Ukuphusha ama-pile kubonisa indlela ebalulekile yokwakha izisekelo lapho ama-pile efakwa noma e-vibrated phansi, ephusha umhlaba ophakathi nendawo esikhundleni sokuwukhipha. Le ndlela ifaka phakathi ukuphusha okujulile, lapho yonke i-volumu ye-pile iphonsa umhlaba, kanye nokuphusha okungaphelele, lapho izingxenye ezithile ze-pile zibanga ukuphusha kanti ezinye zingavuma ukuhamba komhlaba. Ng kontektthi yokwakhiwa kwezisekelo ezijulile, ukuphusha ama-pile kusebenza njengendlela eyisisekelo yokudlulisela imithwalo yokwakha kumasondo omhlaba athuthukile noma emhlabeni onamatshe, kwenza kube kubalulekile kumaphrojekthi asuka ezakhiweni ezincane kuya ezithuthukisweni ezinkulu zamabhizinisi nezimboni. Le ndlela ibalulekile ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhala noma ezikhathazekile ngokwemvelo, njengoba inciphisa ukumbiwa okungadingeki futhi yehlisa ukuphazamiseka kwendawo uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokwakha ezahlukene. Ukuphumelelisa ukuphusha ama-pile kuhlanganisa izindlela eziningana ezithuthukisiwe, ngayinye efanelekile ngezimo zomhlaba ezithile kanye nezidingo zephrojekthi. Ukuphusha okuqhutshwa, okuyindlela ejwayelekile yokuphusha, kusebenzisa ama-hammer adlulisayo, ama-hammer e-vibratory, noma ama-press rigs ukufaka ama-pile acatshangelwe ngaphambilini, ama-H-beams ensimbi, noma izingxenye ze-tubular emhlabeni. Izinhlelo zokuphusha ezivibratory zenza ama-vibration enzakalayo aphezulu aphucule ukuhamba komhlaba futhi akhulule ukufakwa kwe-pile ngenkathi kugcinwa izimiso zokuphusha komhlaba. Ama-pile anama-helical extensions amelela enye indlela yokuphusha, ikakhulukazi esimisweni somhlaba esihlanganayo nasemhlabeni soft lapho ama-pile ajwayelekile angena khona. Ukukhetha phakathi kokuphusha okuphelele nokuphusha okungaphelele kuncike ezimweni zomhlaba, ezimeni zamanzi angaphansi, kanye nezidingo zokukhulisa imithwalo, nokuphusha okuphelele kuvame ukuhlinzeka ngokwengeziwe kokuphatha ezindaweni ezithambile kanti ukuphusha okungaphelele kuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezihle ezindaweni ezinobubanzi noma ezinzima lapho ukuphusha okuphelele kungenza ukudlula emhlabeni okweqile. Ukuphusha ama-pile kutholakala ezimeni ezihlukahlukene zokwakha lapho izisekelo ezijula zesiko zibonakala zingasizi. Ekuthuthukiseni komuzi, lapho izakhiwo ezikhona nezinsiza eziphansi ziphinde zicele ukuphuma isikhathi sokumbiwa, ama-pile aphushwayo ahlinzeka ngezixazululo ezifanele ezine ukuphazamiseka okuncane kwendawo. Amathuba omphakathi nemprojekthi eziphansi ziye zisebenzise ukuphusha ama-pile ngenxa yokusebenza kwaso ezimweni zomhlaba ezixhunywe kahle nezithambile. Izikhungo zezimboni, amabhuloho, kanye nezakhiwo eziningi zibhala ama-pile aphushwayo uma zisebenza emhlabeni onobubanzi, amangqamuzana okhululekile, noma izinqamuleli ezithambile eziphelezela ama-strata aphandelekile afanele. Le ndlela ibonisa ukuthi ibalulekile ezindaweni zasebrownfield eziphazamisekile ngenxa yokuthi ukususwa komhlaba kungaholela ezinkingeni ezifika emthethweni, njengoba ukuphusha ama-pile kugwema ukususa okukhulu ngenkathi kufinyelela ubude obudingekayo bokudlulisela imithwalo. Izimo zomhlaba ezifanelekile ukuphusha ama-pile zifaka phakathi izinto ezi-soft clays, silts, amsand ekhululekile kuya emaphakathi, kanye nemiphongolo ye-alluvial ephuphiwe lapho ukufakwa kwe-pile kungafinyelelwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okungaphezu. Ezindaweni ezinamadwala, ukuphusha ama-pile kungase kubangele ukuhamba komhlaba okuqhamukayo nokuvibrations okuningi, okudingayo ukuhlela kahle nokuhlola. Izindawo eziyindali kanye nezimvula ezinemivimbo emincane zihlala ziphendula kahle ezindleleni zokuphusha, kanye nezikhathi zokubeka ezilindelekayo nokuphathwa kwemithwalo. Amakhampasi amanje okuphusha ama-pile asebenzisa ukuhlola okwenzehlayo ngokurekhodha imiphumela yokubeka nokushaywa, kuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi aqinisekise ukufaka okufanele nokuthola imithwalo efanele. Indlela yokuphusha ama-pile ithathwa njengeyisisekelo kumkhakha wesimanje wezisekelo ezijulile, ihlanganisa ukwethembeka kokufakwa okuqinisekisiwe kanye nezindlela ezisebenzayo zokudlulisela imithwalo ezihlangabezana nezidingo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokwakha ezinjiniyela ezikhathini zanamuhla.
U-Full Displacement Piling (FDP) nge-Expander Body umele indlela ye-technology yokwakha izisekelo ethuthukisiwe ehlanganisa amathuluzi aphakeme ukuze kudalwe amapali anomthwalo ophakeme ngokwenza ukunyakaza komhlabathi okukhethiwe esikhundleni sokumba. Le ndlela ethize yokwakha amapali isebenzisa i-expander body — imishini yokwandisa esebenza ngokuqhuba ngokomshini noma ngempahla ye-hydraulic elayishiwe ku-auger ejikile — ukuze ikhiphe umhlaba ngendlela ejolile njengoba i-auger ihamba phansi. Njengoba i-expander body ihluleka ngesikhathi sokungena, ithumela umhlaba ngaphandle, ibopha umhlabathi ozungezile futhi idala ikholomu enekhono eliphakeme lokuthwala. Le ndlela yokukhipha umhlaba isebenza kahle ikakhulu emhlabeni onokuhlanganiswa kanye nezimo zomhlaba ezihlanganisiwe lapho izindlela zokwakha amapali okujwayelekile zingase zingabi nezinzuzo ezinhle noma zingabizi. Le ndlela ihlanganisa izinzuzo zokwakha amapali angenasikhala kanye ne-expansion, inikela ngokwengeziwe ekusabalaleni komthwalo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuzinza komhlaba endaweni yesixhumi phakathi kwepali nomhlabathi. Izindlela ze-FDP nge-expander body zifaka inqubekela phambili ehlelekile ngezimiso zomhlaba ezinesikhumbuzo okuqhubekayo abakhiqizi abaqapha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukujula okufanele kanye nokucindezela komhlabathi. I-expander body ibhekwa ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, ivumela ukulawulwa okunembile kwezinga lokunyakaza komhlaba futhi iqinisekisa ukwakheka okufanele kwepali kusuka kubona kuya phezulu. Le ndlela yokukhipha umhlaba esilawulwayo inciphisa kakhulu izingozi zokuhlama futhi yehlisa kakhulu ukunyakaza komhlaba uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokukhishwa ezijwayelekile, iyenza ibe nzima kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nakwezinye izindawo ezithintekayo lapho ukuhamba komhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu. Le ndlela ikwenza kahle kakhulu emathoyeni anesisindo, izimayini eziqinile, nezindawo ezicebile zomhlaba, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kokufanele kwepali kuyadingeka ukuze kuzuze ukusebenza kwezisekelo ezijulile. Izicelo ze-Full Displacement Piling nge-Expander Body zifaka izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomkhakha wokwakha okuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezinamazinga amaningi, izikhungo zezimboni, ama-tower wezokuxhumana, izisekelo zezimboni zomoya, nezinhlelo ezibalulekile zezakhiwo. Le ndlela ibonakala ikhethekile kwezemisebenzi yokulungisa umhlaba ongcolile kanye nezicelo zemvelo lapho ukunciphisa ukungakhululeki komhlaba kubalulekile. Izincazelo zom kagamitan zokuphatha i-FDP zifaka izinsiza ezikhethekile zokujikijela ezine-mecanisms ye-expander body, ezikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamandla alawulwayo kanye nenqubo evundlile ngenkathi kulawulwa uhlelo lokwandisa komshini. Izinhlelo zokubheka eziphakeme zilandela ubunjalo be-pali, izinga lokunyakaza komhlaba, nezinga lokudlidliza komhlaba, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezincazelo zemvelo nezokwakha phakathi nenqubo yokufaka. Izimo zomhlaba ezifanele kakhulu i-FDP nge-expander body zifaka umhlaba wezigaba ezihlukahlukene, izithako eziqinile ukuya kumazinga aphezulu kwezimayini ezincane ezineziqu ezihlanganisiwe, kanye nezindawo ezihlanganisayo eziveza ubuso obunzima. Ukuguquguquka kwale ndlela kokuhambisana nezimo zomhlaba, kuhlangene nokukwazi kwayo kokufinyelela emasikweni aphezulu ebhange ledemokhasi ngokwenza umhlaba ube phansi, kuyisixazululo esiphakeme sokwakha izisekelo kukho konke ukubaluleka kwezobuchwepheshe. Ingeniera ibeka i-FDP nge-expander body quando izidingo zokuklama zidinga ukusebenza komthwalo okuqinisekisiwe, ukunciphisa ukuhamba, ukuphuma komhlaba okulawulwayo, kanye nezindlela zokwakha eziqhubekelayo ezihlonipha izinkinga zemvelo kanye nezakhiwo eziseduze.
Ukubhola kwe-rotary ngepiphu ebonileyo iyinsiza ekhethekile yokuphucula ukwakha isisekelo esijulile, ihlanganisa izindlela zokubhola ze-rotary nezindlela zokufaka ikhephu ezihlala njalo. Kulomsebenzi, ipipi lensimbi elingaphakathi nelokhu elinokugqoka elikhethekile liphumelelwa emhlabeni, liphumeza izendlalelo ezahlukene zomhlabathi ngokuqhubekayo nokuqinisa phansi. Isici esihlukile salolu hlobo lokusebenza sikhona kumkhankaso we- "lost-tip," lapho umphetho wokugaya uhlukaniswa futhi uhlala emhlabeni emanzini aphezulu, kanti ikhephu lensimbi lisebenza njengengxenye yesakhiwo esiqinile esihlala endaweni ngaphakathi kokukhula. Le ndlela ikhlele kakhulu emisebenzini ye-geotechnical engineering lapho izimo zomhlabathi zidinga kokubili izinzuzo zokuphucula ukwakha nokwesekwa kwesakhiwo okuhlala njalo okuvela ezinhlelweni ezihlanganisiwe. Izinsiza zokubhola ze-rotary zisebenzisa amandla kanye nomthwalo ophakathi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuvumela umphakathi wokugaya ukuba ungene kahle ezindaweni zomhlabathi ezinzima, imicibisholo eqinile, kanye nezimo zomhlaba ezihlanganisiwe ezingase zibe nokuqina kwendlela yokubhola ejwayelekile. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemvelo kwendlela yokwakha le kwenza kube nokunciphisa ukuphela kokukhishwa komhlabathi, kunciphisa izidingo zokuphathwa kwezilayidi futhi kuqinisekise ukuzinza komhlaba phakathi nenqubo yokufaka, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ezindaweni ezimaphakathi zasemadolobheni nasemathafeni anezakhiwo ezithintekayo. Uhlelo lwepiphu oluphumelelwe lwasebenza ngochungechunge olwakhelwe kahle lokubhola, ukuhanjiswa, nezinyathelo zokufaka ezihlala njalo. Izinsiza zokwakha ezijwayelekile ezinemikhono ephezulu ziqhubekela phansi njalo ipipi elingama-hollow lishumayela kakhulu emhlabeni, kanti imikhono yephipi ivamile ukuhlanganiswa ngezixhumi ze-mechanical noma ezigoqiwe njengoba umhlabathi ukhuluma. Umkhankaso we-lost-tip usebenza njengohlelo lokuhlukanisa olulawulwa oluhlukanisa emanzini aphezulu akhethiwe, kuvumela ikhephu elingemuva ukuba liqhubeke nezinyathelo zokufaka ezibalulekile ngokwemigomo. Uma umphetho wokugaya uhlukaniswa, ipipi elingama-hollow liqhubeka nokuphuma emhlabathini imibono ye-lateral engasiza ngokushesha ezenzakalweni zomhlabathi futhi lisebenze njengemfundiso eqinile yokufaka ingaphezulu le-concrete noma i-grout. Le ndlela ibhekela ama-profiles ahlukahlukene emhlabeni, kusuka ezindaweni ezihlanganisiwe ukuya ezindaweni ezinzima ezingama-graular kanye nephunga lamadwala, okwenza kufanele izimo ezihlukahlukene ze-geotechnical ezibhekene nezindawo ezihlukahlukene zokwakha. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezobuchwepheshe bokubhola kwe-rotary nezimiso zokuphucula ukwakha kuvumela abathengisi ukuthola izinga lokufaka elishesha ngenkathi kugcinwa ikhwalithi ephakeme nokuma okucacile kwezidingo zesakhiwo. Izicelo zokubhola kwe-rotary ngepiphu ebonileyo zikhula kabanzi ezinhlelweni zokwakha izindlu, ezokuhweba, kanye nezokwakha izinqubo ezidinga izinhlelo zesibaseko ezijulile ezinezimfuno eziqinile zezehlakalo. Izinzuzo ezihlukahlukene zokwakha izakhiwo eziningi, amabhuloho, izikhungo zezimboni, kanye nezakhiwo ezikhethekile zenza kube nemiphumela ephumelelayo yokufaka ikhephu elihlala njalo kanye nemiphumela yokuhanjiswa komhlabathi okuphakeme. Le ndlela ikhethekile ikhlele ezindaweni lapho ukuhamba nokukhala kwendabuko kuyala ezindlela zokushaya ezivamile, inikezela ukusebenza okuthule kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphindwe kwepiling ngenkathi kuqhubekwa izithako ezifanayo noma ezithuthukile zokuphatha umthwalo. Ukuhlola okuphumelelayo kwe-geotechnical kanye nokukhetha kahle izinsiza kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhle ezimeni zomhlaba ezahlukene, nezifundo ezimbalwa zendlela yokubhola zikhombisa ubukhulu obukhulu, isikhala, nezidingo zemigqa. Abathengisi abasebenzisa le ndlela yokwakha bangakha ukwakha okuphumelelayo kwemhlaba nokudlulisa umthwalo kumathafa ajulile aphumayo ngenkathi bephatha kahle izimo zemvelo nezokusebenza.
Ukubhoboza okujolile nge-thick-core augers kumela indlela ehlukile ngaphakathi kwesigaba sokufaka izikhonkwane, kusetshenziswa ama-augers ahlale ehlanganyela anemigqa emikhulu yokugaya ukuze kubhujiswe ama-bore holes ngenkathi kuqhubekayo kudluliswe umhlaba ngasohlangothini kwi-grond ezizungezile. Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukunemba kokubhoboza okujolile nezinzuzo zokwenza ngcono umhlaba ezitholakala kuma-sistimu wokufaka izikhonkwane, ukwenza kube nezindleko ezinkulu emsebenzini wokwakha izisekelo ezijulile lapho ukuqiniswa komhlaba kanye nesidingo sokukhulisa umoya okuncane kuyizidingo zomsebenzi. Ukuklama kwe-thick-core auger kuvumela abaqondisi ukuba basebenze ezimweni zomhlaba ezinzima kuhlanganisa izihlahla eziyinkimbinkimbi, izigayo, namazinga omhlaba ahlanganisiwe lapho izindlela zokubhoboza ezivamile zingase zingaphumeleli noma zibe neziphumo ezingezinhle emvelweni. Ukuphumelelisa ukhetho loku bukhulu nge-thick-core augers kuhilela ukuhamba kwezimoto zokubhoboza ezikhethekile ezihlanganisiwe nezikhangiweyo ezithanda ukuphungula amandla okujontabela okuphumela. Njengoba i-auger ijolile futhi ifaka ngaphakathi, impahla yomhlaba iqhosha ngendiza ye-auger futhi idluliselwa ngasohlangothini kwi-formation ezizungezile, iqhubelela umhlaba owengeziwe bese iphucula amandla awo wokuphatha. Le nto yokukhulula iveza ukuwujonga bese ibonisa le ndlela iphakeme kakhulu kunezindlela zokubhoboza ezingenamphumela zokukhulula umhlaba futhi idala umhlaba oqinile oqhakazile eduze nesikhumbuzo se-pile. Ukuhlelwa kwe-thick-core kwe-auger kuhlomula ngokuziqhenya futhi ukuchitha kahle, kuvumela ukufaka ezindaweni eziphucukile nezibonakaliswayo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhudlwana noma ukuphazamiseka komhlaba. Imikhuba yokukhipha ilandela izinga elilawulwayo lokuthatha emuva ngenkathi ijolile, iqinisekisa ubunjalo be-pile obuphindaphindayo kanye nokufaka umhlaba okufanele ngokujulile kwesikhumbuzo se-pile. Ukubhoboza okujolile nge-thick-core augers kuveza kahle kakhulu emhlabathini ophumayo naseziqhagwini ezitholakalayo ukusuka kumazinga wendawo onenqwaba yesihlabathi esijulile ukuya ku-clays aqinile nezinhlu ezihlanganisiwe ezivame ukubonwa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nezimboni. Le ndlela ibhalwe kahle ezindaweni ezinokungena okuphikisayo lapho ukulawulwa kwezinhlayiya nokuphuma okuncane kwemakethe kuyizidingo zokwakhiwa noma imithetho ethile. Izicelo zihlanganisa izisekelo zeziphakamiso, izakhiwo zokwakha eziningi, amaphrojekthi wezokwakha kuhlanganisa amasevisi nezindlela zokuhamba, kanye nezisekelo zezimboni ezidinga amandla okuphatha aphezulu. Imephu yokukhulula umhlaba ethile kule ndlela ivame ukukhiqiza ukufinca okuhle kakhulu kokuphathwa nokukhuphula ukoma kwezenzakalo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinketho ezibhokwe, okuguqula kube ukuhamba okuthuthukisiwe kokuthwala umthwalo nokunciphisa ubude bezikhonkwane ezingama-foundation ezifanayo. Izidingo zezimoto zifaka ama-piling rigs asezingeni eliphakathi nelesikhulu anemibono efanelekile, amafulegi we-auger ahlelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba nomhlaba nokucindezela, kanye nezinsiza ezihambisanayo zokubhoboza kuhlanganisa amabhari aqinile e-kelly kanye nezihloko zokuphungulayo. Izinsiza zokusebenza zifaka phakathi izinqubo zokuphathwa kwamanzi ezincishisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokubhoboza ezimanzi, ukulawula okuthuthukile kwezimo zomhlaba ngokubhekelwa okuhle kokuphungula nokuhamba, kanye nomphumela ophansi emvelweni ngokukhulisa umhlaba esikhundleni sokukhipha umfanekiso. Le ndlela yokufaka izikhonkwane eklamayo iyaqhubeka nokuthola ukwamukelwa phakathi kwabakhi bezisekelo abafuna izindlela ezilawulwayo, ezisebenzayo, nezilungile emvelweni zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile ezihambisana nezimo zomhlaba ezahlukahlukene nezidingo zomsebenzi.
Uhlelo lokufaka izigaba zokuphuma luhlobo olulodwa lwezindlela zokwakha ezijulile ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni kwanamuhla ukuze kudluliselwe yük structural kuma-strata anokwenza. Imishini yezehlakalo yokuphuma ibandakanya amathuluzi akhethekile, amasistimu, nemishini esekelayo ebalulekile ukuze kuqhutshekwe nezinhlelo zokuphuma okuphelele nendawo. Le nkalo ifaka phakathi abakleaders bephayili, izikhombisi, ama-tamplate, ama-hammers e-sonic kanye ne-vibratory, amasistimu abakleader, imishini yokuphusha, nezinsiza zokuhlola ezisebenzisana nomshini omkhulu wokushaya noma ukufaka ama-phayili. Lezi zinhlelo ezisizayo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuma kwephayili okuqondile, ukuqinisekisa ukutholwa okuqinisekile, ukulawula izinga lokufaka, nokuphatha ukuphendula komhlaba ngesikhathi senqubo yokufaka ama-phayili. Ezinhlelweni zezakhiwo zomhlaba eziqala kwizisekelo zezakhiwo, izinkanyezi zezilimi, izinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo nezinsiza ezisemanzini, ukusabalala okufanele kwemishini elondoloziwe kuthinta kahle izikhathi zephrojekthi, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko, kanye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo. Izindlela zokuphuma zihluka kakhulu ngokuya ngezimo zomhlabathi, izidingo zephrojekthi, kanye nezincazelo zokuqamba. Ama-phayi ama-open-ended, H-piles, ama-box piles, kanye nama-pipes piles ngokuvamile afakwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokushaya, ukudlidliza, noma ze-sonic, ngalinye lidinga amasistimu asekelayo aphephethwe. Kuma-phayili ashaywayo, abakleaders bephayili abazinzile bagcina ukufanisa okuqondile futhi bavikela ikhava yephayili ngesikhathi kokuphazamiseka, kanti amasistimu afanayo avikela izinhlangothi zephayili ezihlobene nezinhlelo ezinzima. Izinhlelo zokuphusha zinciphisa ukumelana kokushaya ezindaweni ezinzima zempango kanye nama-clays aqinile ngokusebenzisa ama-jet amanzi aphezulu ezindaweni ezizungezile zomgqa wephayili, kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kokushaya futhi kwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ama-frames wokuphendula, ama-tamplate, nezinhlelo zokubeka kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhamba kwephayili kuqondile okuqakathekile ezisekelweni ezinzima ezinama-phayili amaningi. Imishini yokuhlola ngesikhathi sangempela okubandakanya ama-accelerometers, ama-strain gauges, nezinhlelo zokuhlola ukujula kwamapheyili ivumela abaphakeli ukuba baqinisekise ukukwazi kwephayili, bahlola izendlalelo zomhlabathi, futhi baqinisekise ikhwalithi yephayili ngesikhathi nasekuphethweni kokufaka. Ukuhlolwa kwezimo zomhlabathi ngokusebenzisa izilinganiso zokumelana kokushaya ama-phayili kanye nezivivinyo zokuhlola umthwalo ovinjelwe ne-dynamic kuqinisekisa izifundo zokwakha nokweseka izinqubo ezinzima zokuhlola ikhwalithi. Izicelo zokusebenza kwezimishini ezisizayo zokuphuma zigcobe ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene zokwakha nezimo ze-geological. Izindawo ezithuthukisiwe zendawo zidinga abakleaders bephayili kanye nezinhlelo zokuphusha ukuze zinciphise ukudlidliza nokwakha ngenkathi kugcinwa isivinini sokufaka. Izithombe zomhlabathi eziyinkinga ezihlanganisa izendlalelo ezihambelanayo zempango, i-clay, kanye nepheshana zibiza izinhlelo zokuhlola ezithuthukisiwe nezokuphendula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Izindawo ze-seismic kanye nezindawo ezinezimvula ezinzima zidinga imishini yokubeka exhumene nenqubo yokwakhiwa, eqinisekisa izincazelo zokubeka ama-phayili eziyisisekelo ukuze kuboniswe ubuqotho benhlangano. Izisekelo zasemanzini ne-estuaries, izindawo ze-permafrost, nezinhlelo zokulungisa umhlaba owonakele ziqhubeka nezidingo ezithile zemishini ezisizayo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwemvelo okuholela ezindleleni zokufaka ezine-vibration ephansi kanye ne-noise ephansi ngokwandisa izindlela ze-sonic ne-vibratory ezisekelwa ngamasistimu akhethekile anhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthinta komhlaba nezinto zemvelo. Abaphakeli abasebenza ezindaweni eziningi ze-geological, izinhlobo zephrojekthi, nezindawo zesimo sezulu banethemba kumakhasimende aphelele ezinkampani ukuze bagcine ukusebenza kahle nezindleko ezihambisana nokuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zamakhasimende nezokulawulwa.
Ithuluzi elibizwa nge-Cluster DTH displacement piling limelela indlela ethuthukisiwe yokwakha imikhakha emikhulu lapho izimbobo eziningi zikhunjulwa phansi ziqhuba eduze ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo lwe-base olwedlule. Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwetekhnoloji ye-DTH hammer drilling kanye nomgomo we-displacement piling, lapho inqubo yokukhuhla ibhucungela umhlabathi ngokuhlanganyela futhi ihlola umhlabathi ezungeze umjikelezo wezimbobo. Ngokwehlukile kokwakha okujwayelekile kwepile noma i-diaphragm wall, i-cluster DTH piling inikeza izinto ezinkulu ngokweziqu zokulawula ukuvuvukala, ukunciphisa umsindo, nokukhawulela kumasayithi asezindaweni ezikhanyayo. Le ndlela ibalulekile kakhulu kumaphrojekthi enjineli ye-geotechnical lapho i-piling ejwayelekile yokuphakanyiswa ingase ibe yinkinga ngenxa yezithiyo zemvelo noma izimo zomhlaba ezidinga ukulawulwa kahle kokuhamba komhlabathi nokuzinzelekile. Ukuphumelelisa i-cluster DTH displacement piling kudinga amathuluzi akhethekile kufaka phakathi izinkanyezi eziphezulu ze-down-the-hole ezihlanganiswe nezikhwepha zomoya noma eziphathekayo, izinhlelo zokumisa ezihlanganisiwe, kanye nezinsiza zokuphakamisa izinto zokwakha ze-slurry noma okutremie. Le ndlela yokuhlanganisa ihilela ukusika izimbobo eziningi ngokubala kahle ubude—ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-1.0 no-2.0 amamitha—ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba komhlabathi okuhle nokudluliswa komthwalo phakathi kwe-shaft ezakhele. Inqubo yokukhuhla idala ukuhamba okuqhubekayo komhlabathi phakathi kwezimbobo, okwandisa ingcindezi ye-lateral ezindaweni ezizungezile futhi kufinyelela ubuningi obuphezulu kuhlelo lwezikhukhula. Abasebenzi kumele bagcine ukulawula ngokucophelela ubude, bahlolisise izimo zokukhuhla ezifana no pressure lomoya kanye nesivinini sokuzungezisa, futhi bahlanganyele nabakwenzi bomhlaba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvinjwa komhlabathi okuhle. Le teknoloji ikakhulukazi iyasebenza emhlabathini ohlanjululiwe, i-sand esheshayo, kanye nezimpahla ezixubile lapho izinzwa zokuhamba zibandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kwemveliso yokuphatha ngaphandle kokufuna ukwelashwa komhlaba okukhulu. I-cluster DTH displacement piling ifanele kahle kumaphrojekthi axhumene nezakhiwo ezithintekayo, izinhlelo zokubuyisela emuva ezindaweni ezakhiwe, kanye nezindawo ezinezidingo ezinzima zesayensi yomhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kufaka phakathi izikhunta zezilwandle, izakhiwo zomgwaqo, izisekelo zezimboni, ukwakhiwa kwama-high-rise, nezinhlelo zokusebenza zamandla avuselelekayo lapho kunandaba kakhulu ukwakheka komthwalo okuqinile okuphumelela ngokuncane kokwaziswa kokuvuvukala. Le ndlela ibonakala ikwazi kahle ezindaweni ze-alluvial, umhlabathi we-lacustrine, kanye nezindawo zolwandle lapho i-piling ejwayelekile ingaholela ekubeni umehluko omkhulu noma izinkinga zokuhlanganiswa. Izinzuzo zemvelo—ukunciphisa umsindo, ukuvuvukala, nokungcoliswa komoya uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokuxhumana ezijwayelekile—zenza i-cluster DTH displacement piling ithandwa kakhulu emaphrojekthini okuthuthukisa izindawo ezikhulayo nemigwaqo enezimo zemvelo ezithintekayo. Uhlaka lwe-cluster luthuthukisa kokubili ukusebenza kwemali kanye nezobuchwepheshe ngokusabalalisa imithwalo yokwakha phakathi kwezikhukhula ezihlobene kakhulu ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka komhlaba nokugcina isikhathi sephrojekthi sikhona. Ukuphumelelisa kudinga uphenyo olunembile lwe-geotechnical, ukuhlaziywa kokukhuhla komhlabathi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinjini ezithathela phezulu kwemisebenzi yokuhamba, ukuthuthukiswa kokuphatha, kanye nezibikezelo zokwakhiwa. Le ndlela ibamba ngempumelelo nezinsiza zamuva kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola, ivumela ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi ngesikhathi sokukhuhla futhi inikeze idatha engahlukanisiwe ekukhishweni kokuphatha nasekuqondeni kungabi nakuhlupheka kokuqinisekisa kuya ekwakhiweni nasekuqinisekisweni kwemibhalo.
Izinhlaka ze-cluster DTH (down-the-hole) zenza ukufana okuhambisanayo kwemishini yokuphakamisa ngesikhathi sokwakha amaphakheji, lapho ama-DTH hammers amaningi asebenza ngokubambisana ukuze adlulisise amaphakheji emhlabeni. Le ndlela ikakhulukazi iyasebenza ekwakheni izisekelo ezijulile ezimweni ze-geotechnical ezinzima, lapho amandla aphezulu ahlanganisiwe amahammers amaningi akhuphula ukuhamba kwephakheji ngenkathi kugcinwa ukulawulwa kanye nezinga eliqondile. Indlela ye-cluster ivumela abakhiqizi ukuhambisa ukukhiqiza emaphrojekthini amakhulu ezisekelweni ngenkathi bephendukela ezahlukweni ezahlukene zomhlabathi, ukusuka ezMaterial eziyi-granular eziqine kuye ezikhalweni ze-clay eziqinile ezibhekana neziphindaphindayo ezinzima ezimethodhi zokufakwa kwe-hammer eyodwa. Ukwakhiwa kwephakheji okusebenzisa ama-hammers e-cluster DTH kufaka phakathi ukudonsa amaphakheji ensimbi phansi ngokuqinile, kushiya umhlabathi ezikhaleni nasemhlabeni njengoba iphakheji ihamba emhlabeni. Le ndlela yokuphakamisela ikhiqiza umphumela omkhulu wokuxhumana nokuqina, ikakhulukazi ezimithini ezihlangene nezihlanganisiwe lapho ukuphazamiseka nokuphindaphinda komhlaba ozungezile kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwephakheji. Izilawuli ze-cluster ivamise ukuhlanganisa ama-hammers e-DTH amaningi asebenza ngaleso sikhathi noma kwi-sequences ehlelekile, efakwe kumajikijolo ahlome ngezinsiza ezinzima nezinhlelo zokuhola ezikwazi ukuphatha izidingo zamandla aphezulu kanye nezikhukhula ezihlobene nokusebenza kwe-hammer eyodwa. Imvamisa yokucindezela, amandla okuphazamisa, kanye nengcindezi ye-hammer kucushwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuhlangabezane nezimo zomhlabathi ezithile, ifom yephakheji, nezidingo zomthwalo wesakhiwo ohlelweni lwezisekelo olwakhiwayo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezilawuli ze-cluster DTH zifaka phakathi amaphrojekthi amakhulu we-infrastructure afaka phakathi izivikelo zomgwaqo nezemizila, izisekelo zezimvula, izikhungo zezimboni, kanye nentuthuko ye-high-rise yokuhweba edinga amandla amakhulu okuthwala ezimeni ze-geological ezinzima. Le teknoloji ibaluleke kakhulu lapho kusungulwa amaphakheji amakhulu noma anokwakheka okuqinile emhlabeni okwakhiwe ngezimo ezihlanganisayo, ama-cobbles, iziqhumiso, noma ezinye izinto ezivimbela ezizokwenza izindlela zokuphakela ezijwayelekile zibe nzima. Abakhiqizi bathola izinzuzo zokuhlangabezana nezikhathi zokufakwa kwephakheji ezishesha uma kuqhathaniswa nemishini ye-hammer eyodwa ejwayelekile, izikhathi zokuphothula umphakathi ezinciphile, kanye nokuphuculwa kokusebenza kwezindleko emaphrojekthini lapho izinhlelo zezisekelo zifaka amamitha ambalwa noma ikhulu lemetre yokuphakela. Indlela ye-cluster iphinde inikeze ukuphindaphinda kanye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza, ivumela ukuhlela kabusha kwemishini noma ukunciphisa okwesikhashana ukuze kusebenze i-hammer eyodwa uma izimo zomhlaba zidinga ukulungiswa, kuqinisekisa impendulo elungisekile kumashintsho angalindelekile ngaphakathi kokusetshenziswa kohlelo lokuphakela.
Izithako ze-drill string zenza ingqikithi ebalulekile nezokusebenza zomsebenzi wamanje wokufaka ama-piling ngokuhambisana, zisebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko yokuxhumana kwezimboni phakathi kwemishini yokubhoboza kanye nomhlaba ophakanyisiwe. Lezi zingxenye ezinobuchwepheshe zisebenza ngokuhlanganyela ne-drilling rigs ezirotary noma ezivibratory ukuze zidalwe ama-bored piles, ama-continuous flight auger (CFA) piles, nezinye izixazululo ezifakwe ukwakhiwa okusekelwe ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ze-geological. Izithako ze-drill string ziqukethe uhla olubanzi lwezithako ezihlanganisa ama-hollow stem augers, ama-drill rods, ama-kelly bars, ukuhlanganiswa, ama-casings, kanye nezicucu zokwandisa, ngayinye ikhethelwe ukumelana nesixuku esikhulu, ukulayisha kwezindleko, kanye nomthwalo ophakanyiswa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwemifulelo ejulile. Uhlaka nokwakheka kwezithako ze-drill string kuphakathi komphumela wokusebenza kobhubhiso, ubuqiniso be-pile, kanye nesikhathi esiphelele sephrojekthi, okwenza ukukhetha kahle nokugcina kubalulekile kubakhiqizi be-fundations abasebenza ezimakethe ezinqwabelene. Umklamo osebenzayo wezithako ze-drill string kumele uqinisekise izidingo ezithile zezindlela zokufaka imikhono, ezicaciswe ngendlela yokuhlanza umhlaba ukuze zidalwe amandla okuphatha aphezulu ngaphakathi komthombo wepile. Emathanjeni ahlangene afana ne-clay kanye ne-silt, izintambo zokubhoboza zenza ukuhamba okulawulwe ngokuhamba okulandelanayo noma okwethusi, kuyilapho ezindaweni ezinezinhlamvu ezifana ne-zikha izimpande nezivunguzayo, lezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukungena ngesikhathi ugcinwe izinga lendlela ye-borehole. Izimpawu zokusebenza zezithako ze-drill string—ukuhlanganiswa kokuphuma, amandla okuphakela, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala—zihlola ukuvikela ukungaphumeleli komsebenzi ngesikhathi eside. Izinto ezithuthukile ezifana nezinsimbi ze-alloy ezisezingeni eliphezulu zinikeza ukusebenza okungcono ezimeni zomhlaba eziyingozi, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezihlanganisiwe noma eziqukethe izithako ezikhemikhali lapho izincazelo ezijwayelekile zinganelisi. Abakhiqizi abasebenza ezimeni ezinobunzima, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezinezitobhi eziphezulu noma ezinemivimbo engakhethi, bathola inzuzo enkulu ezithakweni ze-drill string ezingakhethiwe ezakhelwe lezo zinda ze-geological ezithile. Izicelo zezithako ze-drill string zifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokwakha, ezokuhweba, nezokwakha izisombululo lapho ukufakwa kwe-piling kuthola izixazululo eziphumelelayo zokwakha ezijulile ngensizakalo ephansi yokuphahlazeka komhlaba. Abaklami be-fundation bakhetha izincazelo zezithako ze-drill string ngokusekelwe emiphakathini, ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi wombuso, amandla afunekayo we-pile, kanye nokutholakala kwe-rig, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhle ezimeni zomhlaba ezihlukene. Ezakhamuzini ezikhululekile lapho izithukuthuku kanye nezwi eliphezulu zithinta izindlela zokwakha, ukufaka ama-piling ngezithako ze-drill string ezihlosiwe kuhlinzeka ngokuphuma okusebenzayo kumasistimu we-pile abhekelela. Ubuqotho bezithako ze-drill string buphumeza abakhiqizi ukuba bafeze iziqondiso ezihlukahlukene zokwakha—kusuka ezindaweni ezikhanyayo eziphakanyisiwe ukuya kuzinhlelo ezikhalini eziyi-continuous flight auger—ngokwezidingo zephrojekthi. Izinqumo zokuthenga eziphathelene nezithako ze-drill string zithinta ngqo umnotho wephrojekthi, njengoba ukuvumelana kwemishini, ukwakhiwa, kanye nokutholakala kuthinta amazinga okusebenza ngosuku. Kubahlanganyeli bezimakethe emkhakheni wezinsiza zokwakha, ukuhlinzeka ngezixazululo eziphelele ze-drill string—including izithako zokubhoboza ezisemqoka kanye nezithako ezixhumana—kuchitha izinsiza futhi kuqinise isikhundla sokuncintisana. Izinqubo zokugcina eziphumelelayo, kuhlanganiswe nokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kokugqoka, ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso bemigqa, kanye nezinyathelo zokugcina ezivikelekile, zandisa impilo yemishini yokusebenza futhi zithuthukise izindleko zenkampani eziningi, zakha inani lokusebenza elide kubakhiqizi be-fundation abaphatha imiphakathi ejulile eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ama-compressor omoya we-diesel ayisixhobo esibalulekile sokuxhasa emisebenzini yokufaka izimbobo, ehlinzeka ngomoya ophakanyisiwe odingekayo ukushayela izinhlelo ze-pneumatic nemishini ezindaweni zokwakha izakhiwo. Emsebenzini wokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, ikakhulukazi ekufakeni izimbobo eziphelele nasezingxenye, lawa ma-compressor aseka ama-hammers okunyakaza, amathuluzi okucindezela, ukulawulwa kwe-pneumatic, nezinsiza ezixhasayo ezishayela inqubo yokufaka. Idizayini esebenzisa idizili inikeza ukuthwala nokuzimela ngaphandle kukagesi wombuso, okwenza kube kuhle ezindaweni zokwakha ezikude nasemisebenzini yesikhashana lapho ukufakwa kwezimbobo kwenziwa khona. Ama-compressor we-diesel anamuhla akhiqiza umoya ozinzile nocwaningo, eqinisekisa ukusebenza okuwemukelwa kokuxhaswa kwemishini kuyo yonke imijikelezo yokufaka izimbobo kanye nokugcina isivinini esijwayelekile esibalulekile kokubili ezindleleni zokufaka ezithintekayo nezokunyakaza. Ezicelo zokufaka izimbobo, ama-compressor omoya we-diesel ngokuvamile ahamba ukusuka ku-100 CFM kuya ku-500+ CFM, ngamazinga empahla phakathi kuka-100 no-150 PSI, kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izinsiza ze-pneumatic ezisebenzelwayo. Lawa ma-compressor abaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini yokufaka izimbobo eziphelele, lapho izimbobo ezivalwe zifakwe emhlabathini, nakwezinye izindlela zokufaka, lapho umhlabathi udayiselwa kancane futhi uvele. Indima ye-compressor ibanzi kakhulu kunezidingo zokuphakelwa komoya kuphela—ilawula ingcindezi kumakholi we-pneumatic, isebenzisa uhlelo lwezivalo ze-hydraulic, futhi iphakamisa izinsiza ezixhasayo ezifana nezinsiza zokubeka izimbobo nemishini yokukhubaza ama-hammer. Ukwakheka kwabo okuqinile kuvumela ukusebenza ezimweni zomhlabathi ezahlukahlukene, ukusuka kumazinga e-clay aphumile nangobudlabha kuya kumhlabathi we-granular nezinkalo ezihlanganisiwe, okwenza kube nezinhlobonhlobo ezihambelana nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokwakha umhlaba. Ama-compressor omoya we-diesel athola ukusetyenziswa okuningi emaphrojekthi ezisekelo ezijulile kuhlanganisa ukudalwa kwemigqomo, izakhiwo ezisebhankini, izikhungo zezimboni, nezisekelo zezakhiwo eziningi lapho ukufaka izimbobo kungumkhuba othenjwayo. Vamile ukuhlanganiswa nama-hammers ezimbobo ze-diesel kanye nabashayeli bokunyakaza, edala izinhlelo zokufaka ezihlanganisayo ezithumela amandla okushayisana noma okunyakaza adingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimbobo zijulile ngaphezu kwezindawo ezijulile, izinkanyezi ezinzima, nezimo zomhlabathi ezinzima. Ukuthwalwa kwe-compressor ye-diesel kusebenza ngokushesha kokuhamba nokuhamba kumazone amaningi, kuyilapho ukuzimela kwabo mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kwemfuyo kunciphisa izithiyo zokuhlela izikhathi zokwakha izakhiwo. Kubathengisi abaphumelele emisebenzini enkulu yokwakha ezisekelweni ezijulile, ama-compressor omoya we-diesel aqinisekile ahlinzeka ngesisekelo esibalulekile esithinta ngqo izikhathi zokujikeleza kokufaka izimbobo, isikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini, nokusebenza jikelele kwephrojekthi emsebenzini wokufaka izimbobo nokubhola okuthintekayo.
Imishini eyisiza yokuhanjiswa kwemigodi ye-cluster down-the-hole (DTH) ibalulekile emiphumeleni ye-modern yokufaka iziseko eziyindida ekwakhiweni kwesisekelo esijulile. Ukuhlelwa kwe-cluster DTH kusebenzisa ama-hammer amaningi ahlelwe eduze noma ngendlela ehlelekile ukuze kudluliselwe imigodi ngesikhathi esisodwa yokufaka ama-pile amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinzima ze-geotechnical. Imishini eyisiza esekela le misebenzi ifaka amathuluzi akhethekile, ama-adapter, ama-casing, ama-stabilizer, izinhlelo zokuhola amabhithi, nezingxenye ezisizayo ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kwemigodi, ziqinisekisa ukujolisa kwezigodi okuqondile, futhi zandisa ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza ezimweni zomhlaba eziyinselele. Lezi zinhlelo zokusekela zakhiwe ukuze zisebenze ngokuphelele nezinsiza zokuhamba ze-DTH ezisemqoka, ziphathe izidingo ezikhethekile ze-cluster lapho ama-drill strings amaningi esebenza eduze komunye nomunye ngenkathi kugcinwa ukujolisa kwezimbobo nemigomo yokuhlola yekhwalithi edingekayo yokufaka ama-pile nokusebenza kokunyakaza komhlaba. Imishini eyisiza esetshenziswa ezifundweni ze-cluster DTH ifaka ama-casing e-percussion aneziqondiso ezithuthukisiwe, ama-kelly bars angashintshi, ama-bit subs akhethekile, ukusakazwa kwamadivayisi okuhlinza, ama-centralizers, nemishini yokuzinza eyenzelwe ukuvimbela amandla alawulayo kanye nokuhlasela okujoliswe kumsebenzi we-multi-hammer ophakathi. Izingxenye ezengeziwe zifaka ama-tube okuhlanza, ama-manifold wokwabelana komoya, abaphathi benguquko, ama-casing oscillators, imishini yokukhipha ama-casing, ne-device zokuhlola ezithuthukisa izixazululo zokuhlanza ngesikhathi sangempela. Lezi zithuluzi zibalulekile ikakhulukazi lapho usebenza ezimweni zokwakhiwa ezihlukahlukene, ezifaka phakathi izihlahla ezinzima, amagagasi, ama-cobbles, ithempeli elithile, nezimo ezihlanganisa lapho ukufaka ama-pile kudinga ukwakhiwa kwemigodi ngokunembile nokuphathwa kwejiyolo lomhlaba. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini eyisiza kuthinta ngok直接 izinga lokuhlanza, ukusebenza kahle kokungena, kanye nekhwalithi yokufaka ama-pile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezimboni zonke noma eziphelele ezincike ekugcineni kwekhwalithi yemigodi yonke ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Isicelo semishini eyisiza ye-cluster DTH sitholakala kwiindawo eziningi ezijulile zokwakha, kufaka phakathi ukufaka ama-pile anenombolo enkulu ezinhlelweni eziyinhloko zokwakha, izisekelo zomgwaqo, izakhiwo zendawo ezisemanzini, nezimboni ezidingayo amandla amakhulu esisekelo. Lezi zinhlelo zokusekela zivumela abaqashi ukuthi bathuthukise izikhala zemigodi, bagcine izinga lokuhlanza elilinganayo phakathi kwezigodi eziningi, futhi baphendule ezimweni zomhlaba ezihlukahlukeneyo ezihlangana phakathi kwezokwakha. Imishini eyisiza yanamuhla ifaka izinhlelo zokuhlola ezithuthukisiwe, ivumela ukuhlola izinkomba zokuhlanza, ukugqoka kwamabhithi, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezimpendulo zomhlaba. Ukukhethwa nokunakekelwa kahle kwemishini eyisiza kuhlobene ngqo nezikhathi zokugcina iphrojekthi, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yesisekelo, kanye nokuphumelelayo kokuphathwa kwezindleko emisebenzini yokunyakaza komhlaba. Ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile nokuqonda kwezobuchwepheshe ekwakhiweni, ukusebenza, nokuxazulula izinkinga kwemishini eyisiza kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kokuhlanza nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezincazelo eziqinile ezibhekela ukwakhiwa kwemigodi ejulile ezindaweni ezinzima ze-geotechnical ezifuna ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza kokunembile nokuphathwa kokunyakaza komhlaba ngendlela ephumelelayo.
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