Izinsiza zimele uchungechunge oluphelele lwezisetshenziswa ezisizayo, amathuluzi akhethekile, nezinhlelo zokwesekwa ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezimboni zokubhoboza ezine-shaft nezisetshenziswa zokwakha izindonga zomhlabathi. Lezi ziqhamuka ezinhlelweni eziphambili zokubhoboza nokumba zenza kube khona ukunemba, ukusebenza kahle, nezinga lemisebenzi elidingekayo emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bezisekelo ezijulile zanamuhla. Nakuba izinto ezithile zokuqhuba zingase zibonakale njengokuphikisana nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokubhoboza, ukusebenza kwazo okubumbene kuthinta ngqo ubuqotho bezinkampani, izikhathi zokuziphendulela, nokwakhiwa kwezisekelo eziphelele. Ezimeni zokubhoboza ezine-shaft—ikakhulukazi ezindlwini ze-diaphragm, ama-curtain akhiwayo, izindonga ze-secant pile, nokusebenza kwe-jet grouting—izinsiza zisebenza emisebenzini ebalulekile phakathi kokwakhiwa. Amasekelo amaphampu akhipha ama-casings ok guiding ngemuva kokumba imithombo, kanti amafremu akhumbula ukuma okujolile ngaphakathi ku-±1% nge-EN 1538. Izinhlelo zokuphakela i-slurry zenza iziphuzo zokuxhaswa kwe-bentonite noma i-polymer, zilawula i-viscosity, ubunzima, nezinga lokuhlunga ngokuya ngezimo zomhlabathi. I-tremie discharge tubes iletha i-concrete ngaphansi kwe-slurry ngenkathi ivimbela ukuhlukaniswa, futhi ama-pipe handlers abeka i-casing neziseko zesikhashana ngaphandle kobungozi ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu kune-40 amamitha. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ophakanyiswa yizinsiza eziningi ukusekela inqubo yokubhoboza. Amathambo embobo nezinsimbi zokubhoboza zimbula umhlabathi nolaka; imishini yokukhipha ikhipha i-casing ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-hydraulic elawulwa ukuze ivimbele ukufudumala; ama-slurry conditioning units agcina izimpawu ze-suspension fluid nge-centrifuges, shale shakers, kanye ne-weir tanks; izinhlelo ze-tremie zisebenzisa ukulawula futhi ziqinisekise ukufakwa kwe-concrete okujwayelekile. Amathuluzi okufakazela—kuhlanganisa nama-inclinometer, ama-pressure transducers, nezinhlelo zokguidance ze-laser—anikeza ukuqapha inqubo kwesikhathi sangempela, evumela abasebenzi ukuba babone izinguquko ngaphambi kokuthi kuvele noma yiziphi iziphambeko zokwakhiwa. Izimo zokuhlinzeka ezitholakalayo zibuye zibe ibanga lezobuchwepheshe bezokusebenza, eziphakeme, kanye nezolemali. Izinsiza eziphakanyisiwe zihlanganisa ama-extractors we-casing angama-manual noma i-hydraulic abamba izinkulu ezingama-50 kuya kwama-300+ tonnes, amafremu okhulayo alungiswa ukuze ahluke ngezindawo ezahlukene zomhlabathi, kanye nezikhala ezahlukene ze-tremie pipe. Izinhlelo ze-hydraulic ziphakamisa ama-winch, ama-oscilation units, kanye ne-cranes ezibambe zegubhu ngezinga lokulawula lokulinganisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle eduze nezakhiwo ezithintekayo. Izinsiza ze-electronic zifaka ama-inclinometer readout units, ama-slurry density sensors, ama-concrete level indicators, kanye nezinhlelo ze-alamu ezizenzakalelayo ezixwayisa abasebenzi ngamapharamitha aphukile. Izimfanelo zokuqokela zikhona ngokuya ngezidingo zomsebenzi ezithile. Ukuphakama kwesizinda nemvelo yomhlabathi kuthinta izidingo zokukhipha amandla kanye nezincazelo ze-rheology ye-slurry. Izimo zamanzi emhlabathini zithinta uhlobo lwe-fluid kanye ne-capacity yokuphakelwa. Ukuhamba kwezinsiza nezinkinga zokufinyelela endaweni kukha izinqumo mayelana nezinhlelo zokufaka—amasistimu affixed mast uma kuqhathaniswa nezisetshenziswa eziphakeme ezibanjwe ama-crane. Ukulandela izindinganiso zomthetho ezimweni ezijwayelekile ezifana ne-EN 1538 (izindonga ze-diaphragm), EN 14199 (ama-micropiles), noma i-EN 1997 (ukwakhiwa kwezobunjiniyela) kuqinisekisa izimfuneko zokusebenza eziphansi. Izici zomnotho ziqhathanisa ukutshalwa kwemali kokuqala ngokusebenza kahle nokunciphisa udoti. Izindinganiso zezimboni ezawula ukukhethwa kwezinsiza kanye nokusebenza zifaka i-EN 1538 yokwakhiwa kwe-diaphragm wall (izincazelo ze-slurry, ukwaneliseka kwe-casing), i-DIN 4126 (ukusebenza kwe-sheet pile), i-API RP 2A (izisekelo ezisemanzini ezidinga ukuphindaphindwa okuphezulu), kanye ne-ISO 6892-1 (ukuhlola izinto zama-component wokubhoboza). Imibhalo ye-European Technical Approval (ETA) inikeza ukuqinisekiswa kokusebenza kwezisombululo ezithuthukile ze-ancillary. Izinsiza zimele ibhuloho phakathi kokwakhiwa kwemicabango nesiqephu sokwenziwa—ukuchazwe kahle kwazo nokusebenza kwayo kuthinta ukuthi imiqondo yezisekelo ezijulile ifinyeleleke yini ezincwadini nasezindleleni.
I-Excavator iyiqoqo ebalulekile lemishini yokuhambisa umhlaba kubunjiniyela bezisekelo ezijulile, isebenza njengemishini eyinhloko yokulungiselela indawo, ukuphatha izinto, nemisebenzi eyengeziwe yokumba esekela ukufakwa kwemidiya yeziqhumane zodonga ezikhethekile. Ngenkathi odonga be-diagram, iziqhumane, ama-pile secant, kanye nodonga lwezinto zephepha kuzimisa ngemishini yokubhoboza nokufaka, ama-excavator akha isisekelo esibalulekile sale misebenzi ngokwenza imisebenzi yemqoka yokumba evumela ukwakhiwa kwezingqimba ngokunembile. Ezinhlelweni zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, ama-excavator asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene kumaphrojekthi odonga be-diagram kanye nezinqwaba. Asethula ukuvulwa kwendawo okuqalayo nokulinganisa, asusa ukungcola nezindawo zomhlaba ezithambile, ahlukanisa ama-guide wall namapits, aphatha i-bentonite slurry, aqoqe futhi agcine ukungcoliswa okwakhiwe, futhi aphathe ukuhamba kwezinto ezindaweni zokwakha ezihlanganisiwe. Kumaphrojekthi e-jet grouting nase-mixing soil, ama-excavator abeka imishini, aphatha ama-bin ezinto, futhi aphathe ukususwa nokubuyekezwa kwezinsika zomhlaba ezilungisiwe. Kumaphrojekthi ama-pile secant kanye ne-tangent, acabanga izindawo zokufinyelela futhi aphathe izinto ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokukhipha ama-pile. Imigomo yokusebenza ye-crawler kanye nama-excavator enezinyawo emikhakheni le iyagxila ekuqhubekeni kwamandla e-hydraulic. Isakhiwo esijikelezayo, esifakwe kumathrekhi noma kuma-carriers enezinhlamvu ze-rubber, sihlanganyela ne-hydraulic pump, ama-valve kontrol, kanye ne-khabhin ye-opharetha. I-boom, i-arm, ne-bucket zisebenza nge-hydraulic, zivumela ukufaka kahle i-bucket enezinhloso zokuthola umthwalo ophakathi kuka-0.5 kuya ku-5.0 cubic meters ngokuya ngeklasi yomshini. Umsebenzi wokumba utholakala ngokuhlasela kwe-pump enkulu (ngokuvamile 200–400 cc/rev) okukhanyiselwa ngamapulazi e-diesel noma i-electric power, kudluliselwe kumasilinda e-hydraulic anezinga lok pressure elingu-280–350 bar. Ezindaweni ezixhaswe, ama-excavator amancane (13–25 tonnes isisindo sokusebenza) anemizila encane yokujikeleza kanye ne-360-degree rotation akhethwa; izindawo ezivulekile zivuma amacarrier ajwayelekile (30–60 tonnes) anezinduku ezinde nokufinyelela okukhulu. Ukumiswa kwemishini kulesi sihloko kufaka phakathi izinhlelo ezijwayelekile ze-bucket ne-arm, ama-buckets akhethekile anezinhlangothi ezomelelekile zokuwina umhlaba, ama-grapples okuhlukaniswa kwemicabango, kanye nemishini yokumisa esebenzisa i-bucket. Ama-excavator aphatha i-slurry akhiwe ngezivikelo zokuvikela ukuze aphathe ukuchitheka kwe-bentonite kanye nezinhlelo zokuhamba kwamanzi ezigxilile. Ukumiswa okhethekile kufaka ama-buckets aqhuba nezingxenye ezihambisanayo ukuze agcwalise ukwahlukanisa ukungcoliswa. Izinhlelo zokukhetha zokusekela ukumba kumaphrojekthi odonga zifaka phakathi iklasi ye-excavator (mini, midi, ejwayelekile), imikhawulo ye-weight yokusebenza evinjelwe amandla epulatifomu, isilinganiso sokugcwaliswa kwe-bucket esifanele izimo zomhlaba, ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ezinhlelweni ezinde, imikhawulo yephunga nomsindo ezindaweni zokwakha ezibucayi, nezidingo zokufinyelela eziphathelene nezimo ze-pit. Abathengisi bahlola ukuhamba kwe-hydraulic pump, izinga lokuhamba, kanye nezinga lok pressure kuqhathaniswa nezimfuno zomhlaba ezilindelekile nezimo zokushisa. Izindinganiso zezimboni ezilawula ukusebenza kwe-excavator nokuphepha zifaka ISO 6016 (ukwakheka kokusebenza okujwayelekile), ISO 12100 (ukuphepha kwemishini), ISO 6165 (ukwehlukaniselwa ngaphansi kokwandisa ne-hydraulic), kanye ne-EN 12001 (izidingo zokuphepha kwemishini yokuhambisa umhlaba). Ukulandela emaphandleni kudinga ukufinyelela emshwaleni ngaphansi kwe-EU Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC. Izindinganiso zokusebenza zokuphatha ukungcoliswa ziqondisa i-ISO 14644 (ukulawula ukungcoliswa ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwezinto) kanye nemihlahlandlela yezemvelo zabantu bendawo zokuphatha i-slurry.
Ama-backhoe loaders yimishini ehlakaniphile yokumba kanye nokuphatha izinto ezixhunywe ngogesi ezihlanganisa izinto zokulayisha ezibekwe phambili kanye nomunwe wokumba obekwe ngemuva, okwenza kube yimishini ebalulekile evumelana nezidingo ezahlukene ekwakhiweni kwezisekelo ezijulile. Ekuhlinzekweni kwezisekelo ezijulile, ama-backhoe loaders asebenza njengemishini eyinhloko yokwesekwa ekulungiseleleni indawo, ukuphatha izinto, ukuhlinzeka ngenqubo yokuphatha izinsalela, kanye nezinye izinqubo zokulungiselela umhlaba eziqinisekisa umsebenzi wezisekelo okhethekile. Ukuhamba kahle kwawo nokuphakama okuncane kwawenza kwaba yimishini engabizi kakhulu ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo wokufinyelela lapho ama-excavators ahlelekile kanye nama-loaders engasebenzi kahle noma engavumeli umnotho. Ama-backhoe loaders asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zokwakhiwa kwezisekelo ezijulile. Ekuwakhiweni kwamawola e-diaphragm, abumba futhi alondoloze izimbobo zokufinyelela, aphatha ukusethwa kwemishayo yokwakha, futhi alawule ukunyathela kwensalela kanye nezinto ezitholiwe. Ekufakweni kwamacurtain cutoff—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umhlabathi-cement, i-sheet pile, noma i-cement-bentonite—balungisa amapulatifomu okusebenza, babumba izikhala zokuhola, futhi baphinde balethe izinto ezihlanganisa i-cement kanye nezithako zomhlaba. Ekukwazini nasekufakweni kwemiphongolo ye-secant kanye ne-tangent, ama-backhoe loaders asekelwa ekuqedeni izimbobo, ukuphatha imishayo, kanye nokukhipha izinsalela. Baphinde banikeze amandla ezinsizweni ze-jet grouting ngokulungisa amaphuzu wokufaka, ukuphatha ukweseka kwe-slurry plant, kanye nokuphatha izinqwaba ze-grout kanye ne-sand cement. Ekuwakhiweni kwamawola e-sheet pile aphansi ukuya ophakeme, asiza ekuhlinzekeni ngokumba, ukuhlela amapaneli, futhi alungise izinto. Ngokusho kokusebenza, ama-backhoe loaders asebenzisa amasistimu amabili okusebenza ngogesi: umjikelezo wokulayisha unikeza imisebenzi ye-bucket-parallel kanye ne-bucket-curl yokuhlanganisa izinto eziphathelene phambili nokulayisha emakethe, kanti umjikelezo wokumba uhlinzeka ngokuqina kwemunwe, ukujula komunwe, kanye nokujikisa kwe-bucket zokumba ngemuva ezijulile ngokuvamile zingu-3–6 metres ngaphansi kwendawo yomshini. Izinhlelo zokukhulula ingcindezi zigcina ukuphepha kokusebenza, futhi imishini yesimanjemanje inezilawuli zokusebenza ezilinganayo ezivumela ukufakwa kwezinto ngendlela ethile kanye nokwehlisa ukukhishwa. Ikhabhinethi yomsebenzisi inikeza ukubonakala kwemigqa engu-360—okubalulekile uma usebenza eduze kwezakhiwo zokwesekela eziphansi nezindonga zokuhola ze-diaphragm. Izinhlelo ezitholakalayo zifaka ukujula kokumba okuvela ku-4.5 kuya ku-6.5 metres, ukusebenza kwe-bucket kusuka ku-0.15 kuya ku-1.0 m³, futhi ukusebenza kwe-bucket ye-loader kusuka ku-1.0 kuya ku-3.5 m³. Izisindo zokusebenza zisesikhathini esingu-9 kuya ku-28 tonnes, nezinguquko ezisemathrekhi zifaka amandla aphezulu okuphatha emhlabeni ongenamandla noma onothile ngama-clay lapho ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba kungaphelele. Izinsiza ezikhethekile zifaka ama-quick-couplers ukuze kuthiwe ngemishayo, izinyawo zokuzinzisa ukuze kuhlukaniswe ukukhanda ezindaweni ezingaphansi komsebenzi, ama-dippers andisiwe ukuze kube nemithombo ejulile, kanye nezithako zama-thumbs ukuze kuphathwe izinto kahle. Izinketho zokukhetha zifaka ubunjalo bokufinyelela endaweni, amandla owabumba umhlaba (abaqashi bezisekelo bavame ukuhlinzeka ngemikhawulo yemithwalo), izidingo zokumba kokuqhubeka, ubukhulu bezinto eziphuma, kanye nokusondela kwezakhiwo ezikhona noma izakhiwo. Abasebenzi kumele bahloniphe izimfuneko zesithoko zesithitho sezinsizakusebenza ezinzima; iJalimane ifuna ukuveza § 32a BauV, kuyilapho izindawo ze-UK zifuna i-CSCS noma i-NVQ Level 2+ yokwaziswa. Izindinganiso ezihambelana nazo zifaka i-ISO 10567 (ukuphepha kwemishini yokumba ngogesi), i-ISO 6165 (igama lemishini yokunyakaza komhlaba), kanye nezinguquko zesiNtu ezifana ne-DIN 20457 (izidingo zokuphepha zama-loaders kanye nama-backhoe). I-EU Directive 2006/42/EC isebenza kumklamo wemishini kanye nophawu lwe-CE. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindinganiso zokulawula amanzi aphansi (BS 6031, DIN 4126) zivame ukuhlela izinqubo zokukhipha amanzi lapho ama-backhoe ephakela izinsiza zokwelapha i-slurry noma ukusingathwa kwesistimu yokukhipha amanzi.
Izimpawu zezinsiza zokuphakamisa phakathi kwemcontext yeMikhawulo Yomhlaba kanye Nama-Cutoff Curtains ziwumsebenzi okhethekile ophakanyiswa ukuze ubhekane nezidingo ezinzima zokuphathwa kwezinto ezihambisana nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezijulile phansi komhlaba, okubandakanya imikhawulo ye-diaphragm, ama-cutoff curtains, ama-secant piles, amasistimu e-sheet pile, kanye nezinhlelo zokugrouth ze-jet ezingezansi. Lezi zinsiza zisebenza njengemishini ebalulekile esekela ukuphepha, ukuphathwa kwesikhumbuzo sezakhiwo ezinkulu, amaqoqo owokwenziwa, ama-tremie pipes, kanye nezinsiza zewarrior ngesikhathi sokuqala okukhulu sokusebenza kwezakhiwo ezijulile, lapho ukunemba nokuzinza komthwalo kubalulekile ekugcineni ubumsulwa bezakhiwo nokuhlangabezana nemithetho. Ekubhaliseni kwemikhawulo ye-diaphragm, izinsiza zokuphakamisa zihlukanisa futhi ziphakamise izinto ze-wall guide ezifanele ngaphambi kokuba kokuqhuba kwemigudu egcwele i-slurry kuqale. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, ziphakamisa ama-tremie pipes asetshenziselwa ukufakwa kwekhohlo, ziqhubele phansi amaqoqo owokwenziwa emigudwini esekelwe ku-slurry, futhi ziphathe ukuhlinzeka okwenziwayo kwezamabhola e-diaphragm esigabeni esithile. Ekufakeni ama-cutoff curtains—kungaba i-soil-cement-bentonite (SCB), i-cement-bentonite (CB), noma izinhlelo ze-vibro-replacement—izinsiza zokuphakamisa ziphathe ukufakwa kwamathubhu wokufinyelela, izinhlelo zokuhola, kanye nezinsiza zokusebenza. Ku-sistimu ye-secant kanye ne-tangent piles, izinsiza zokuphakamisa zibeka kokubili izintambo zokuphakanyiswa ezihlala njalo kanye nezakhiwo ze-guide eziphakathi. Ezinhlelweni zokugrouth ze-jet kanye nezokuhlanganiswa komhlaba, izinsiza zokuphakamisa ziphakamisa izinsiza ezinzima zokwelapha, amapayipi okuhlinzeka ngezithako, kanye nezinhlelo zokufaka ezisizayo ngesikhathi zigcina izindawo ezicacile phezu kwemigudu esebenzayo. Umqondo osebenzayo uphatheke ekuphathweni kokuphepha kwemithwalo: izinsiza zikhprovidesukuphakanyiswa okuqondile nokuphakanyiswa kokuhamba kokuphathwa komthwalo ophakeme ngaleso sikhathi, zigwema ukuphimisa okungavumelekile, ukulanda okukhulu, noma ukungena kokuphuma okungabangela ukonakala kwemikhawulo yokuhola, kuphazamisa izimpawu ze-slurry, noma ukungafani kwezinsiza zokusebenza. Umthwalo wezintambo udinga ukuba uhambisane neziteshi ezivunyelwe ezimiphishini eziphakanyisiwe, ngokubambisana nezici ze-dynamic zokuqala zembhidi zempahla kanye nemiphumela yokuhamba. Izinsiza zokuphakamisa kule mcontext ngokuvamile ziqukethe ama-crane amaphakathi e-lattice boom (20–100 t amandla), ama-crane asezindaweni zokusebenza (mandla alungile ye-segment), noma ama-crane angaphansi kwamanzi okwakhiwa kwemigudu. Izinhlelo zifaka ukuphakanyiswa kwezigaba (ama-tremie pipes, izikhala zohola), ama-hiphophopha amaphuzu afakwa phakathi kwemithwalo (ama-cages amakhulu), namablokhi ethosiwe anama-cell wokuqapha amaload ngesikhathi sangempela. Izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zifaka i-radar yokulwa nokungqubuzana, ama-indiketa we-load moment (LMI), kanye nezinyathelo ezihambayo ze-boom zokuqhuba ezindaweni eziqhume ezingeni lemingcele. Izicelo zokukhetha zifaka amandla aphakanyisiwe adingekayo esikhathini sikhulu, ukuzinza kwemikhumbi ngaphansi komthwalo onomthelela, ukufinyelela okuqondile ezindaweni ezinokuphikiswa, imikhawulo yokuphakamisa, izidingo zokubopha, kanye nokuqinisekiswa ngaphansi kokuhambisana ne-EN 12951 (Izidingo zokuphepha zama-crane aphakanyisiwe), EN 13000 (Ama-crane aphakanyisiwe—Ukwethembeka), kanye ne-ISO 4305 (Ama-crane—ukuhlukaniswa). Abasebenzi kufanele babe neziqu ezamukelekayo ze-crane ephakanyisiwe (IPAF, CCNR, noma okulingene) futhi baveze amakhono ezisebenzi ezikhethekile zokuphakanyiswa ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokuphatha ezivunyelwe.
Amathreyi aphansi afaneleka kakhulu ezithuthweni ezisindayo eziklanyelwe ukuthwele imishini enkulu, engasindi kahle, ngokuyisisekelo ezindaweni zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile. Njengengxenye ye-ecosystem yemishini eyengeziwe, amathreyi aphansi asebenza njengempahla ebalulekile yokuhamba, evumela ukuhamba okuphephile kwemishini yokushaya ama-phile, imishini ye-diaphragm wall, imishini yokubhoboza, kanye nezinye izinto zokubhoboza ezinzima nezicelo zokwakha izisekelo ezingabekwa ngamasondo ajwayelekile ngenxa yokuphakama, ubukhulu, noma izinkinga zokwakheka. Kumongo wezindonga zomhlabathi kanye nezindonga zokusebenza, amathreyi aphansi asebenza njengokuthwala okukhulu kwezokuthutha imishini yokubhoboza izindonga zobuhle, imishini ye-hydrofraise, imishini ye-jet grouting, kanye nemishini yokuxuba umhlabathi ezindaweni zephrojekthi, evame ukuhamba ezindaweni ezinzima nezindlela zokufinyelela ngemithwalo enkulu ephakeme kuka-50–150 tonnes. Amathreyi aphansi asetshenziswa kuwo wonke amasu wezindonga zomhlabathi nezindonga zokusebenza, kuhlanganise nezokwakha izindonga ze-diaphragm (ezisekela imishini yokubhoboza emithwalo emikhulu kanye nemishini ye-hydrofraise), ukufakwa kwezindonga ze-secant ne-tangent pile (ukuthutha abathwali bemishini kanye nama-hammers e-pile), izinhlelo ze-sheet pile wall (ukuletha ama-hammers okwehlisa nomsindo), ukusebenza kwe-jet grouting (ukuthutha amayunithi amapompo aphakeme kanye nezikhala zokuxuba), kanye nokwakha nokuxuba umhlaba endaweni (ukuthwala imishini yokwelapha umhlabathi ekhethekile). Umqondo ophethe umsebenzi ugxile ekuhlinzekeni komthwalo nokuqondisa umthwalo we-axle: amathreyi aphansi abonisa umbheke ophansi obekwe phansi, wandisa i-wheelbase phakathi kwezigaba eziningi ze-axle ukuze ahlukanise imithwalo yemishini ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yokuhamba ye-axle evumelekile (ngokuvamile ama-tonnes angama-8–11 nge-axle ezinhlelweni ze-EU). Umkhawulo we-trailer ngokuvamile uyahluka ngezikalo ze-hydraulic noma ama-winch ama-mechanical, okuvumela ukuhamba okunembile nokuqiniswa kwemithwalo. Amathreyi aphansi amanje afaka ama-ramps akhishwayo, amabhalansi wokugcina imithwalo, kanye nezinhlelo ze-hydraulic ezihlanganisiwe ukuze zikhulule, zikhishwe, futhi zigcinwe ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Izilungiselelo ezisemqoka zifaka phakathi amathreyi aphansi e-tandem axle (amaqembu e-axle angu-2–3 ukuze kudlule ama-tonnes angama-60–100), amathreyi aphansi e-tri-axle kanye nezokwandisa (okuvumela imithwalo engu-80–150 tonnes noma ama-booms amakhulu), kanye nezinhlobo ezikhethekile zokwehla-amabhadi eziza nezikhala ezivumelanayo zokuhamba ngezinga eliphakeme. Ezinye izinhlaka zinezizinda ezijikelezayo noma izinto zokweseka imithwalo ezisebenza ngezinga le-hydraulic ukuze ziqhube imibhobo engalingani noma enkulu yemishini yokubhoboza nezigaba zemast. Izindlela zokukhetha eziyimfanelo zifaka phakathi amandla wemithwalo acacisiwe (kumele aphelelwe imithwalo yemishini emancane plus 15–20% yesikhumbuzo sokuphepha), ukuvumelana kobude nesayizi yebhodi nemikhumbi yemishini, izilungiselelo ze-axle ezitholakalayo ukuze kuhlangabezane nemithetho yasendaweni, uhlobo lweqoqo lokuphakanyiswa (amavolumu omoya ukuze kube nekh comfort; mechanical ukuze kube nokuqina), izinto zokulawula ukushayela kanye nezinhlelo zokuzinza, kanye nokuvumelana nezinhlelo ze-hydraulic ezilawulwa kude zokuphatha imithwalo. Izindinganiso ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi i-EN 12642 (izinhlelo zokugcina imithwalo), i-ISO 7573 (ukulinganiswa kwezithuthi), nezimiso zokuhamba zokuhamba ezizimele (i-STGB, i-STVO, noma ezifana) ezilawulayo imithwalo ye-axle, isamba esiphelele, kanye nemikhawulo yobukhulu. Abakhi obedlule basusa izindlela zokuthola amathreyi, izinhlelo zokubuyiselwa, ukuziphatha kokuhweba nezincwadi zokuhlangabezana nemigomo, kanye nolwazi lomkhandlu lokwakha oluhlukile nezindlela zokubeka imithwalo ezibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kwezimoto okuphephile, okuhamba kahle ekuhlinzekeni kwemishini eziqondweni ezinzima zokwakhiwa kwezisekelo ezijulile.
Izixhumi zomoya zisebenza njengemishini ebalulekile yokuxhasa kwezobunjiniyela bemifantu emikhulu, zinikeza umoya ophansi onethemba lwezikhala ezinhlobonhlobo zama-tools neziqhelo ezisetshenziswa phakathi kokwakhiwa kwemishini ye-diaphragm wall, ukufakwa kokugwema okuphakamile, kanye nemisebenzi ethile yokuthuthukisa umhlaba. Njengemishini ebalulekile yokuxhasa, izixhumi zomoya zenza kube nokwenzeka ukusetyenziswa kwemishini esebenza ngogesi kumasayithi akhululekile lapho ezinye izinsiza zamandla zingase zibe nzima, ngenkathi zikhulula umoya ophansi oqhubekayo, ophathwayo okungafani nemingcele yokwakha. Ezinhlelweni zokwakha imifantu emikhulu, izixhumi zomoya zisebenza ezindaweni eziningi zokusebenza. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwemishini ye-diaphragm wall, ziqhuba ama-drill abangelwayo, ama-chisel aphumayo, nezinye amathuluzi abalulekile ukuze kufakwe ukuqina nobuchwepheshe bokwakha izinto. Emisebenzini ye-jet grouting—kungaba uhlelo lwezinto ezithile noma ukuwatshala—izixhumi zisebenzisa umoya omkhulu osetshenziselwa ukwehlisa amathuba ahlanganisayo kanye nokukhipha izinsalela zomhlaba. Ukufakwa kwemibhoshongo yokugwema kuvame ukufuna umoya ohlangene ukuze kuvinjwe uthuli ngesikhathi sokumba, ukusebenza kwemishini yokuphuka amatshe, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhulula amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izixhumi zixhasa imisebenzi yokushaya ama-pile intersection ne-pile sheet ngokuphakelwa kwe-impact breakers kanye nemishini yokuvusa umoya, ngenkathi zivumela ukuhlolwa kwama-pile aphothuliwe kanye nok upkeep kwezinqubo ze-hydraulic. Umqondo wokusebenza ugxile ekucindezelweni komoya okukhethiwe ngama-rotary screw, ama-piston aphumayo, noma izinhlelo ze-centrifugal, kanye nokulethwa komoya ophansi ngemali ebekiwe (imvamisa 6–10 bar kumathuluzi ajwayelekile, 20–40 bar kumasiko okhethekile) nokugeleza okulinganiswa nge-cubic meters ngomzuzu (m³/min). Umoya ophansi uyabanda ngemuva kokuphakelwa ukuze kuncishiswe okuqukethwe komswakama, uhlanzwa ukuze kukhishwe izinto ezincane, futhi kulawulwa ukuze kuhlale kunomfutho ophumayo ongu-constant phakathi kwezingcaphuno ezahlukene. Izingunitshe ze-mobili ezi-m304 zisebenza ngokuvamile zifakwe kumaphethini anemikhono noma amenezi amabhasi emanzini ukuze kube nokuthuthuka. Ukuhlelwa okukhona kufaka phakathi izixhumi zokukhishwa kwemoya eziphakanyisiwe (37–75 kW) ezifanelekile emisebenzini yokukhuthaza ukuze kudlule kumathuluzi amaningi, kwi trailer-mota ebaleleni (75–300+ kW) enokuphakelwa okuphezulu okuqhubekayo. Izinhlobo ze-compressor zifaka phakathi ama-rotary screw angasebenzi ngefutha—okuthandwa kum hindla ezidinga ikhwalithi yomoya ngaphandle kokuhlanza i-oil—nema-designs anama-lubrication afanelekile ukunikela ngempumelelo engcono kumasilisili aphakeme. Umthamo we-tank uvame ukuba ngaphakathi kwama-litha angu-500–4000 kuya kwezezimali zemisebenzi nezikhala zamafuthi. Izigaba zokukhetha zifaka phakathi umoya ophansi ohlangene oludingekayo nemfutho; ukwakhiwa kokukhuthaza (ukuphakathwa kwe-siphonic, ukufinyelela ku-diesel fuel); imvamisa yaso sokusebenza isikhathi; imikhawulo yokuhamba kwemvelo (izinga lokuhamba, imithetho yokukhishwa); kanye nokutholakala kwezinsizakusebenza zokukhulisa. Abakhiqizi bacaca kakhulu ukukhetha izixhumi ukuze bahlangabezane nemikhawulo yokuhamba nokukhuthaza amandla amathuluzi aphakeme, umthamo weta ngempela ukuze kube nokungaguquki kwemiphumela yokugqamisa, kanye ne-capacity ye-aftercooler eyanele yezozimali eziphezulu noma ezihlinzekwa ngamanzi. Ukwethembeka kwemishini nokuqinisekisa ukuxhaswa kwezinsizakusebenza kubalulekile kumaphrojekthi amade. Ukuhambelana kwemishini ngokuvamile kuhlobene ne-ISO 1217 (ukuhlala komoya ophansi), EN 12922 (ukuphepha kwezixhumi zomoya), nezindinganiso zikazwelonke ezikhona. Imishini ye-diesel kufanele ihlangabezane nemithetho yokukhishwa ethile (Isigaba V eYurophu), ngenkathi umoya ophuma uvame ukuhamba ngaphansi kwemikhawulo yamasayithi wokwakha (80–85 dB(A) ngemuva kwesikhala esingu-1 meter). I-Certification yomthombo wokucindezelwa kanye nezidingo zokuhlola ezikhawulelwe zilandela i-PED (Pressure Equipment Directive) noma izinhlelo zikazwelonke ezifanayo.
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