phezulu nezinsiza zokuhamba ezingaphansi kwempahla eqhubekayo. Njengoba ithuluzi likhipha impahla, i-casing ihlale ibhampa ngesisu sokuphila eyiphakela umthwalo wokuhamba ophakeme ezinhlelweni zamahydraulic jib, ngokuvamile 200-500 kN kuye ngengubo ye-casing kanye nokuphikisana komhlaba. Ukutholakala kwamanzi noma ubhontshisi bukhona okuthula amazwe kangcono nokugcina ukuzinza kwemisa ye-bore. Impumelelo idinga ukuhambisana okuqondile: i-casing kumele yehle ngesivinini esilawulwayo esifanele ukuze kuhlale umsebenzi. Izinsiza ezisemkhakheni zihlukaniswa nge-diameter ye-kelly (75-150 mm kwezinye izinsiza ezijwayelekile), amandla obugebengu be-bore (ngokuvamile 600-1200 mm noma ngaphezulu), i-torque ejikayo (50-150 kN·m), kanye nokuhambisana nezinhlelo ezahlukene zokuhamba kwamathuluzi kanye nezstock ze-casing. Amathuluzi wokuhamba asetshenziselwa kuhambelana nesimo se-soils, ibhokisi lokuwasha lokupholosha izinto ezingcwatshiweyo nezindlela ze-gravel, kanye nezinsiza ze-roller-cone noma ama-percussion chisels ukuze kube lula ukufaka i-hard rock. Izinhlelo zanamuhla ziphinde zihlanganise izixhumi zokushintsha i-kelly head, ukuxhumana okuzenzakalelayo phakathi kwemizila, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhipha umoya ezihlinzekwe ngempumelelo zempilo yomhlaba. Ukuphakama kwamasimu, ubude be-slew, kanye ne-capacity ye-crowd force kudinga ukuhlonza ubude obukhulu bokuhamba nendawo yokusebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka lomhlaba ojwayelekile. Izinkinga zokukhetha zifaka kuzo izimo zendawo ezilindelwe, ubukhulu be-pile nezinga, izinhlelo zokukhiqiza, izithiyo zomoya, kanye nemiphumela ye-casing etholakalayo. Abachwepheshe bahlola i-torque ye-kelly, amandla wecrowd, ubukhulu be-kelly, kanye ne-speed rotational ehambelana nezinhlelo zokuhamba ezihlanganisiwe ezicwangcisiwe. Uhlaka lokwakhiwa kwe-riser tube namazinga okuweba kubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ukwethembeka emisebenzini ephezulu ye-torque edinga izigaba zokuhamba ezinde. Izindinganiso ezisebenzayo zifaka phakathi EN 12716 (ukusebenza kwamapiles abukhali), DIN 4128 (izinsiza zokuqhuba ezijikayo), kanye ne-EN 1997-1 (ukwakhiwa kwe-geotechnical), ngenkathi izincazelo zamaphrojekthi zivame ukufaka i-EN ISO 14688 (ukuhlola umhlabathi) ne-EN ISO 22475 (ukuhlola kanye nokulinganisa amanzi aphilayo).
Izinsiza ezihambisana ne-hydraulic eziphathwayo ezigcwele ukufaka izikhwama ze-cased kelly zokubhoboza zikhombisa isigaba esiyisisekelo se-teknoloji phakathi komkhakha wokwakhiwa kwemigqomo yomhlabathi nezithiyo, ikakhulukazi ezihloswe ukuzenza imikhono ye-secant pile. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza njengamathuluzi okubhoboza ahlakaniphile angakwazi ukwenza izindlela eziningi zokwakha ezinzima zokusekela izakhiwo ngokuphatha ngezilungiselelo ezihambisanayo zokujika nokuhamba kwemikhono nezinsiza zokubhoboza, ngaleyo ndlela kuvumeleka ukwakhiwa kwezithiyo ezinkulu ezisekelayo nezokulawula ukugeleza ngaphansi kwezakhiwo ezikhona nasezindaweni ezivalekile. Izinsiza zokubhoboza ze-cased kelly zisebenza ezinkingeni ezikhethekile zokwakhiwa kwemizila yecebo elizimele nezokuthuthukisa umhlaba. Izicelo eziyisisekelo zifaka ukwakhiwa kwemikhono ye-secant pile yokusekela okuqondile nokulawula ukugeleza, imiphakathi yokukhathalela ehlobene ne-diaphragm wall, izithiyo zokusebenzisa izimpilo zezemvelo nezokugcina amanzi, ukuhlanganiswa komhlabathi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemikhono ye-soil-cement, kanye nezinsiza zokubhoboza ze-micropile ezikhethekile. Le teknoloji ibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho ukuphazamiseka komhlaba kuncane futhi ukuphathwa ngokucacile kokulungisa kuyingxenye ebalulekile, nakuma-geologies anzima lapho izimo zebholo eziyingozi ziphakamisa ukuxhaswa okuqhubekayo kwe-casing. Umgomo wokusebenza wezinsiza ze-cased kelly ugxile ekujikeni kokuhamba okwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo kwemishayo ye-casing engezwani nemigqa ye-kelly yokubhoboza. I-kelly—ipayipi elinobukhulu obuphakeme, lokudlulisa i-torque—idlulisa amandla wokujika kusuka emshinini we-hydraulic kanye ne-mast assembly kuya kumkhono wezinsiza zokubhoboza noma kumathuluzi akhethekile phansi. Imishayo ye-casing ezungezile i-kelly inikeza ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo kwemigqa yebholo futhi ivumele ukwehla nokuhamba kokukodwa kwemiphakathi yokubhoboza. Le nkqubo yokwenza ngokuphelele ivumela ukubhoboza phansi ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuzinza kwe-casing, kucabanga ukwehla kwemiphakathi okuzinzile, nokudlulela phakathi kwamafoni okubhoboza ngaphandle kokufuna izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhoxa amathuluzi. Izinhlelo ze-hydraulic ziqinisekisa ukuphathwa okuhle kokujika kwesivinini (ngokuvamile 10–100 rpm), ingcindezi yokuphakelwa kwe-kelly (kuze kube 2500 kN), kanye nemisebenzi yokuhamba/nokuhoxisa ye-casing, kuvumela ukuphathwa kwejwa nezikhala ezichazwe kahle. Izinhlelo eziyinhloko zalesi sigaba zifaka izinsiza ezijwayelekile ze-cased kelly ezinomafulethi aqondile afanele ukukhiqizwa kwe-secant ne-diaphragm pile, izinsiza ezifushane ezinomafulethi aphumelelayo ezindaweni eziyinqaba, kanye nezinhlelo ezihlukene ezifaneleka kumathrekhi nasemithwalweni ye-truck. Ukuze ubuyele ukusebenza, okukhulu kufaka amathuluzi akhethekile afana namathuluzi okuphusha ama-shaft aphelile, izinhlelo zokuletha i-tremie-pipe yokufaka ikhonkrithi, kanye neziqu zokuphindaphinda ze-reverse-circulation. Ubude bokubhoboza obutholakalayo buhlelwe kusuka ku-20 kuya ku-80 amamitha kuye ngohlobo lwe-rig, neziqu zokuhamba ezivela ku-200 kuya ku-800 kN·m kanye nobubanzi bokubhoboza obuva ku-0.6 kuya ku-2.0 amamitha. Ukukhetha izinsiza zokubhoboza ze-cased kelly kuncike kumaparamitha athile okufaneleka ngenxa yokunquma ubude bokubhoboza obudingekayo kanye nobubanzi, ukwakheka komhlabathi nezinduku, isikhala esitholakalayo nomsebenzi, izinga lokukhiqiza elilinganiswa ngamamitha alungile per shift, kanye nesidingo sokwenza okufanayo noma izinqubo zokubhoboza ezilandelanayo. Ochwepheshe babala izidingo zamandla ze-rig, ubunzima be-mast, ikhono lokuphatha i-slurry, kanye nokuhambelana nezinhlelo zokulawula izimo zenhloso nezokuhlola izinga. Ubuqotho bokwakhiwa nemithetho yokusebenza ibalulekile ekuthatheni izinqumo zokuthenga izinsiza ezithile. Imigomo yokwakha nezinga lokusebenza okubandakanya i-EN 1537 yezikhungo zomhlaba ezihlelwe ukuze zisebenze ngezindlela ezifanayo zebholo, i-ISO 22475 series yokuhlola nokuhlola, i-DIN 4128 yokwakha imihlangano ye-diaphragm kanye nemikhono ye-soil-cement, kanye neziphakamiso ze-API zokuphepha kwezinsiza zokubhoboza nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Abaphathi bangase futhi baphinde balandele i-ASTM D1143 ukuze bathole izinqubo zokuhlola umthwalo wamapile ezihlelwe ukuhlola ezindaweni ezakhiwe.
Imishini ethile ye-hydraulic enamathegi amabili ezinjini zokuqinisekisa iyinhloso eqeqeshwe ukuthola izinjini zokumba ezinzulu eziklanyelwe ukwakha kahle izindonga ze-secant pile kanye nezinhlelo zokuphelisa ezifanayo. Le mishini ibalulekile emkhakheni wobunjiniyela be-geotechnical yesimanje njengoba ivumela ukufakwa kwezinhlelo ze-pile ze-concrete eqinile ezisebenza njengezindonga eziphakeme eziphansi zokugcina amanzi, ukweseka izakhiwo, nokumelana nomthwalo ophakeme ezimpophweni ezinzulu. Izindonga ze-secant pile ezakhiwe ngalezi zinsiza zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, ezindaweni zokuphelisa, nezinhlelo zokugcina umhlaba zezimiso ezinzulu. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamadamu, emaphandleni e-metro nasemigedeni, emigedeni yokumba ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, nasezikhungweni zokugcina ukungcola. Le teknoloji ibalulekile lapho ukulawula amanzi aphansi nokukhula kwezakhiwo kudingeka ngesikhathi esifanayo, noma lapho izimo zomhlaba nezikhala zithinta ezinye izindlela ezinjengokugcina i-sheet pile noma izindonga ze-diaphragm ezibekwe ku-tremie. Umqondo wokuqhuba lezi zinsiza uthinta ikhono lokujika ezimbili elinikezwa ukwakheka kwezinjini ezinamandla amabili. Izithako eziyisisekelo zifakwa kuqala ngokulandela umumo othile usebenzisa umkhono ohlanganiswe nezingxenye zokumba ukumba izimbobo zemijondolo ubude bokwakha, ngokuvamile kushiya i-concrete engakhulunywanga noma ethokoziswa kancane. Izithako zesecundary kwezobuchwepheshe zigezwa ukuze zihlangane nezithako eziyisisekelo eziphethwe ezimphethe 100 kuya ku-300 milimitha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo. Izithako zesecundary zihlala ziqinile ngezikhwama zensimbi noma i-rebar, zakha isakhiwo esihlangene esiqinile. Ukuhlelwa kokusebenza kwezingxenye zisebenzisa umsebenzi ozimele noma udidiyelwe, kuvumela ukujika komhole ngakolunye uhlangothi ngenkathi emhole ezivela ecaleni iwela. Izinhlobo zemishini kuleli qembu zihlala zifaka phakathi amalunga ahlanzekile anemiyalelo ye-pile enobubanzi obungu-600 kuya ku-1,200 milimitha kuya ezinsizeni ezinkulu ezikwazi ukumba izimbobo ezibanzi ukuze zibe ngu-1,500 kuya ku-2,500 milimitha ububanzi. Ukwakheka kwefomu kuyehluka kakhulu ngokuncika kumsebenzi: ezinye zihlaba imikhono emibili ehlangana ukuze zibe nezimeyi eziphindaphindwayo, kanti ezinye zisebenzisa izinhlelo ezikancane ezivumela izithombe ezixhumene endaweni encane. Izinsiza zokusebenza zihlala ziphakathi kwemikhiqizo ye-diesel noma eletrikhi, nezinhlelo ze-hydraulic ezilinganiselwa phakathi kwe-150 no-300 bar, kuye ngokufaka njalo nomhlaba. Izimfanelo ezidingekayo zokukhetha imishini kubandakanya ububanzi be-pile obulindelekile nobude, isikhala esitholakalayo nesikhala se-site, iphrofayili yomhlaba nomphumela wokumba (okubaziwe ngamanani e-Standard Penetration Test nezilinganiso zamandla edwala), izinga lokukhiqiza elifunekayo emipile ngosuku, kanye nezinhlaka zokuhlinzeka ngamandla ezitholakalayo. Abakhi badinga futhi ukukhumbula ukufinyelela ku-casing, izikhwama zemamabhokisi, nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwe-concrete. Izindinganiso ezihlobene nezakhiwo ze-secant pile zifaka phakathi i-EN 1538 (Izindonga ze-Diaphragm), ISO 13104 (Indlela ze-pile ezimubayiwe—Ukulinganisa kokuphambuka), kanye nezikhumbuzo ezithile zephrojekthi ezifana ne-DIN 1054 ne-API RP 2A zokusebenza kwezindonga lapho izindonga ze-pile ziyinkanyezi kwi-environments ezinzulu.
Izingxenye zokushaya ibhodi zisetshenziswa njengezinsiza ezikhethekile ezikhiqizwe emisebenzini yokwakha idiyaframu yokujula nezinduku ezixhunyiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufakwa nokukhipha okulawulekayo kwezivezi zensimbi ezizodwa. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko uwukusebenzisa ukunyakaza okusheshayo (okuphindaphindiwe) okuphakathi noma okuhambisana nomjikelezo wezivezi, kwehlisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezivezi nomhlabathi ozungezile, i-bentonite slurry, noma umkhiqizo wokwakha phezulu phakathi nezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokwakhiwa kwekhanda. Njengamaphuzu abalulekile ezinhlelweni ezijulile zokwakha, izingxenye zokushaya ibhodi zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, zinciphisa izikhathi zamasondo, futhi zehlise ukwelashwa kwesakhiwo kumaphaneli akhishiwe. Ekukhiqizeni idiyaframu, izingxenye zokushaya ibhodi zisebenza ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhipha izivezi ngemva kokufakwa kwekhonkolo. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwenduku ezixhunyiwe, ziyasiza kokubili ekushayeni kwezivezi zokuqala nasekuthathweni kokugcina, ukuvimbela ukufakwa kokungqubuzana nezimo zokuhlala ezingenzeka uma izivezi zivaleka yi-friction noma imiphumela yokugxila. Lezi zinsiza zisetshenziswa nakumsebenzi wekuthekelisa i-curtain cut-off kanye ne-jet grouting lapho izintambo zezivezi ezithile zidinga ukuhamba okukhethiwe okungagcini phezulu noma ukuqhubeka nokunyakaza okungalawuleki okungalimaza uhlaka lwe-slurry noma umkhiqizo omusha ohlanganisiwe. Izeluleko zokusebenza zisuselwa ekunyakazeni okulula—ngevamile ukwakha imijikelezo engu-10 kuya ku-60 ngomzuzu, ngemijikelezo yokunyakaza ethathwa ibanga elihambayo elivela ku-50 kuya ku-150 millimeters—dali ukubumba amandla anqamulelayo kumphakathi wezivezi nomhlabathi. Le oscillation iphula ubuhlobo bokunamathela phakathi kwesurface yangaphandle yezivezi nezinto ezizungezile, okwenza ukuphuma kancane ukuhamba okukhula phezulu noma phansi. Ukuhlanganiswa kokunyakaza okutagisiwe nokuhoxiswa noma ukufakwa okuhlonishwayo kuqinisekisa ukuthuthuka kwezingxenye, kunciphisa izikhala ekuphakelweni kwekhonkolo, futhi kuvikele amaphaneli akhiwe ngaphambili ekuthunyelweni kwasemqoka noma ukwakha okwazekayo. Izingxenye zokushaya ibhodi zanamuhla ziyizinsiza ezisebenza ngempilo ezibhalwe ngqo kumholi noma ku-Kelly bar ye-rig yokubhoboza/ yokwakha. Zihlanganisa i-silinda ye-hydraulic enezihlanganisi ezikhethekile ezikhiqiza ukunyakaza okuphindaphindiwe, kusebenza ku-circuit ye-hydraulic ezimele ye-rig esebenza ngama-pressure avamile phakathi kuka-200 no-280 bar. Ezinye izakhi zingafaka izingxenye eziphindaphindwayo ezihlanganisa ukunyakaza kokujikeleza nokuhamba okuqondile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha ezimeni zomhlaba ezinzima ezinekhono eliphakeme noma amabhulashi. Izinkomba zokukhetha izingxenye zokushaya ibhodi zigxile kumjikelezo kanye nobukhulu bezivezi ezizophathwa, isidingo sokukhipha ukunyakaza nokunyakaza okungapheli, amandla we-hydraulic atholakalayo ku-rig eyinhloko, izimo zomhlaba (ukuqina vs okulula, ukufika kvumelanaka kwe-fluid stabilization), kanye nezinga lokufaka. Izinsiza kufanele zifaneleke kumthwalo we-rig nezimfuneko zesistimu ye-hydraulic; izingxenye ezincane ziyahluleka, kanti lezi ezinkulu zingakhubaza amandla anqamulelayo futhi zilimaze amaphaneli akhangwayo akhuluma. Izici zemvelo ezifaka phakathi izimo zezemvelo, ubukhali bomhlabathi, kanye nezidingo ezithize zomsebenzi zinciphisa ukukhetha. Ukuze uthole uhlelo lokusebenza lwezingxenye zokushaya ibhodi, lokhu kuncike ezindinganisweni ezihambelanayo ze-ISO, DIN, kanye ne-EN ezihlanganisa izinsiza zokwakha ezijulile, ikakhulukazi i-EN 1538 (Ukuqukethwe komsebenzi wakhe nge-geotechnical—Izindonga ze-Diaphragm), i-ISO 6934 (Izintambo zensimbi ze-elevators), kanye ne-DIN 4124 (Ukukhafulela kanye nezisebenzi zezimali—Imithetho yokuphepha). Ukuqinisekiswa kwezinsiza, imibhalo yokuhlaziya isakhiwo, kanye nezifundo zokusebenza kufanele kuhambisane nezinhlinzeko zomthetho wezakhiwo zasendaweni kanye nezici zokwakha ezithize ezitholakala phakathi nezinkomba ezwakalayo.
Izinsiza zokujikeleza ezingu-casing ziyi-hydraulic noma izindlela zokusebenza ezihlinzeka ngejubane lokujikeleza kumashina e-casing ngesikhathi sokubhola emisebenzini ye-fondation ejulile. Ngaphakathi kwesigaba sokwakhiwa kwe-secant pile wall, lezi zinsiza zingxenye ezibalulekile zohlelo lokubhola ezivumela ukujikeleza okufanayo nokukhuphuka okungaguquki kwamathube e-casing okwesikhashana noma okwakhiwa kuqondile, okuyisidingo esiyisisekelo sokugcina ukuzinza kwe-borehole nokufeza ukwakheka kwepile okunembile ezimeni ze-geotechnical ezinzima. Isebenzisa enkulu ye-casing rotators ikhiye ekwenzeni ama-secant pile walls, lapho izipili zama-concrete eziqinile zifakwa ukuze kudaleke izindonga zokwakha eziqhubekayo ukuze kusekelwe ukumbiwa kwe-basement, ukuziqedwa komhlaba, kanye nezithiyo ezijulile. Zisizwa futhi ekwakhiweni kwemishi ye-diaphragm, ikakhulukazi lapho kusebenzelwa izindlela zokubhola ezisekelwe kumacasing esikhundleni samasistimu ejikelele. Izicelo ezengeziwe zifaka imisebenzi ye-jet grouting efakiwe kumasistimu e-casing, ukukhiqizwa kwamakholomu okuxuba umhlabathi-nokhonkolo, kanye nasezinhlelweni ezithile ze-sheet pile wall lapho izindlela zokubhola ezijikayo zithuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-driving nokulawula ubude ezindaweni ezingazinzile. Umqondo wezokusebenza we-casing rotator ubandakanya ukuguqula amandla e-hydraulic noma wesimanje kube ukuthambekela kokujikeleza okuqhubekayo okusebenzisa ku-casing string ngezinjini ezikhona phezulu. I-rotator, evamise ukufakwa ku-kelly noma kumast ye-drilling rig, ihlangene kahle ne-casing nge-drive head ebamba iphayiphile. Njengoba i-casing ijikeleza, ukuhlekisana phakathi kwe-casing yangaphandle nomhlabathi, kuhlanganiswe nemisebenzi yokushefa ye-casing shoe (umkhono onamathiselwe noma oqinile eusha esi-borehole), kuphula futhi kukhiphe impahla yomhlabathi, kuvumela ukuhamba phansi ngaphansi kwe-pressure yokfeed ye-rig. Lokhu kujikeleza nokuphakamisa okufanayo kuvinjezelwa ukwenzeka kwemibhoshongo, kugcina ubude, futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuphambuka kwe-casing ezimweni ze-geotechnical ezingazinzile. Izinsiza zokujikeleza ezingu-casing zikhona ngokuqukethwe okwenziwe ngezinhlelo zokwakhiwa nezidingo ze-diameter ye-casing. Izimizwa ze-hydraulic, uhlobo olujwayelekile, zifaka ama-gearboxes eziplanethi noma izinto zokushayela eziqondile ezihlinzeka ngokuqhubeka okuvela ku-10 kuye ku-150+ kilonewton-meters (kN·m), okuhambelana nezinsiza ze-casing eziphakathi kuka-300 mm no-1500 mm. Izinhlelo ezilawulwayo noma ze-semi-automatic zisebenza kumasistimu anediyothi encane. I-Drive head interfaces izamile izindandatho eziyinqaba ze-API nezinhlobo ezihambisanayo ze-quick-coupling. Ukukhetha izinsiza ezihambelana ne-casing rotator kudinga ukuhlolwa kwezinye izici eziningi. Usayizi we-casing kanye ne-torque yokubhola elindelekile, ekhombisa ngokwehlukaniswa komhlabathi, ubude, kanye nomklamo we-casing shoe, zihambisana nezibalulekile. Ukutholakala kwamandla e-rig—kokubili i-hydraulic flow rate (liters ngeminithi) kanye namandla okpressure—kufanele kuhambisane nezincazelo ze-rotator. Izidingo zokusebenza ezifaka ukuphakama kwenhloko okuthokozisayo, ijubane lokujikeleza (ngokuvamile 5 kuya ku-30 RPM), kanye nokuhambisana nezinhlelo zokuhola ezikhona ze-rig kuthinta kakhulu ukukhetha kwezinsiza. Ukuqina ezingxenyeni ezinzima noma zomhlabathi eziqhubekayo, ukumelana nokwearing kwemithwalo, kanye nokuvikeleka kwamasondo kubalulekile ukuze kuqhubeke ukusebenza kahle kokubhola. Izindinganiso ezifanele zokusebenza kwe-casing rotator zifaka i-ISO 20475 (izidingo zokuphepha kwezinsiza zokubhola), izindinganiso ezihlobene ze-DIN zamishini ye-hydraulic, kanye nezincazelo ezithile ze-project ezinikezwe ab производители be-system ye-casing kanye nezinhlelo ze-rig. Ukuhambisana kuqinisekisa ukuphepha komsebenzi nokusebenza okuvamile kokubhola ezimeni ze-geotechnical ezahlukene.
Imishini yokubhola ephakanyisiwe enezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikabili zokucindezela neziqhumiso zokuguqula ibonisa isigaba esikhethekile semishini yokwakha amafekthri aphakeme avamise ukwakhiwa ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zomhlaba. Lezi zinsiza zibalulekile ekwakheni izindonga ze-pile ezixhumi, indlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa komhlaba esebenzisa ama-piles ahlukaniswe, kokubili ama-pile aphambili (omisiwe ngengilazi eqinile) kanye nama-pile aphansi (awahlonywe) ukuze kudalwe izithiyo eziqhubekayo zenganono. Ngesimo somugqa wombango noCutoff Curtains, imishini yokubhola ye-cased kelly iyinsiza eyinhloko yokufaka imigqa ye-pile ezixhumi, ezisebenza njengezindonga ezingenakungena noma eziphakela izakhi ezinzima ekuhlinzekeni ukuphepha ezindaweni ezijulile, ukwakhiwa ngaphansi komhlaba, nezicelo zokulawula amanzi omhlaba. Umqondo wokusebenza kwemishini ye-cased kelly yokubhola uphumelelisa izinsimbi ezijolile, ezikhethiwe noma ezixhumi ze-kelly ezihamba ngaphakathi kwe-casing yensimbi evikela. I-casing ihlukanisa i-kelly odongeni lwe-borehole, ivimbela ukuthintwa ngqo nokunciphisa ukulahleka kokucindezela ngesikhathi sokubhola. I-torque multiplicator—uhlelo lokuhambisa kwezinto—ikhipha amandla okujikeleza atholakala emkhakheni we-rig, ivumela ukubhola kahle ezindaweni ezinzima, ezineqhwa, nezindawo zobuxhasi eziyinqaba ezizodlula amandla angaphansi kwe-torque ye-rig. Le ndlela ye-mechanical ivumela abakhiqizi ukuba bagcine isivinini sokubhola nokuqinisa ngesikhathi bephephisa imithwalo ephezulu, okubalulekile ngesikhathi sokungena kumahholo ahlukene, izikhala ezihlukile, noma amawedi akhiwe ezindaweni ezivamile ze-pile ezixhumi. Imishini ye-cased kelly kulolu hlobo ivame ukuba namandla okuphakelwa koMkhakha ophakanyisiwe aphakeme ukusuka ku-40 kuya ku-300+ kNm, nezibalo zokubola zifika ku-40 kuya ku-60+ amamitha. Ukuhlelwa kuyahluka ngokuya ngedizayini ye-mast (i-telescopic noma eyendabuko) kanye nosayizi be-kenny casing (evame ukuba ngu-127 kuya ku-168 mm), ifaka ububanzi bezimoto zokubhola be-88 kuya ku-127 mm. Izinhlobo zezimoto zihlanganisa amathuluzi ahanjiswa agelezayo—anikeza ukuphuma ngokushesha ezindaweni ezigcwele zomphakathi—nezakhamizi ze-crawler, ezinikela ukuzinza okuhle emhlabathini othambile nasezindaweni ezinezakhi. Ama-torque multiplicators ayatholakala njengama-unit anomthetho ophakeme (evame ukuba ngu-2:1 kuya ku-4:1) noma izinhlelo ze-hydraulic ezihlanganyela ezivumela ukulungiswa ukuze kuhlangane nezimo zomhlaba ezithile. Izimfuneko zokukhetha imishini ye-cased kelly zifaka phakathi ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba kanye nezilinganiso zokuqina komhlaba, usayizi we-pile obalulekile kanye nokuphakama kokubhola, izimo zamanzi omhlaba, nendawo yokusebenza ethile. Abakhi bahlola amandla atholakalayo ku-depth efunwa ukuze balinganise umphikisi wokubhola, beqhakambisa usayizi we-kelly, i-multiplicator ratio, kanye nosayizi we-cobble okukhuluma noma inani le-rock UCS. Umthwalo we-mast, umsinga we-rig, kanye nosayizi wokubola kuchaza ukufaneleka kwesizinda ezindaweni zomphakathi ezimikhulu. Ukuphakama kwezimo eziphikisayo kudinga ukwenziwa kokuhlanganiswa okusheshayo kanye nezinyathelo ezihambisanayo ezitholakala kwi-multipurpose rigs advanced. Izindinganiso ezithintekayo zifaka i-EN 1536 (ukusebenza kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile: izindonga ze-diaphragm), i-ISO 22475 (ukuhlola nokuhlola okubhekelela i-geotechnical—izindlela zokuthatha), kanye ne-DIN 4126 (amadombolo ajulile kanye nezikhungo emhlabeni), ezibeka izidingo zokwakha izindonga ze-pile, ukuhlela ukubhola, ukuhamba kahle, kanye nokuqina kokukhanya kokukhiqizwa kwe-pile ezixhumi. Ukulandela lezi zindinganiso kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kokwakhiwa nokuqina kokuphuma kwezindonga ze-pile ezixhumi eziphumelele.
Izingxenye ezihambisanayo ekwakhiweni kwezimbiwa ezisezingeni elijulile zimele ibanga elibanzi lezinsiza, izinto, nezinhlelo ezibalulekile ekufezeni ngempumelelo imisebenzi yokwakha udonga lwe-diaphragm kanye nezimbobo ezisemaphakathini. Lezi zinto zokweseka zenza ingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lwezimpande ezijulile, ukusebenza ngokuhlanganyela nemishini yokuhlanganisa nokuqhubeka kokumba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikelwa kwesakhiwo, ukusebenza okwanelisayo, nokuhambisana nezidingo zokwakhiwa kwe-geotechnical. Izingxenye ezihambisanayo zisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izigaba zokwakhiwa kwezimbobo ezisemaphakathini kanye nodonga lwe-diaphragm, kusukela ekulungiselelweni kokuqala kwesiza nokufakwa kwesakhiwo sokguidi, kudlulela emubeni wezimbobo, ukuphathwa kwe-slurry, ukuhlelwa kwezimbiwa, nasekupheleni kokwakhiwa kodonga. Ezikhaleni ezisemaphakathini, izingxenye ezihambisanayo zenza kube lula ukuhlela kahle ukufakwa kwezimbiwa eziyinhloko nezizimele, kuvumele ukuhlangana kahle kwembobo nezakhiwo ezifanayo, kusekele ukuhamba kwe-slurry nezinhlelo zokubuyisela, futhi kuhlinzeke ngokuqiniswa okwemuva phakathi nesikhathi sokuqala sokuphilisa. Zibalulekile kwazulu nodonga lwe-diaphragm, izindonga zokusika, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa umhlabathi, lapho izinhlelo zokguidi, izinto zokuphatha i-slurry, nezinsiza zokuhlela ukujolisa zibalulekile ekufezeni izici zokwakhiwa. Umsebenzi wezokusebenza kwezingxenye ezihambisanayo uhilela imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile. Odongeni bokuhola nezinhlelo zokudlala zigcina ukujolisa kwesikhumbuzo nesikhumbuzo sokumba kuyacindezela kumandla oku? njenge- slurry kanye nomhlabathi ozungezile. Izinhlelo zokucubungula i-slurry—okuhlanganisa imithombo, ama-centrifuge, nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa—ziphatha ukujula kwegazi lokumba, ubunzima, nokwakheka kwegazi ukuze zigcine ukujula kokukhukhula futhi kube lula ukwehlukanisa iziphambeko. Izikhala zokuhlukanisa, ama-centralizers, nezinhlelo zokuphatha ama-reinforcement cage ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimbobo zifakwe kahle kanye nemibono efanele phakathi kwezimbiwa eziyinhloko nezizimele. Imishini yokuhlola nezinsiza zokuhlola ilandelela izimo ze-slurry, ukuhlelwa kwezimbiwa, nokuthuthuka kokuhlala kwangaphambili ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulandelana kokwakha. Izigaba zomshini ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kwezingxenye ezihambisanayo zifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokuhola ezimechanical nezihlikihlekile, izitshalo zokucubungula i-bentonite slurry ezinokugeleza okuhlukeneyo, izinhlelo zokuhlola nge-ultrasonic nezemoto ukuze kube nokuhamba kwezimbiwa, ama-tremie pipelines nezinsiza zokuhlola ukuze kube nokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi, izinhlelo zokusebenzisa izigaba zefom zempahla, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakamisa noma izinhlelo zokuqinisa ezizindlini ezedlula izindonga ezijwayelekile. Imishini yokuhlola isikhathi sokuphilisa—esebenzisa ama-ultrasonic pulse velocity noma ukukala okushisa—ivumela izinqumo ezisekelwe kwisayensi mayelana nesikhathi sokufakwa kwezimbiwa, yehlisa izikhathi zokwenza ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo. Izikhalazo zokukhetha izinhlelo ezihambisanayo zinqunywa ubukhulu bedonga, ububanzi bezimbobo, ubude bedonga obudingekayo, izimo zomhlabathi ne-surface water, izincazelo zengilazi, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Umklamo wedonga wokuhola kufanele uhambisane nezinhlelo eziphezulu zokucindezela kumazinga aphakeme wokuqhamuka. Ukuhlola kokuhlanza i-slurry kumele kuhambisane nezinga lokumba ngenkathi kugcinwa ubukhulu obubhalisiwe ne-viscosity. Izinhlelo zokuhlela kufanele ziqinisekise ukujolisa okuhambisana nezidingo zokudlulisa umthwalo wesakhiwo, ngokuvamile ±50 mm phezulu kwedonga. Izinga elihambisana nemigomo elawulayo ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwezingxenye ezihambisanayo lifaka phakathi i-EN 1538 (odonga lwe-diaphragm), i-ISO 6930 (izakhiwo ze-slurry), i-DIN 1045 (ukungaguquki kwe-concrete), kanye ne-API RP 65 (imisebenzi yenkundla). Izindinganiso ze-European ne-ISO zimisela izincazelo ezincane zomklamo we-slurry, ukujolisa kwesakhiwo sodonga lokuhola, izinqubo zokuhlanganiswa kwe-tremie, nezinhlelo zokuhlola ikhwalithi phakathi nezinyathelo zokwakha ezisekelwayo.