Ukujula kwephampu enkulu kubonisa indlela ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ngesisekelo esijulile sobunjiniyela bamanje, okuvumela ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zephuli ezinamandla aphezulu ezisekela izinhlelo zezokuthutha ezinkulu kuhlanganisa amahhotela aphezulu, imigoqo, nezikhalazo zezimboni. Le ndlela yokumba ephathekayo ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini eyenziwe kahle ukuze kudalwe izimbobo ezinomphumela ophakeme ophakeme kokuvamile okungaphezu kometri eyodwa, evumela abanjineli ukufinyelela ezindaweni zomhlabathi ezijulile nokusakaza carga kumphakathi obanzi kunemigwaqo yesisekelo evamile. Le nqubo ifuna ukuhlela ngokucophelela phakathi kwabanjiniyela be-geotechnical abahlola izimo zomhlabathi kanye nezinkampani zokumba ezikhethekile ezinezimoto ezithuthukisiwe ezingakwazi ukuhamba ezimweni zomhlabathi ezinzima, amatoshi aphelile, kanye nezimo zomhlaba ezixubile ezivamile ukubonakaliswa ekuthuthukiseni idolobha nasezinhlelweni eziyinqaba. Ukwenziwa kwezokumba ezinephampu enkulu kudinga ukufundwa okuphelele komhlaba kanye nohlelo lwezobuchwepheshe olucacile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimo zomhlabathi okwakheka ngazo kanye nezici ze-hydrogeological zendawo ngayinye. Ukujula kwephampu kusetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwephuli ezindizayo, ama-phuli e-secant, odonga lwe-diaphragm, kanye neziqedakwaneni ezinkulu ezisebenza njengezinto eziyinhloko ezithwala umthwalo ezinhlelweni zezisekelo. Lezi zindlela zokumba zibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezixukile zama meta lapho izinkinga zomkhawulo wombhobho nemithetho yokuphambili kudinga ukulawulwa okuhlakaniphile kwezivumelwano zokumba kanye nokuphathwa kwezingxenye. Ukukhethwa kwezindlela ezifanele zokumba—kungaba kumjikelezo wokumba, umjikelezo wokubamba, noma izindlela zokumba ze-continuous flight auger—kuqhubeka nezinga lokwakheka komhlabathi, izimo zomfula, izidingo zokuthwala umthwalo, kanye nezimo zemvelo. Abasebenzi kufanele baphathe izimo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba ez ranging from soft clay and granular soils to dense sand, gravel, and rock formations while maintaining strict adherence to safety protocols and quality standards that govern the geotechnical construction industry. Abathengisi bokumba okubanzi basebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinto ezithile ezihlukahlukene kufaka phakathi ama-drilling rigs, izinhlelo zokuhambisa, amathuluzi wokwenza ngaphansi, kanye nemishini yokuphatha ukuphuma okukhungathekile okukhona emsebenzini wezisisekelo ezijulile. Ukuphothulwa kwezimpendulo ezinjalo kudinga ulwazi oluqeqeshiwe ngezindlela zokufakwa kwama-phuli, izindlela zokuzinza zomhlaba, kanye nezinhlelo zokufaka umqulu ezithinta ngqo ubumsulwa bokwakha nobungcweti bokusebenza kwezinga lokuthwala umthwalo kwengqikithi yephuli eliqediwe. Izicelo zifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwezindlu eziphezulu nezokuthengisa, izinhlelo zokuthutha ezihlanganisa izisekelo zemigoqo nemigudu, izindawo zezimboni, nezindawo ezibalulekile ezifana neziteshi zamandla nezikhungo zedatha lapho izimfanelo eziphakeme zokuthwala umthwalo nezimo eziyimpumelelo zibalulekile. Ukuqonda ukuhamba phakathi kwezindlela zokumba, izimo zomhlabathi, ukujija komfula, nezakhiwo kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphelele kokwakha kwesisekelo ngenkathi kuncishiswa ukuwa, ukuhamba okuhlukile, nezinye izingozi ze-geotechnical ezingase ziphazamise ukusebenza kwephrojekthi kanye nokuphepha isikhathi sokusebenza kwesakhiwo.
Ukuphosa kwe-Kelly bar kumelwa njengendlela ebalulekile kwezokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwemigodi emikhulu ye-diameter ezimweni zomhlaba ezinzima. Le ndlela isebenzisa ibhari le-Kelly—umkhulu noma u-hexagonal umthi owomile wesimbi oxhoxisa amandla okuzungeza nezokubambisana ukusuka kumshini ophosa ezintweni zokuphosa. I-Kelly bar iyindlela eyinhloko yokusebenza, ivumela abakhiqizi ukuba basebenzise i-torque ethile nezinsalela ze-axial ezidingekayo ukuze baphule izimila eziqinile, amagquma ashintshile, nezimo ezihlanganisiwe ezitholakala emikhakheni emikhulu yokwakha. Le ndlela yokuphosa ibalulekile ekwakheni izinhlelo eziqinile zezikhalazo zezakhiwo eziphakeme, amabhuloho, izikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni, kanye nezifundo ze-geotechnical ezijulile ezidinga imigodi ethile engaphezu kweyodwa imitha esikhumbeni. Inqubo yokuphosa kwe-Kelly bar ibandakanya izikhala zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa imishini yokuphosa enamandla enamathafeni anokusebenzisa, izinhlelo zokuphakamisa ukuze kulawulwe i-slurry, nezinsiza zokuphosa ezikhethekile ezifana ne-roller-cone bits, drag bits, noma ama-casing oscillators kuye ngezendla zomhlaba nemininingwane yephrojekthi. Le ndlela ivumela ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuphosa—amanzi, i-bentonite slurry, noma izixazululo ze-polymer—ukugcina izindonga zomgodi ziqinile nokulawula amanzi angaphakathi, ngesikhathi sokukhipha izinto ezinqamulayo ezivela endaweni yokuphosa. Abasebenzi kumele balawule i-torque ye-Kelly bar ngokucophelela, bahlale behlola izimo zokuphosa, futhi baphinde balungise isivinini sokuphosa kanye no-pressure ngokwesigaba esikhishwe esikhathini sangempela ukuze bagcine ukusebenza kahle kokuphosa nezinsiza zisebenza kahle kuyo yonke inqubo. Ukuphosa kwe-Kelly bar kubalulekile ikakhulukazi ezithombeni ezithambile ze-clay, i-silt, kanye ne-sand ethambile lapho ukuphosa okuvamise ukujula kungavimba, kanye nasemgudwini odakayo, i-granite eyashintsha, nezinto ze-calcareous ezivame ukutholakala kesimayeli eziyinkimbinkimbi. Le ndlela ibhekana kahle nezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi eziphakathi kwalapho kulindeleke amanzi angaphezulu, ama-gravels athambile, ama-cobbles, nezimila ezishintshayo ezidinga izinga lokuphosa elilawulwayo nokugcina ukuma kwezi- borehole. Izicelo zibandakanya izisekelo zezakhiwo zokwakha ezisheshayo nezokuhlala, ukuphosa kwemigodi ye-marine neyebhange, ukwakhiwa kwemigodi yamanzi, imigodi ye-geothermal, ukuphosa ukuvuselelekela kwemvelo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ze-geotechnical ezisekela izinqumo zokwakha. Ukuphosa kwe-Kelly bar okuphezulu kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezingxenye ze-diaphragm wall, ama-piles secant, kanye namapaili aphuswe angaphezu kwemitha emithathu noma enkulu, ukunikeza amandla okuphatha umthwalo kanye nekhono lokuma elidingekayo ngezimiso zesimanje zokwakha izisekelo. Impumelelo ekuphosekeni kwe-Kelly bar incike ekukhetheni izinsiza ezikahle ezinamandla afanele kanye nekhono lokuzungeza, ukukhetha izinhlelo zokuphosa ezihambisana ne-stratigraphy ethile yomhlaba, nokusebenza nezinsiza ezihlangeneyo ezijwayelekile ezithokozisa ukuhlola izimo zomhlaba. Le ndlela idinga ucwaningo olucophelela ngaphambi kokuphosa, kuhlanganise ne-log ye-borehole nokuhlukaniswa komhlaba, ukuze kubonakale ukuziphatha kokuphosa nokukhetha izikhala ezihambisanayo. Abakhi abawasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-Kelly bar bafinyelela ukulawula okuhle kakhulu kokuphosa, ukunciphisa impempe yokuhamba kwemvelo ngenkathi kulawulwa izinzuzo ze-slurry, kanye nokusebenza okuqinisekisiwe phezu kwezimo ezihlukahlukene ze-geotechnical ezihambisana nezinselelo ezijulile zokwakha ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba.
Ukumbiwa kwe-cased kelly kuyindlela ekhethekile yokumbiwa kwezinto ezinzima ezibophayo esetshenziswa kumathafa amakhulu lapho ukuzinza nokunemba kubalulekile empumelelweni yephrojekthi. Le ndlela isebenzisa i-kelly bar—ithuluzi eliqinile lokumbiwa elithumela amandla okuzungezisa nokuthumela—ihlanganiswe nokhuni lwensimbi olungaphandle ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bebholo le-boreku, ngokusebenzisa umhlaba ongenazithiyo noma ophukile kakhulu. I-casing ibamba njengohlelo lokusekela oluvimbela ukuwa kwe-borehole, ilawule ukungena kwamanzi emhlabeni, futhi ivumele ukuqhubeka kokumbiwa ezimweni ezinzima ze-geotechnical. I-kelly bar isebenza ngokuhlanganyela ne-casing ukuze kudalwe inqubo yokumba ephethwe, okwenza le ndlela kube ne-effektiv ezokuhlola i-geology engaphansi nokwakha izisekelo ezimweni zomhlaba ezinzima. Ukuhleleka kwezinsiza zokumbiwa kwe-cased kelly ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa i-drilling rig enekhono elikhulu equkethe uhlelo lwe-kelly drive, isethi ye-kelly bar, kanye nohlelo lwe-casing oluphonyolayo. Ukusakazwa komkhiqizo wokumbiwa—noma amanzi, uthuli, noma i-bentonite slurry—kukhulula udoti ku-borehole ngenkathi kuqiniswe imifanti ngesikhathi sokumba. I-casing yangaphandle ingasondelwa kancane kancane njengoba ukumbiwa kuqhubeka, noma igcinwe ezindaweni ezithile kuye ngezidingo ze-geotechnical nezincazelo zokwakha. Le ndlela ephindwe kabili ivumela abakhiqizi ukuphatha amazinga wamanzi emhlabeni, ukuvimbela ukuwa, nokugcina ubude be-borehole ngesikhathi lapho ezinye izindlela zokumbiwa zingase zibe nomphumela omubi. Abakhi baphendukela ekujoleni izimo zokumba ngesikhathi sangempela ngokususelwa ezimweni zomhlaba ezithandwa, okwenza le ndlela ihlale iyaphenduka phakathi kwezidingo zephrojekthi ezahlukene nezithiyo zezindawo. Ukumbiwa kwe-cased kelly kusebenza kahle kakhulu ezimweni zomhlaba eziyahlukene ezihlanganisa i-clays ethambile ne-silts kuya emhlabeni ophilayo onezinto eziqondile neziqu ukubeka. Kubalulekile ezitshalweni eziphukile, izakhiwo ezimanzi kakhulu, nasezindaweni lapho amazinga wamanzi emhlabeni azodinga ukuqondiswa kwe-borehole. Izicelo ekwakheni izisekelo ezinzima zifaka ukuhlola indawo yokwakhiwa kwe-pile yokwakha ethafeni, ukumbiwa kwe-caisson foundation, kanye nokuhlola ukucindezelwa komhlaba. Ngokuphathelene nezobunjiniyela bezisekelo, abanjiniyela bethemba idatha eqoqwe ngecased kelly drilling ukuze baphendule izinga le-pile tip, basungule imingcele yokuthwala, futhi bathole izingqimba zomhlaba ezifanele ukuhlinzekwa kokugcina noma ukuhweba. Le ndlela iphinde isekele amaphrojekthi okuthuthukiswa komhlaba, ukumbiwa kokubuyiselwa kwemvelo, nokuhlola izakhiwo lapho ulwazi oluphansi luthinta ngqo izinqumo zokwakha nezindlela zokwakha. Kwabakhiqizi bezimakethe nabahlinzeki bezinsiza, ukumbiwa kwe-cased kelly kumelwe ukuba yisigaba esihlukile emakethe phakathi kwezinsizakalo zokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi nezobunjiniyela. Abakhi abaqeqeshiwe behlenga le mkhiqizo basebenzisa lokhu ukuze babhekane neziphakamiso ezinhle ezidinga ukunemba kwezinqubo nezokukwazi. I-essence ecindezelayo yezinsiza zokumba kwempilo—kubandakanya ama-drilling rigs aqinile, izisetshenziswa ze-kelly bar, ama-casing systems, kanye nokuphatha umkhiqizo wokumbiwa—idalela isidingo esiqhubekayo sezinsiza ezisezingeni eliphezulu, izithako ezikh replacements, kanye neziqu zomsebenzi. Abanikazi bephrojekthi abafuna ukuhlolwa okuthembekile kwangaphansi kanye nezinsizakalo zokwakhiwa kwezisekelo bathembele kubakhiqizi abanolwazi abane-system ye-cased kelly drilling eyaziswa ukuze bahlinzeke ngedatha ye-geotechnical enembile nokufakwa kwezakhiwo okuhle ezimweni ezinzima kulo lonke iphrojekthi yabo.
I-Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piling imele indlela ekhethekile yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile eyihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokudrillisa obujikayo nokufakwa kwekhonkrithi ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuhoxisa isidingo sokusebenzisa amacala wesikhashana noma izinhlelo zokuxhaswa ze-bentonite slurry. Le ndlela yokuphuma kwepali ibandakanya ukusebenzisa i-augere enomgogodla oholwayo onezindiza ezijikayo ezijikeleza ngokuqhubekayo emhlabeni kuya depth efanele ngenkathi ikhonkrithi iphushwa nge-shaft yangaphakathi ngaphansi kwengcindezi. I-augere ibhajwe kancane ngesikhathi ikhonkrithi entsha igcwalisa ibhuloho, idala i-pali eqinile yeziqinisekiso zekhonkrithi enezakhiwo ezinhle zokuncintisana kweshawti. I-CFA piling ikakhulukazi isebenza kahle emithonjeni ethambile, izinkomba ezibambekayo, ama-silts, kanye ne-sands ephakathi nendawo ukuya ezincane lapho izindlela zomlenze ezivulekile ezivamile zizo geshe izinselelo zokuzinza noma ukulahleka komhlaba okwengeziwe. Le ndlela ivumela abaqashwa ukuthi bafinyelele amazinga wokufakwa kwepali ngokushesha ngenkathi begcina izinga eliphusile le-pali phakathi kwamabhuloho amaningi kumaphrojekthi ezisekelo ayinkimbinkimbi. Ukusebenza kwezezimali kwe-CFA piling kusekelwe kokuhlanganiswa kwezinsiza ezichwepheshe kanye nokuhlola izimo zomhlaba. Ukuhlolwa komhlaba okukhuphukile kanye nezibalo ze-geotechnical kuyimfuneko ebalulekile ukuze kutholakale usayizi olinganiselwe we-augere, izimfanelo zekhonkrithi, kanye nezinga lokufakwa. Le nqubo idinga ama-rigs akhethekile e-CFA adlalisa ama-units akhulu wokunikezela, izinhlelo ze-hydraulic ezikwazi ukuphatha ukucindezela okuphezulu, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhanjiswa kwekhonkrithi ezinezinhlelo zokulawulwa kwengcindezi eziqinile. Izimo zomhlaba ezifana nezinga lamanzi, ukwakheka kwezinto, ubuncane obuphakathi, kanye namandla okuphatha kuthinta ngqo ijubane lokudrillisa kanye nokusebenza kokugcina kwepali. I-CFA piling ikhethekile emiphakathini yasemadolobheni lapho ukulawula ukuvusa kubalulekile, njengoba le ndlela idala umsindo omncane nezikhukhula uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsiza zokushaya noma zokuvusa ama-pile. Ubulukhuni bokuhlanza umhlaba obungakhiyeki budidiyela nokufakwa kwekhonkrithi okulawulwayo kuvumela ukufakwa phakathi kwezinto ezizimele ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuxhaswa okujwayelekile kwezakhiwo ezilungile nezikhiphiwe eziphansi. Izicelo ze-CFA piling zihlanganisa amaphrojekthi okwakha izindlu, ezokuhweba, ezimboni, kanye nezokwakha ukuphila ezidinga izixazululo eziqinisekile zezisekelo ezijulile. Izindawo zokwakha amabhuloho, izakhiwo eziphakeme, izakhiwo zezimoto, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba zihlala zifuna ama-pali e-CFA ngenxa yokuphenduka kwawo nokusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlola. Le ndlela iyahambisana nezilinganiso ezahlukene zamapali kumaphrojekthi ambalwa ngaphandle kokudinga ukuphindisela izinsiza, yenze kube kuhle ngokwezimali ezisekelweni ezinobungozi bokuhluka kokuhlala. Ama-CFA piles akhiqiza amandla aphakeme wokucindezela kanye nokumelana nomthwalo ophakathi nendawo ngokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokuncintisana kweshawti emithonjeni ebambekayo kanye nokufakwa okwanele kumazwe anamandla. Izinsiza zanamuhla nezinhlelo zokubhekwa ezihlanganiswe nezinsiza ze-CFA ziqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa kwesimo sekhonkrithi, ukuphathwa kokwehla, nezimo zokufakwa, okuvumela ukuqinisekiswa kokusebenza okuphelele nezinguquko ezilungisayo ngesikhathi sokwakha. Ukuhlanganiswa kokufakwa kwemfundo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zomhlaba, umphumela wombuso ophansi, nokusebenza kwezakhiwo okwakhiwe okulungile kuwenza i-CFA piling kube ubuchwepheshe obufiselekayo bezisekelo ezijulile zokwakha kwensiza ye-geotechnical kumkhakha wokwakha izisekelo.
Ukufakwa kwephezulu okuphelele kukhombisa uhlelo lwezakhiwo zokwakha okukhawulelwe kakhulukazi okuphatha ukufakwa kwezisekelo zokwakha ngezinsiza zokugcina umhlabathi esikhundleni sokuwususela. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezisekelo ezijulile, lapho ukuzinza, amandla okubamba carga, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komhlabathi kubaluleke kakhulu. Emisebenzini yokufaka ama-piles okuphelele, ama-drilling rigs anama-augers aqhubekayo noma amathuluzi akhethekile okukhipha umhlabathi angena emhlabathini, aqhuba umhlabathi ngasogwini kancane. Le ndlela yokuphuma inezenzo eziningi: ihlanganisa i-matrix yomhlabathi ezungezile, ikhulisa ububanzi obuphumelelayo bento efakiwe, futhi idala i-interface yokuxhumana ngqo phakathi kwemikhonzo ye-pile nomhlabathi othintanayo, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukisa ukugqokwa kwangaphandle kanye namandla wokudlulisela carga. Le ndlela ikhululekile kakhulu emhlabathini ahlangene, ama-silt, kanye noshukela onobukhulu obuphakathi lapho ukunyakaza komhlabathi kungaphathwa kahle futhi kulawulwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Izinsiza ezidingekayo emisebenzini yokufaka ama-piles okuphelele zifaka ama-drilling rigs amakhulu ahamba ngezinyawo anokuyinjwa okwanele kanye namandla okuhluka okuhlelekile ukuze kungene ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlabathi. Ama-augers aqhubekayo (CFA) ajwayelekile, anemigqa ye-helical ethuthukisa kokubili ukunyakaza komhlabathi nokukhipha ama-pile. Abathintekayo be-drilling basebenzisa ama-rigs akhethekile afakwe kumakhalekhukhwini noma kuzinqola, kuya ngezimo zokufinyelela nokuqonda umhlabathi. Inqubo yokufaka ama-pile ibandakanya ukujikeleza nokungena okulawulwayo, nabashayeli bahlola ugesi wesikhathi sangempela nedatha yokumelana ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinkomba eziphakeme zokufaka. Ngokwesikhumba sephrojekthi, ama-pile angaba phakathi kuka-300mm kuya phezulu kuka-1000mm ububanzi, ahlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zokukhipha umthwalo kwezindawo zokwakha, izindonga, ama-viaducts, kanye nezindawo zemboni. Izinsiza zanamuhla zifaka izinhlelo ezithuthukile zokuhlola ezilandelela izinkomba zokubola, zenza inhlolovo ye-quality assurance futhi zinikeze imibhalo yokuvunyelwa kwezakhiwo. Ukufakwa kwephezulu okuphelele kutholakala kahle kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezimo zomhlabathi ezinzima lapho izindlela zokumba zokwakha zendabuko zinikeza ubunzima. Le ndlela ibonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu ezindaweni ezinezinqubomgomo zemvelo, lapho kuncishiswa ukujikeleza komhlabathi nokungqubuzana kwezwi kubalulekile, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu emisebenzini yezisekelo zezindawo zokuhlala nasemakhaya. Izinhlelo zokwakha ziqhuba ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala nezohwebo, imikhakha yokuhamba, izisekelo zamapulatifomu angaphandle, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zokwelashwa kwezindawo ezikhona. Le ndlela ikhiqiza ukungabikho okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokumba eziphelele, kunciphisa izindleko zokuphumelela kanye nomthelela kwemvelo. Izinzuzo zokuthuthukiswa komhlabathi zivame ukuhamba nezindawo zokufaka ama-pile okuphelele, njengoba ukunyakaza komhlabathi okwenziwayo nokuhlanganiswa okuhambisana kuthuthukisa amandla okubamba ezindaweni ezizungezile. Kubathintekayo nabaklami abahlola izixazululo zezakhiwo ezijulile, ukufakwa kwephezulu okuphelele kunikeza indlela ephumelele, esebenzayo ekhombisa ukuvikeleka kwezakhiwo kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo nezomnotho ezindaweni zomhlaba ezihlukene nezimo zokwakha.
I-rotary deep soil mixing ye-shaft eyodwa imele indlela ethuthukisiwe yokwenza ngcono umhlaba eqhuba izinhlelo ze-rotating auger ukuze ihlanganise umhlaba onendawo ngomshini nezinto ezisizayo ezijulile, ngokuvamile zifika ku-20 kuya ku-40 amamitha ngaphansi komhlaba. Le ndlela ekhethekile yokwakha izisekelo eziyinqaba isebenzisa i-shaft e-rotary eyodwa enezinjongo ze-helical ukuze idale ingxube ehlanganisiwe yomhlaba wendawo kanye nezibopho ze-cementitious, izengezo ze-polymeric, noma ezinye izinto ezizothuthukisa. Le nqubo ibandakanya ukujika okuqhubekayo kwe-auger ngesikhathi sokukhipha, kuqinisekiswa ukusatshalaliswa okuvumelanayo kwezinto zokwelapha throughout lonke ubude. Izinhlelo ze-shaft eyodwa zibalulekile ngokuqondile ekulawuleni ubude, amandla aphezulu okujwayela ukukhetha indawo, kanye nokusebenza kahle ekufinyeleleni ezindaweni zomsebenzi ezinamakhono anqunyelwe lapho izinkinga ze-geometry zingavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezithuthi ze-shaft eziningi. Le tekinoloji ibalulekile ekwakheni izindawo ezithuthukisiwe zokuphatha, ukunciphisa izinkulu ezimbili, kanye nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zomhlaba ezimweni ezinzima ze-geotechnical. Indlela yokusebenza ye-rotary deep soil mixing ye-shaft eyodwa ibandakanya ukufaka i-auger kubude obufanele ngenkathi ukufaka izinto ezibamba zokwakha nge-shaft e-rotating. Izinga lokujika ngokuvamile liqhakanciswa ukusuka ku-15 kuya ku-60 ukujika ngomzuzu, kanti izinga lokungena kubude kulawulwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele nokufakwa okufanele kwe-binder. Izinsiza ezisetshenziselwa le nqubo zifaka izithuthi ezikhethekile zokuhlanganisa umhlaba ezimaphakathi eziningi ezakhiwe kumakharavhisi aphakathi noma abeziwindi, izinhlelo ze-auger ezine-flange ehlukahlukene ezivela ku-600 millimitha kuya ku-1,200 millimitha, amapompo wokufaka anokwakhiwa okuvamile, kanye nezinqubo zokubheka ubude ez precise. Lezi zifundo zakhiwe ukuze zikwazi ukuphatha ukusuka okuqondile okukhulu kanye namandla aphezulu e-vertical angokwemvelo (torsion) ezisebenzelana ne-deep mixing operations, nezinhlelo zamanje zifaka i-GPS yokukhipha izikhala kanye nokuqoshwa kwedatha okwenziwa ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi. Ukuhleleka kwe-shaft eyodwa kuvumela ukulawula okuhle kwe-rotation ye-auger kanye nezinyathelo ezivamile, kuvumela abaphathi ukuba bagcine ukungathembeki okuqondile nokubamba izinguquko ezincane ngesikhathi sokufaka. I-rotary deep soil mixing ye-shaft eyodwa isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezinyamalala, izimo ezithintwa kalula, umhlaba ophakeme, kanye nezindawo eziyicufile lapho izixazululo zokwakha ezivamile zingabi yizindleko eziphusile noma zihluleka ngezobuchwepheshe. Izicelo ezivamile zihlanganisa izisekelo ezithuthukisiwe zokuphatha izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, ukuvumelanisa i-embankment eduze kwezindawo zamanzi, ukunciphisa amathuba okucasulwa ezindaweni ze-seismic, ukwesekwa kwamathayi aphansi emithanjeni, ukulungiswa kokukhipha imizila ngaphambi kokudiliza, kanye nokuphathwa kwezindawo ezilimele zomhlaba. Le ndlela ikhululekile ezinhlelweni zokwakha ezinzima ezifuna ama-pile amade amadala, ukufaka izikhangiso, noma ukwakha izigaba eziningi ezingaphansi kwezimo zomhlaba. Iziphakamiso zokwakha ezindaweni zomphakathi zithola inzuzo enkulu kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukuphazamiseka nokwakhiwa kwezithako zomhlaba eyenziwe ngokuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokufaka ama-pile ezivamile noma ezokwandisa. Izinsika zomhlaba ezithuthukisiwe ezidalwe yi-rotary mixing ye-shaft eyodwa zinikela ngokuqinile, okuphakeme kokutholakala kolwazi ngesikhathi sibuza uma zigcina ukuxhunyaniswa komhlaba nokugwema ukuntuleka okuhlelekile okuphathelene nezinqubo ezinezithiyo zenqubo, kwenza le ndlela ikhululeke kakhulu emikhakheni ye-geotechnical kanye nezokwakha for izidingo ezinzima zokwakha izisekelo.
I-Double rotary deep soil mixing iyindlela ethuthukisiwe yokuthuthukisa umhlaba engena emoyeni, esetshenziswa ama-augers aphindwe kabili noma aguquguqukayo ukuze ifinyelele ekujoliseni okujulile komhlaba nezingxube zokubopha ezijule phakathi kuka-5 no-40 amagumbi. Le ndlela yokwakha isiseko ikhethekile ihlanganisa ukuxuba kwemishini kanye nokuzinza kemikhosi, idala amakholomu omhlaba afanayo anokuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kokuphathwa kwemithwalo kanye nezici zokuhlala ezincishisiwe. Le nqubo ibandakanya ukufaka ama-shaft aphindwe kabili emhlabeni, lapho i-shaft ngalinye ijikeleza ngejubane elilawulwayo nezindlela ukuze kuhlanganiswe umhlaba wendabuko nezixube zokubopha, izengezo, noma izinto zokugxila. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kahle kukha amakholomu azinzile, aphathekayo, asebenzela indlela yokusekela izakhiwo ezidinga ukubambelela okwenyukayo ezimnandi zezimo zokwakhiwa. Le ndlela ikakhulukazi iyasebenza emathwamini, i-silts, i-peats, nasezingxenyeni zomhlaba ezihlukahlukene lapho izindlela zendabuko zokushaya okwakhiwe noma zokuwela umhlaba zingaba nezehlakalo ezithile noma zingabi nezindleko. Imishini yokuxuba ye-double rotary deep soil mixing ivame ukuba nezinhlelo ze-hydraulic ezikwazi ukukhiqiza torque ephezulu ngenkathi zigcina ukulawula ubude ngendlela enembile nolayini lokujikeleza. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kanti luqinisekisa ukuhamba komhlaba okuphezulu nokuhlanganiswa okujwayelekile nezinto zokubopha, kuholela kumakholomu anemisebenzi yezobunjiniyela efanayo kuyo yonke ubude bawo. Izincazelo zomshini zihluka ngokuya ngezidingo zephrojekthi, ngezakhiwo zokuxuba ezizungeze phakathi kuka-0.5 no-2.5 amamitha, kuvumela abacwaningi ukuba bakhe izixazululo zokuthuthukisa umhlaba ezihlukene. Le ndlela ithatha izithombe zomhlaba ezihlukahlukene futhi ingafaka ama-agent ahlukanisayo ahlukahlukene kufaka phakathi i-Portland cement, i-lime, i-slag, kanye nezixube ezikhethekile, ilingana nezimo ezithile zokwakhiwa kwe-geotechnical nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimisiwe ngesikhathi sokwakha. Izicelo ze-double rotary deep soil mixing zifaka phakathi izimboni eziningi zokwakha, ukusuka kumaphrojekthi amakhulu ezinsiza ezifana nokwakha okukhangisa nezokwakha ezimbonini. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekwakheni izinqubo zokuphakamisa, ukunciphisa i-liquefaction, kanye nokusekela izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi lapho ukujikeleza komhlaba okuphansi kanye nomthelela omncane wemvelo kubalulekile. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinokwakhiwa okubalulekile eduze, i-double rotary mixing inikezela ngenketho ethulile kunezindlela zokushaya eziphoqayo ngenkathi igcina izikhawu zokwakha ezisheshayo. Amakholomu omhlaba athuthukisiwe ahlinzeka ngama-akhawunti amahle wokuhleleka kwemithwalo, ukunciphisa ukuhamba okunezinhlelo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana kwemithwalo yokujikeleza kwama-building, amabhuloho, nezinhlelo ze-offshore. Kuzicelo zezimboni zasemanzini nasezikhungweni zokuthuthukiswa kwe-waterfront, ukufaniswa kwalesi siphakamiso nezindawo zamanzi asawoti kanye namandla okusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zejilimi lomhlaba kubenza kube isixazululo esikhethwe sokwakha. Amakholomu wokuxuba umhlaba angaklanywa njengezinto eziphindaphindiwe, amaqembu asekelayo imithwalo emikhulu, noma odonga oluqhubekayo lokugcina, kunikeza abacwaningi izilungiselelo eziguquguqukayo zokwakha ezihambisana nezinselelo ze-geotechnical zomphakathi nezidingo zokwakhiwa.
I-Case kelly enezinhlobo zokuphakamisa i-torque ibonisa indlela yokumba ethile yokujikisa esetshenziswa kakhulu ku-zhinagshingo ezindongeni ezijulile nasekugxileni kwegoli ukuze kufakwe amapayipi amakhulu avulwe, imisipha yokuphakama, kanye nezikhalazo zomhlaba. Le ndlela isebenzisa uhlelo oluvikelwe lwe-kelly olwandisiwe ngamasu okuphakanyiswa kwe-torque, okwenza abadlali bephimbo bakwazi ukufinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokugcina ukuthola nokugcina ukuzinza kokumba ezimweni zendawo ezinzima. Ukwakheka kwe-case kelly kuvikelwe ithuluzi lokumba ezihlalweni ezihambayo kanye nokungcoliswa ngesikhathi i-torque multiplicator ikhulisa amandla okujikisa asetshenziswe kumathuluzi okuhlela, okuvumela ukusizwa kahle ukuhamba ngezinsiza ezinzima, ama-strata ahlanganisiwe, kanye nezakhiwo zamatshe ezibonakalisayo. Le nxusa yokuvikela kanye nokwandisa i-torque ikwenza le ndlela ikhuthaze kakhulu emisebenzini yeziqalo ezindaweni zezitshalo ezigqokile ezindaweni ezinzima zokubhalisia ukuthi izindlela ezijwayelekile zokumba zingase zingabi nekhono. Inqubo yokumba esebenzisa i-case kelly enezinhlobo zokuphakamisa i-torque iqala ngokubekwa nokuhlelwa kwe-rig yokumba ejikayo endaweni eyenziwe neqhekeza. I-case kelly iyalethwa ebhodini ngaphansi kokuncane kwemithombo nokujikisa, lapho i-torque multiplicator ikhulisa kancane amandla okumba njengoba ukumelana komhlaba kukhula. Le ndlela ivumela abadlali bephimbo ukuba bashintshe izimfanelo zokumba ngesikhathi esifanele ngokuhambisana nezimo ezingaphansi komhlaba, noma behlangana nemithombo evumelene, imifantu, noma izithiyo zamatshe. Le ndlela idinga ukuphathwa kahle kokuhamba kwamanzi wokumba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikeleka kwemikhondo ye-borehole, ukususa ukcutshungulwana, nokugcina izimo zokusebenza ezanele. Onozithandayo kumele bahlale beqapha imithwalo ye-torque, izinga lokujikisa, kanye nezimfanelo ze-hydraulic ukuze bathuthukise ukusebenza kokumba ngenkathi bevimbela ukulimala kwezinsiza eziphumayo nokuphahlazeka kwama-borehole ezindaweni ezingazinzile. Izicelo ze-case kelly enezinhlobo zokuphakamisa i-torque zilibandakanya imikhankaso yeziqalo ezijulile, kuhlanganise nezinye izinkanyezi ezinkulu ezinomumo kusuka ku-1.5 kuya ku-4 amamitha noma ngaphezulu, ukuhlela imiphakathi eqinile ye-diaphragm ukuze kufakwe imithambo ye-basement, ukufakwa kwezikhonkwane zomhlaba ezijulile kanye nezinhlelo zokubuyisela, kanye nezokumbiwa ezizimele ze-geotechnical ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlola komhlaba nokwakha. Le ndlela ibonakala iyigugu kakhulu ezindaweni zomphakathi lapho ukubumba kufanele kwenzeke ezindaweni ezigcwele ngokulandela izinqumo eziqinile zokunyakaza nokuhamba kwephakamasela, kanye nasemiphakathini ye-offshore nasezokwelapha lapho izidingo zokusiza iziqalo ziphakeme kakhulu. Izinqubo zokwenza ngcono umhlaba ezisebenzisa le ndlela yokumba zifaka phakathi ukuxuba umhlabathi ogcwele, i-jet grouting yokwakha emhlabathini, kanye nokufakwa kwe-micropiles ezinkulu zokuqinisa izakhiwo ezikhona. Umsebenzi wokwenza izinhlelo ze-case kelly ezinezinhlobo zokuphakamisa i-torque, kanye nekhono lazo lokubhekana nezimo ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba nezimo ezinzima, ziqinisekisile ukuba yizinsiza ezibalulekile emkhakheni wesimanje wezinhlelo ezijulile zezizinda zabaqashi abafuna izixazululo zokumba ezithembekile, ezisebenzayo kumaphrojekthi anzima.
Ukubhola kwe-double rotary kumela ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokubhola kwe-geotechnical obwakhiwe ikakhulukazi ukuze kudalwe ama-boreholes anedwala elikhulu ezimweni zomhlaba ezinzima. Le ndlela yokubhola ye-rotary isebenzisa ukujikeleza okuphindayo komugqa wesihlungi sangaphakathi kanye nohlelo lwe-casing yangaphandle, ivumela abaqhubi umsebenzi ukuthi balunge ebuhleni besihlabathi neziqhekeza zezitsha ngenkathi begcina ukuzinza kwe-borehole okunembile. Uhlelo lokujikeleza lwama-dual luhlinzeka ngokuqasha okuphezulu phezu kwezinkambiso zokubhola, kwenza kube isixazululo esifanelekile emsebenzini wokwakha izinsika ezijulile lapho ukunemba nokwethembeka kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukubhola kwe-double rotary kusebenza kahle kumasimu wezindawo ezinzima ze-geological, okubandakanya izendlalelo ze-clay eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinto ezihlanganisa isihlabathi neziqhekeza, kanye nezindawo ezinomfutho ophakeme wamanzi amaphezulu, lapho izindlela zokubhola eziphindwe kabili zingase zihlangabezane nezinkinga zokuzinza noma izithintelo zokusebenza. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuwakheni ama-piles anedwala elikhulu, aphakamisa umgogodla wezinhlelo zokwakha ezenzakalelayo ezinhlelweni ezinkulu ze-infrastructure ezifaka phakathi izakhiwo ezinkulu, amabhidge, ama-platforms asolwandle, nezimboni. Imishini yokubhola ye-double rotary ingabamba diameters ye-casing eqondile ukusuka ekuziphatheni okujwayelekile kuya ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu, ivumela ukufakwa kwezinsika zokwakha ngenkathi ikhuluma ngaphezulu kwe-strata. Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe ikhipha isidingo samaqoqo ahlukene wokufaka i-casing, kuthuthukisa kahle ukusebenza nokunciphisa izikhathi zephephabhuku jikelele. Le ndlela iyahambisana nezithako ezahlukahlukene zokubhola nezifakwe emanzini, ivumela abaqhubi ukuthi bahlale bephatha odongeni lwe-borehole ezindaweni ezingazinzile futhi baphathe amanzi amaphezulu ngempumelelo phakathi nocwaningo. Izinhlelo zokubhola ze-double rotary ngokuvamile zifaka amatafula amakhulu wokujikeleza, ama-mast assemblies anesisindo esinzima, kanye nezilawuli zekhidrokonki eziqinisekisa ukuthi abaqhubi baphatha i-torque, ijubane lokujikeleza, nezinga lokungena ngokunembile. Lezi zingezinhlelo zokubhola zifakwe ezinkundleni ezahlukene kubandakanya ama-chassis ezithuthi, izisekelo ezihanjayo, kanye nezinhlelo ze-mast ezihlukene, zibeka izinga lokukhululeka kokushayelwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zomsebenzi nezithintelo zokufinyelela. Ukumiswa kwemishini kuvumela ukwakheka kwezimilayezo ngempumelelo nezinsiza ezifana nezikhwama zokulandelela, ama-auger, nezinsiza zokubhola ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukususa ezindaweni ezinzima ze-geology. Ababambiqhaza benza inzuzo ngezinto ezitholakala kumasistimu okubhola kwe-double rotary, angashintsha phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene zokubhola futhi alungiselele izimo zomzimba ezitholwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ngokwesimo sokwakha izinsika ezijulile, ukubhola kwe-double rotary kunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokubhola ezihlukene lapho kudingeka izici zomhlaba ezihlukahlukene, iziqhekeza eziyinqaba, nalapho kudingeka ikhwalithi ye-borehole ephakeme. Le ndlela ivumela ukulawula okunembile kwezinkambiso zokubhola ezibalulekile ekwakheni izinsika, okubandakanya amandla okubhola phezulu, ukuh保持垂直性, futhi kubhalisa izimo zomhlaba ngaphakathi kokusebenza. Kubabambiqhaza abathumela ezimakethe ezikhethekile, ukukhetha imishini yokubhola ye-double rotary efanele kudinga ukuhlola ngokucophelela izinkambiso ezithile zomsebenzi okubandakanya ukuphakama okuthile, ububanzi be-borehole, ukufakwa komhlaba, izimo zamanzi aphakeme, nezithintelo zebhajethi. Izinhlelo zokubhola ze-double rotary zamuva zikhombisa izimpawu zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe, ukunciphisa umthelela emvelweni, kanye nezijobelelo ezithuthukisiwe zabaqeqeshi, zenze zibe izinsiza ezibalulekile kubabambiqhaza bokwakha izinsika abahlangabezane nezinselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-geotechnical ekwakheni nasekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo.
Ijele yokugeza amaqanda iyindlela ethuthukisiwe yokuthuthukiswa komhlaba nokuzinza komhlabathi ethatha amanzi aphezulu futhi yefreyimu ye-grout ukuze iguqule izici zomhlaba futhi idale izakhiwo ezixhaswe ngaphakathi ngaphansi komhlaba. Le ndlela ye-geotechnical engineering ethize ihilela ukuhlinzeka ngamathambo futhi ithumele imishini ethize yokufaka i-grout ukuze ifake izixazululo eziyinqaba noma ezokhemikhali eziphathelene nepulazi elijulile emhlabeni. Amathuluzi anothando ahlunga futhi axube umhlaba omujwa nama futhi ne-grout, edala izakhiwo zefrikhwe noma imivimbo eqhubekayo ethuthukisa kakhulu amandla okuthwala umhlaba nokuzinza. Ukuhlinzeka ngejethi kuyinzuzo kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsiza ezinzima, lapho izimo zomhlaba zidinga ukuhunyushwa ngaphambi kokufakwa kwezinduku noma lapho izakhiwo ezikhona zidinga ukuxhaswa nangokwakha okukhulu. Inqubo yokuhlinzeka ngejethi isebenzisa imishini eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izinsiza zokuhlinzeka ezikhethekile, izinhlelo zokupompa ezinamandla, amakhanda aphethe okuphakela ngezihluzo eziningi, nezikhungo ezisebenzayo zokulawulwa kokuphakama. Le ndlela ivamise ukusebenza ezikhaleni ezihlanganisela ibhahari ukusuka ku-200 kuya ku-600 bar, ngenkathi umphumela oyedwa unqunywa yizici zomhlaba, ukuphakama okufanele, nezidingo zedijithi yesigaxa. Izinguquko ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-jet grouting zisetshenziswa emsebenzini wezinsiza: izinhlelo ze-fluid eyodwa zomhlaba oqinile, izinhlelo ze-fluid ezimbili ezihlanganisa amanzi ne-grout, kanye nezinhlelo ze-fluid ezintathu ezihlanganisa ezinye izinzuzo zengqikithi. Lezi zinguquko zivumela abathelisi ukuba bazivumelanise nendlela yokufaka i-grout kuzimo ezithile zomhlaba, kusukela kwezihlahla ezilwanyana ngezimbuzi ezifafe nomhlaba ophethwe iqhwa ejulile nezimayini ezishisayo. Izicelo zokuhlinzeka nge-jets kumaphrojekthi evidingweni ezijulile zifaka izithuthukiso zomhlaba ngaphansi kwezakhiwo ezikhona, ukuhlinza umhlaba, ukuhweba kwesizukulwane somhlaba, ukulawula amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nokunciphisa ukuviswa, kanye nokwakha izigaba zomhlabathi-nokuqina zokuqina komthwalo ophakathi. Le ndlela ibonakala ijabulisa kakhulu ekuxhaseni izakhiwo zendawo ezhistorical lapho ukwakhiwa kwezinduku zesiko kungaba yingozi noma kungasizakali, kanye nasekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile zokuhlinzeka zomhlaba ezindaweni eziguliswa noma emhlabeni wamakholwa onezikhala ezinzima. Ukuhlinzeka ngejethi kusebenza kuzo zonke izigaba zomhlabathi nezakhiwo zegeology, kuhlanganyela nezimo zomhlaba eziguquguqukayo ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa. Le ndlela idala izinguquko ezingapheli ezincwadini zomhlabathi, ithuthukisa amandla okuphonsa, inciphisa ukuvimba, futhi ingcono kakhulu kokuphaka ukuzinza. Odokotela bemikhankaso bakhetha ukuhlinzeka ngejethi kumaphrojekthi adinga ukuguqulwa okuhambisanayo, lapho izindlela zokugxila kwezinduku ezibanzi noma zokugxila okuqhubekayo zingase zingabi namthelela noma zibhabha. Ubuchwepheshe bokulawulwa kwezakhiwo ezindikweni futhi, kuhlanganiswa nezici zokuphephisa zokungathwetshuki nokukhala, kwenza ukuzihambela ngejethi kube yisisombululo esikhundleni sokwakha izimpande zezakhiwo ezithgwala ezindaweni ezihlotshaniswa ezindaweni eziningi.
Ukukh drilling njalo (DTH) kokusebenza kwezinkulu zithuthukisa indlela ethile futhi esebenzayo kwi-injini yokwakha izisekelo zokujulile yokudala amaboreholes anobubanzi obukhulu ezimo zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Le ndlela yokukh drilling isebenzisa imishini yokuhamba ye-percussion efakwe phezulu endaweni yokubhonezela, ikhipha amandla aphezulu ngqo embotsheni ye-borehole kunokuncika kuphela ekusikeni kokujikeleza. Le ndlela ithuthukile ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yokukh drilling ngezinga elikhulu lapho ukukh drilling okujwayelekile kungathola ukuhamba okweqile, ukungazinzile, noma ukusebenza okuncishisiwe. Izinhlelo zokukh DTH ziphumelela ekungena ezinsizakalweni eziqinile, ezindaweni ezidla umhlabathi, ezilungisweni ezingafani, kanye nezikhumbulo zomhlaba ezihlanganayo ezivamile kubuchwepheshe bezisekelo. I-hammer ye-downhole iguqula amandla elanga alahlwe engxenyeni ye-percussion, ikhipha ndimitha lempande nezingqimba zomhlaba kanti i-drill string eqhuba ikhipha izinto ezicwengile ngezikhalazo zokuphakela izinto. Le nhlanganisela ye-percussion nokujikeleza ivumela ukuba kube nokunwetshwa okuqhubekayo nakwezimo zomhlaba eziphikile nezihlanganisiwe. Ukuhlelwa kwemishini ye-DTH yokukh drilling kwezingqimba ezinkulu kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zokukh drilling ezikhethekile ezinesikhumba esinempilo, ama-compressor omnwabo anokulinganiselwa okuphezulu nokucindezelwa, amapayipi wezinkulu ezinzima kanye nezinsiza, ama-hammers e-DTH ehlelwe ukuze ahlale uzinze edwaleni, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakela ezithuthukisiwe zokukhipha izinto ezicwengile nokuhlanza amaborehole. Izinsiza ezizenzekelayo ezifaka phakathi ama-drill collars anesisindo esinzima, ama-centralizers, kanye ne-casings zokuhola ziqinisekisa ukulangazelela kwe-borehole bese zithintwa ekuphambukeni, okubalulekile lapho sitholakala izikhala ezinkulu zokusika ama-shafts ezisekelo, ama-collumns okwesekela odongeni be-diaphragm, noma ukufakwa kwemigqa. Izicelo ze-DTH zokukh drilling kwezingqimba ezinkulu zifaka phakathi ama-shafts ezisekelo avela kumamitha amanye kuya kwangu-nezine noma ngaphezulu, okwenza le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu kumaphrojekthi ezisekelo ezijulile adinga amandla amakhulu okuthwala yük. Izicelo zokukh drilling kwezingqimba ezinkulu ze-DTH zifaka wonke umkhakha wezidingo ezisemqoka zezisekelo ezijulile emikhakheni yokwakha kwezohwebo, imboni, kanye nezisombululo zokwakha. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu afaka ukufakwa kwezingqimba ezinkulu ezizimele, ama-piles abotshiwe, kanye nezindonga ze-diaphragm zozakwethu, izindlu eziphakeme, izikhumbuzo, kanye nezindleko zezimboni. Le ndlela ibalulekile kakhulu ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni lapho imikhawulo yendawo nemigomo yokugcina imvelo ifuna ukucaciswa kokukh drilling ngebhuku elincane lokuphazamiseka kwemhlabathi. Izimo zomhlaba ezifanele ukuphakama kwe-DTH zezingqimba ezinkulu zifaka phakathi izinsizakalweni ze-limestone, udaka lwe-granite, isandstone, shale, imakethe ye-cock strata, nezixazululo zomhlaba-nezingozi lapho ukukh drilling okujwayelekile kuthola ukusebenza okuncishisiwe. Ezindaweni ezithambile zomhlaba, le ndlela ihlala isebenza ngamasu afanele wesekelo se-casing. Ikhono lokukh drilling kwezingqimba ezinkulu ngebhuku lokusebenza kahle kuyo yonke i-geology ehambisanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwe-borehole ezindaweni eziphikisanayo, nokufinyelela izinga elihambelanayo lezisekelo kuyenza iphumelele ukuba yinsizakalo ebalulekile yama-contractor aphatha izinkinga ze-geotechnical eziyinkimbinkimbi kwi-injini yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile.
Ikhono le-cluster hammer drilling limele indlela eyingqayizivele yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile ehlanganisa amakhanda amaningi angaphakanyiswa, asebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudalwa kwamabholo amakhulu ngesizinda. Le ndlela ibalulekile kakhulu kwi-engebhiziniswe yezenhlalakahle lapho izixazululo eziqondile nezinamandla zidingeka ukuze kwenziwe amaphrojekthi amakhulu, kuhlanganise nezikhwama zokuhweba, izikhungo zezimboni, amabhuloho, nezakhiwo eziphakeme. Le ndlela yokuhlanganisa ivumela abathengisi ukuba bangeze emhlabeni onzima nezimo zomhlabathi ezihlanganisiwe okungaba nzima noma okungasebenzi kahle ukusiza ngezikhungo ezivamile ezinomsebenzi owodwa. Ngokuhlela amayunithi amahhambo amaningi endaweni ye-bore axis, i-cluster hammer drilling iletha amazinga aphezulu okungena ngenkathi igcina ukuzinza kwe-borehole kanye nezinga lokunembile, okubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ubuqiniso bezisekelo besikhathi eside kanye namandla okuthwala. Indlela yezobuchwepheshe ye-cluster hammer drilling ihlanganisa izenzo zokuphaka ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganiswe namandla okujika ukuze kuhlukaniswe kahle izakhiwo zomhlaba nezintaba. Imishini ivamise ukwakheka ngokufaka imishini ethuthukisiwe yokubhoboza emboza amahhambo amaningi, ama-augers amakhanda alula, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakanyiswa ezithuthukisiwe ezisebenzisana ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-borehole ngenkathi kususwa odaka. Le ndlela ibonakala ikwaziwa kahle emithanjeni ye-granular eminyene, i-silts, ama-clays anokuphikiswa okuphezulu, nezindawo ezihlanganisiwe ezineziqhamuka noma amatshe amakhulu. Ingxenye yokuphaka ipholisha izinto ezinamandla, kanti ingxenye yokujika iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo nokususwa kokukhanda. Imishini ethuthukisiwe esetshenziswa ku-cluster hammer drilling ihlanganisa uhlelo lwe-hydraulic olwaziwayo lokuphathwa kwezithwalo ezinzima nezimbambiso eziguquguqukayo, kanye nezinsiza zokubona ezinzima ukuze zilandele izinkomba zokubhoboza ezihlanganisa isivinini sokujika, imvamisa yokuphaka, kanye nokwabiwa kwe-torque kulo mqoqo wezamahhambo. I-cluster hammer drilling ifaka izicelo eziningi kuma-sikhungo okuhweba ahlukahlukene adinga ama-pile amakhulu aboshiwe, avamise ukuba phakathi kuka-600mm kuya ku-2400mm noma amakhulu. Le ndlela ikwazi kahle ukudala izisekelo zezakhiwo zama-bridge substructures, lapho izithwalo ezinkulu ezihambayo nezivundlile zidinga amaphuzu okuhlangana ajulile, azinzile. Ukusebenza ezimbonini kuhlanganisa imisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo zezikhungo zokukhiqiza, ukufakwa kwe-petroleum negesi, kanye nezikhungo zochwepheshe zedatha ezidinga amandla okuthwala okukhulu. Iphrojekthi yokulungiswa kwezindawo zemvelo ivame ukufaka i-cluster hammer drilling ukuze kuzuze izindleko ezidingekayo zokuzinza komhlaba, ukuhlolwa kokungcoliswa, kanye nokufakwa kwezixazululo zokulungisa. Le ndlela iyakhuphuka ezimweni zomhlaba ezihlukene ukusuka emhlabeni ongaphezulu kuya ezindaweni zokuhlala eziphakathi nezindonga ezikhonjiwe, okwenza kube lula ukufanisa nezimo zomhlaba ezihlukahlukene ezitholakala ezindaweni zokwakha zomphakathi nezikude. Ukuhlanganiswa kokusebenza kahle, ukunembile, nokwethembeka kwenza i-cluster hammer drilling ibe indlela ebalulekile ngaphakathi kwe-toolkit ye-geotechnical engineering yokubhekana nezinkinga ezinzima zokwakha izisekelo.
Ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhuba okuphambene (RCD) kuwumkhuba ophakeme wekhwalithi yokuqhuba izisekelo okusetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-borehole amakhulu emikhakheni ye-geotechnical enzima. Le ndlela isebenzisa ukuhamba komoya noma kwefluid okuhamba phansi ngaphandle kwe-drill string bese kubuyela emaphakathi, kuhambele izinqamuleli phezulu ngendlela ephumelelayo kunemikhuba ejwayelekile yokuhlinzeka. Ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhuba okuphambene kubalulekile kakhulu emaphrojekthi ezisekelo ezijulile lapho ukuzinza komhlaba, ikhwalithi yesampula, kanye nokunemba kokuhlinzekwa kubalulekile ukuze kube nempumelelo ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi nomsebenzi wokuhlola umhlaba. Le ndlela ikhangwa kakhulu kumamphakathi afana nokubamba zonke izinto, umhlabathi we-sandy, ama-layers e-gravel, kanye nezinto ezixubile ezingaxhunyiwe lapho ukuhlinzeka okujwayelekile okuphendulayo kungase kube nezinkinga zokuzinza noma kukhishwe izampula ze-core eziphukile. Ngokugcina ingcindezi enhle ngaphakathi kwe-borehole futhi kukhishwa izinqamuleli emaphakathi, ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhuba okuphambene kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwstructure yomhlaba ezizungezile ngenkathi kuvumela ukuhlolwa kwe-geological okucacile okubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezisekelo nasekuhlelweni kokwakhiwa. Izinsiza ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhuba okuphambene zifaka phakathi ama-drill rigs aphakeme anezinga elanele lokujula nokuhudula, ama-compressor omoya aphezulu anikela ngecubic feet per minute (CFM) elingana ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokuhamba kahle, kanye nezingxenye ezikhethekile ze-drill string kufaka phakathi ama-casing, amathuluzi oku-ream, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa izampula. Ama-rigs amakhulu anokwakha ama-boreholes kusuka ku-200 millimitha kuya ku-1,200 millimitha noma ngaphezulu ajwayelekile ezinhlelweni zokwakha izisekelo, avame ukufakwa kumakhamera okuhamba ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokuzinza nokuhamba ezindaweni zokwakha. Izinhlelo ze-compressor kumele zikhishwe ingcindezi eqhubekayo nephakeme ukuze kusekelwe ukuhlinzeka ezimweni ezahlukene zomhlaba, kuyilapho ukwakheka kwe-drill string—okuhlanganisa ama-kelly bars, abavumelwano, kanye nezingiga zokuhlinzeka—kuqinisekisa ukuma nokuqina kokwakhiwa kulo lonke uhlelo lokukhanda. Izinsiza zokulawula ukuhamba zenziwa ukuphathwa kwemud noma ukubuyela komoya, zikhiphe izinqamuleli zokuhlinzeka, futhi zibavumele ukuhlinzeka ngezampula zomhlaba ezingaphazamisekanga ngokungapheli ukuze kuxoxwe kumalabhorethri nasekuhlukaniseni kwe-geotechnical. Ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhuba okuphambene kunezisebenzi eziningi ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezijulile nezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba. Kusetshenziswa kakhulu kumaboreholes wokuhlola indawo anikeza ulwazi lwezokwakha, kuvikela abacwaningi ukuhlole izinqamuleli zomhlaba, ukunquma amandla okuphatha, nokuqhathanisa izimo zamanzi phansi phakathi kobude obunikeziwe bezisekelo ezihlelwe. Ekukhuliseni ama-caisson amakhulu, odongeni lwe-diaphragm, kanye nasekufakeni ama-pile e-secant, ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhuba okuphambene kunikeza ukuhlinzeka okukhontrolwa okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ukuxhumana okuqondile okuqondile kanye nezindonga zokuhlunga ezinzile ezimeni zomhlaba ezinzima. Le ndlela isekela ukwakhiwa kwe-tremie pipe kwezinsika eziqhutshwayo, iqinisekisa ukujula kwe-borehole ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwekhonkrithi okufanele, futhi ivumela ukukhiphwa kwezampula zomhlaba ezimele ezindaweni ezijwayelekile ezifana nezivivinyo zokungena (SPT) kanye nokuhlola ikhwalithi ye-rock designation (RQD). Le ndlela ibonakala ikhangwa kakhulu kumabamba aqukethe ama-clays athambile, ama-silts ane-sand ehamba, kanye nezinto ezithambile ezine-saturated lapho ukufaneleka kokugcina ukuhamba kwe-borehole kungaba nengxenye ngezindlela ezijwayelekile. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuphumelelayo nokunemba kwe-geological, ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhuba okuphambene kusebenze njengomkhuba ophumelelayo kubakhi bezisekelo nabacwaningi be-geotechnical abaphatha izimo ezinzima zomhlaba lapho impumelelo yephrojekthi ixhomeke ekuchazeni umhlaba okuphumelelayo nasekufakeni ama-borehole ngendlela eqondile nephumelelayo.
Amakhenikha aphezulu anamaloli afakwe ngemishini ekhethekile yokumba kanye nezisekelo akhombisa ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile kumaphrojekthi amakhulu wokwakha kwe-geotechnical adinga izixazululo ezijulile zesekelo. Lezi zinsiza eziguquguqukayo zihlanganisa ukuhamba nokusebenza kwamakhenikha aphathwayo nezixhumi zokumba eziphakeme noma eziphakeme-uhlobo, okuvumela ukufakwa kahle kwamabhakede amakhulu abunjiwe, izindonga ze-secant, nezinhlelo zezakhiwo ezijulile. Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe ivumela abakhiqizi ukuba baphathe izinqubo zokumba ezinzima ngokuqonda okwandisiwe nokunciphisa isikhala sesayithi, kubenza babe neqhaza elibalulekile emsebenzini wezenzakalo, kumaphrojekthi amakhulu ezokuthutha, nasekwakheni imboni lapho izinsiza nezinga lokukhiqiza kuphakathi kokudinga kakhulu. Indlela yokusebenza yamakhenikha aphezulu anemishini efakwe kubandakanya izigaba zokumba ezisemthethweni eziphindaphinda ngokuhamba kwexesha lephrojekthi. Abasebenzi baxhuma amakhanda okubumba, ama-augers, nezindlwana zokukhipha ngenqubo yokubeka ethangeni lekhenikha, kontrola ukujula kokungena kanye nesivinini sokujikijela ukuze babambisane nokukhipha umhlabathi nokufakwa kwamabhaka. Lemishini ibhekana nezimo zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhlanganise negravel eqinile, umhlabathi owakhiwe, udaka oluphukile, kanye ne-formation yokuhlangana lapho izindlela zokumba ezijwayelekile zinokwakha. Abakhiqizi basebenzisa ukuhamba kokubuyisela, ama-auger aqhubekayo, izinhlelo ze-kelly bar, kanye nezinsiza ezikhethekile ngokuya ngenhlangano yomhlabathi, izimo zomhlaba, kanye nezidingo z estructuras. Umsebenzi ongamakhaza—ukumba, ukukhipha imfucumfucu, ukuhlole, phumelela, phinda—udinga izinhlelo ezinamandla ze-hydraulic, ama-unit omphakathi athenjwayo, nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabathumeleli ekufundeni izimo zomhlaba kanye nokuguqula indlela ngendlela efanele. Izinguquko eziphambili zifaka phakathi ukuqapha kokudlidlizela, ukuhlolwa kokwakhiwa kwe-pile ngesikhathi sangempela, kanye nokulawula izinkomba zokumba ezenzakalayo ukuze kugcinwe izinga elithembeleka phakathi kokubumba okubili. Izicelo zifaka yonke imikhakha yokusebenza kwesekelo esijulile kuhlanganisa ama-pile aphethe umthwalo wezindlu eziphakeme, izakhiwo zezimboni, kanye nezinsiza zokwakha izinduku; izindonga ze-secant kanye nezincane zokweseka ukususa okunjalo kanye nokuvikela amanzi; amakholomu okuzinza komhlaba ukuze kulungiswe umhlabathi ophukile; kanye nezinhlelo ezikhethekile ezintanjeni eziyisikhumbuzo ezithinta ama-platforms aqinile asezweni eliseningizimu. Lemishini ibalulekile kumakonti okupilinga amakhulu kusuka ngo-600mm kuya ku-3000mm ububanzi, lapho isivinini sokufaka nezindleko zempumelelo kubalulekile kumuva wephrojekthi. Amakhenikha aphezulu aphumelela ekuphatheni ukujula okunamabhakede kusuka ku-20 kuya ku-80+ amamitha, kubenza babaluleke kumaphrojekthi adlula ezindaweni ezinuzi zomhlaba, emakhaya edolobha adinga izisekelo ezijulile, kanye nezifunda ezinezitolo zemvula eziphakeme. Izingqimba zabo zifaka izisebenzi eziphindaphindiwe kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kompiphu we-tremie ukuze kubhujiswe ngogeru, izinhlinzeko zokudonswa kwezinduku, ukuphathwa kwezingxube zomjolisi, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemishini ye-tremie kakhonkolo—izinsiza ezihlanganisiwe eziqinisekisa isikhawu sokusebenza futhi zinciphisa ubunzima bokuhlanganisa ezindaweni ezimnyama. Imakethe yezi zinhlelo ezikhethekile ikhombisa ukwanda kokufuna kwemishini ethembekile, ephezulu yokusebenza engakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokwakha emkhakheni wezisekelo zanamuhla ngesikhathi kugcinwa izinga elisabekayo lokufaka phakathi izimo ezahlukahlukene zejogadhi nezomoya.
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