Izindonga zomhlaba kanye nezilinda zokuhlukanisa zimele ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile ku-engineering yokwakha eziqine ezindaweni ezinzima zokuphila komhlaba ukuze kulawule ukugeleza kwamanzi phansi kanye nokuvikela izikala. Lezi zinhlelo zakha izithiyo ezingangeni amanzi noma eziphakathi kwezihibe ngaphakathi kwemfucumfucu, zisebenza njengamas结构 okugcina amandla aphakeme noma izindlela zokufaka ezithuthukisa ukuvinjelwa kwamanzi nokugcina ubuqiniso bezikala. Ziba nezinye izingxenye eziyisisekelo ekwakhiweni nasekuqedeni izisekelo eziqine, ikakhulukazi lapho izimo ze-hydrogeological zikhombisa izingozi kumsebenzi wesakhiwo noma ekwenzeni kwakhiwa. Izindonga zomhlaba nezilinda zokuhlukanisa zixazulula ezinye izicelo ezahlukahlukene emkhakheni wezisekelo ezijulile. Izindonga ze-diaphragm zisebenza ngasikhathi sinye njengezikhungo zokuxhasa izikala nezinto eziphakeme zokugcina ezindaweni eziphakeme zasedolobheni nezinhlelo zezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Izilinda zokuhlukanisa, ngokuvamile zikhona ngamasondo e-jet-grouted noma izithiyo zodaka-zinhlaka, zithathela phezulu indlela zokugeleza kwamanzi ngokuhamba kokugeleza nezendlunkulu ezivimbela. Izindonga ze-secant pile, ezenziwe ngokuhlangana kwama-shafts agcwaliswe noma angagcwaliswanga, zikh提供结合构造支持和防水中等深度应用中的作用。 Izindonga ezisikwe izikhanyiso, ezenziwe ngezinsizakusebenza ze-stel noma ze-vinyl ezihlanganayo, zihlinzeka ngosizo lwesikhala olubalulekile kuhlelo lwesikhashana. Izindonga ze-soil-cement-bentonite slurry zisebenza ezindaweni ezinamathambo aphansi lapho izindleko nezinto zemvelo ziphakamisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwakha. Izindlela zokuxuba umhlaba ezijulile kanye nezindlela zokubhalansha ze-jet zidalula izindawo zomhlaba eziphucukile ngezinga lesikhala esithembekile nezinga eliphakeme lokuphuma komhlaba, ngasikhathi sinye zixazulula izinjongo ze-geotechnical nezokwakha ezibhaliwe. Umsebenzi ophansi oholayo amajigi womhlaba ubandakanya ukudala isithiyo esiqhubekayo esinendawo ethile ngokuphula noma ukuhluza umhlabathi wendabuko ngezithasiselo ezihloniphekile - i-Portland cement, i-bentonite slurry, noma ama-resins e-polyurethane. Ukusebenza kwe-diaphragm kudinga izindonga zokuqondisa, izinhlelo zokuhamba kwe-slurry, kanye nezinsiza zokuhlungela noma zokugunda i-hydrofraise ukuze kuhlanzeke imifantu yomhlabathi ngaphansi kokuphakamisa kwe-bentonite. I-jet grouting ithwala amanzi aphezulu noma umoya-wamanzi ukuze ibhujise futhi igcwalise umhlaba endaweni, ngenkathi ibhujiswa i-slurry ye-cement ngezindondo zokuhlola. Izilinda zokuhlukanisa ezithuthukiswe ngokufaka amakhemikhali zisebenzisa imifantu ekhona nezikhala zomhlabathi ukusabalalisa izinto zokubopha phakathi kwezitshalo ezihlosiwe. Ukuphakanyiswa kwedipha kusemgangathweni kusuka ezithiyweni eziphakeme zokwakha (3–8 metres) kuya ezakhiweni ezijulile eziphakamisayo emkhakheni wezimbotshwe (50+ metres). Izigaba zempahla ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi izinsiza ze-grab ze-diaphragm, abagibeli be-hydrofraise, ama-monitor we-jet-grouting nezinhlelo zokufaka amaphampu, ama-rigs we-continuous flight auger kanye nemishini yokuxuba umhlaba, ama-cranes wokufaka ama-sheet-piling kunye nezinsiza zokushaya ezinokwenziwa nezokuhlola, kanye nezimboni zokwelapha ezine-bentonite recycling. Ukuhlelwa kwezingxenye zempahla kuhamba ngezindlela ezahluke kakhulu phakathi kokwakhiwa kwe-phase eyodwa ne-multi-phase, izinkundla zokufaka ezomhlaba nezendawo, futhi zenze ukwandiswa komhlaba kokuhamba kwe-static. Izinga lokukhetha lisekelwe ku-stratigraphy, izinga lokuphuma, imisebenzi yokwakha efunwayo, isikhala esitholakalayo, izithiyo zemvelo, nezidingo zokuhlela imisebenzi. I-geochemistry ye-groundwater ithinta ukufaneleka kwezinto; ibhizinisi elibuhlungu le-starting lezembozo lifuna ukwakhiwa kwe-cement okuqondile. Izimo zesikhumba esithambile zikhuthaza ukuhluza noma ukugunda; i-jet grouting ikhiqiza kahle kakhulu kumphakathi ophakeme. Ukuhlukaniswa okuhlonishwayo phakathi kokwakha isikhathi sokusebenza nomsebenzi wokwakha uqhuba umklamo wokuhlola nokuqinisekisa ukuvikela. Izindinganiso ezisetshenziswayo zifaka i-EN 1538 (izindonga ze-diaphragm), i-EN 14199 (ama-micropile), i-DIN 4128 (ama-sheet piling), i-ISO 6892 (ukuhlolwa kwemishini), ne-API RP 2A (izakhiwo zezimpi), zisungula izindlela zokuklama, izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, nezidingo zokusebenza kwezinto.
Izinhlelo zokuhamba ze-Cluster Down-The-Hole (DTH) zimelela ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokuhamba obwakhiwe ukuze bakhe izimbobo ez hlubukhulu, eziphakeme zokuphuma emhlabeni ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa umhlaba nokuqinisa ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphakathi kcontext yezingodo zomhlaba nezingubo zokuphuma, lezi zinhlelo zivumela abakhi ukuba bafeze izinhlelo zokuhamba eziphelele, lapho amaqembu amaningi okuhamba ukusebenza ngakunye, okwandisa ngokuphawulela izinhlelo zephrojekthi zokwakha ezinkulu zokuhlanza umhlaba. Izinhlelo zokuhamba ze-Cluster DTH zisetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi yemisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile. Emsebenzini wokuhamba kwe-jet grouting, zidalwa inethiwekhi yezimbobo ezidingekayo zokwakha amaphethini wokufaka amavesi amaningi ekwakhiweni kwezingubo zokuphuma, lapho amakhilomitha amancane adala izithiyo eziqhubekayo. Zisekela ukwakha izindonga ze-secant ne-tangent ngokuhamba kwabobo ukuze kube lula ukufaka ama-pile nokuhlukanisa umhlaba. Ohlelweni lwezindonga ze-soil-cement-bentonite (SCB), lezi zinhlelo zinikeza ukuhamba okuphumelelayo kokufaka izindonga eziqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-cluster kusebenza ezinhlelweni zokuxubha umhlaba, lapho amakhilomitha amaningi omhlaba aqinisiwe kumele akhiwe ukuze kufezwe ubude obudingekayo obuphakeme nokuhamba. Umsebenzi wezimoto ubandakanya ama-DTH hammer units amaningi afakwe ngendlela eyodwa ye-rig frame, ngayinye ikhuluma ngokuzimela - ithungela nge-compressed air ethunyelwe kumasistimu obunjiniyela obuphakathi. Ngaphandle kokuhamba okujwayelekile kwe-rotary noma kokwenza ngezintambo, ama-DTH hammers asebenza ebusweni be-bit, ethumela amandla okuphula ngqo ngaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kwaziwa kakhulu kokuhamba kuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza ngokuhambisa umthwalo phakathi kwezimbobo eziningi kuyilapho kugcinwa amazinga okuhamba afanayo nezinga lekhwalithi ye-cavity. Abasebenzi bahlanganisa ukuhamba kwesesha ngokuqondanisa ingcindezi nezilawuli ze-feed ezihlukile, okuvumela amajamo aphelele ezimbobeni ngamasikhawu anembile. Izinhlelo zezimoto zihluka ngokwezidingo zephrojekthi. Izinhlelo ze-cluster ezijwayelekile zinezingalo ezi-2-6 ze-DTH hammer units, ezivamile ukuba nezilinganiso ze-DTH ezivela ku-75mm kuya ku-165mm, ezifakwe ezindaweni zokuhamba ezikhethekile noma kwiphaneli ye-CAT. Umthamo we-compressor uvamise ukuba phakathi kuka-600 kuya ku-1,200 CFM, nezinhlelo ezinamandla aphezulu (250-350 psi) zithumela ukuhamba okuhle ezimvume ezifanele. Izinsiza eziwusizo zifaka phakathi ama-manifolds aphakathi ukuze kuthunyelwe umoya, izikhala ezizimele zomjikelezo wokulawula ubude, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ama-rod ezihambisana nepipeline ejwayelekile (6-1/4" noma 7-7/8" ububanzi). Izinhla zokukhethwa kwezinhlelo ze-cluster DTH zibhekisisa izidingo zokuhamba ubude, amandla okwakha, izidingo zokuma nezimo zamaphethini, ixesha lephrojekthi, kanye nemisebenzi yokusebenza. Abakhi bahlola umthamo we-compressor ngokuhambisana nokusebenza kwe-hammer okuhamba ngasikhathi sinye, ukusebenza kwemithombo yokondla ugesi ngezinsiza, kanye nokutholakala kwezingxenye ezisindayo. I-geology ye-formations ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhetheni i-hammer—izindonga ezophukile nezindawo zomhlaba zimema ama-hammers amancane, anomthwalo ophakeme, kanti izindonga ezinamandla zinaka ama-designs amakhulu anomthelela ophakeme. Izidingo zokukhanya kwezimboni (nevamile ukuya ku-75-115mm zokuhamba) zinquma izincazelo zama-hammers nokumiswa komoya. Izindinganiso zezimboni ezihlawulela umkhuba wokuhamba kwe-cluster DTH zikhumbula i-ISO 11500 (ukuphepha kwezinsiza), i-EN 12716 (ukuhamba ezindlini), ne-API RP 65 (izindlela ezinhle zokuhambela). Izindinganiso zezwe ezihlanganisa ne-ASTM D7491 zibhala izincazelo ze-ikhwalithi ye-cavity, kuyilapho i-DIN 4126 ibeka izidingo zokuhamba kwe-jet lapho izimbobo ezikhuphukile nge-DTH zisebenza njengezindlela zokufaka. Abakhi kumele bagcine amarekhodi wokuhamba abhalela ubude bezimbobo, izikhala, izincazelo ze-formations, nezilinganiso zomoya ukuze bohlale benza ukuphumeza nezidingo ze-designs nezidingo zokuhlukanisa izidingo zephrojekthi.
Ukufakwa kwezikweletu zedaka kuyinqubo yokwakha ezisekelweni ezijulile lapho izikhala zokubhoboza, ngokuvamile ezithathwa njengezikhala ezinkulu ezikhululekile noma ama-piles okuqhubeka (CFA), zenzeka emigudwini yesimanje ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okuthwala ngaphezu kwalokho okungatholakala ngokusebenzisa ukufakwa embixweni yomhlabathi kuphela. Le ndlela ibalulekile kwi-geotechnical engineering lapho isakhiwo esiphansi sihlinzekwa ngomhlabathi ongenakho amandla noma opholile ogqamile phezu kwezigodi ezinamandla. Le teknoloji ivumela ab engineers ukuba benze izisekelo ezikwazi ukuphatha imithwalo emikhulu yamabhilidi—njengalezo ezivela kumabhilidi amaqhawe, amabhidge, izinhlelo ezibalulekile, kanye nezikhungo zezimboni—ngokuhlanganisa ngqo emathafeni aphethe imithwalo esikhundleni sokuthembela kuphela ekwakhiweni kwesikhala se-pile emigudwini engakhokhi kahle. Ukwamukela izikhala ezijulile kudala izimo ezihlukahlukene zokwakha izisekelo: izikhumbuzo zezakhiwo nezimbali ezidinga ukufakwa okujulile emathafeni, izisekelo zamabhilidi aphakeme ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinezikhala ezilinganiselwe, izakhiwo ezisemanzini nangasogwini ezibhekene nemithwalo eyasheshayo, izikhungo ze-nuclear nezinye izinto ezibalulekile ezidinga ukuzinza okuphezulu, kanye nezinkampani ezimbonini ezinezimoto ezinkulu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho izisekelo ezishallow zingaphumeleli futhi ezindaweni ezinezinhla eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinamathafa amancane aqinile emhlabeni. Inqubo yokusebenza ihlanganisa ukubhoboza ngokusebenzisa izinto zokubhoboza ezijulile ezithinta izindawo ezitholakalayo kuze kufike phezulu emathafeni, bese kufakwa emathafeni uqobo. Ukuphakama kwe-socket kubalulekile ngokujwayelekile kusuka ezinyaweni eziyi-5–15 (1.5–4.5 metres), nakuba kungadlula lokhu kumafake okukhulu. Amandla okuthwala atholakala ekuphakamiseni endaweni yokugcina emhlabeni kwe-socket nasemkhombeni ofanayo phakathi kwe-pile ne-rock. Indlela yokwakha ilandela izinqubo ezimisiwe ezibhekelela izinga lekhwalithi yedaka (RQD), amandla okuphendukiswa okungagciniwe, ibanga lokuphambuka, kanye nesimo sezinhlangothi ukuze kutholakale amandla e-socket usebenzisa amafekthori okwehlisa ahambelana namaqondo okwakha endaweni ye-rock eqinile. Izinto eziyinhloko zokusebenza zifaka izikhala ezinkulu zokubhoboza ezihlanganiswe nezingxenye zokuphakela ukuze kube nokuphuma emathafeni, amasistimu wama-casing ukuze kuqedwe umhubhe ngesikhathi sokubhoboza nokufakwa kwekhonkrithi, amathuluzi akhethekile ama-auger ukuze kusekelwe ama-continuous flight auger emathafeni, kanye nezinsiza zokukhipha/ukubeka i-grouting ukuze kubhekwe ubukhulu besikhumbuzo somhlaba nekhwalithi yokubopha. Ukumiswa kuzohluka kusuka ezindongeni ezivulekile ezilula kuya kwezakhi ezine-cased ne-grouted, ngokuvamile i-reinforcement ye-socket ifaka izingxenye zokusiza ezihlanganisa ubude be-socket obuphelele nasemkhombeni obuthile be-pile. Izikhetho zifaka uhlobo nemandla edaka (ukusebenza kumele kuqinisekiswe ngokusebenzisa ukubhoboza okwenziwe ngama-core kanye nokuhlaziywa kohlobo), amandla adingekayo we-pile kanye nezimo zokuthwala, ukuxolelwa kokuhlala okukhona, izindleko eziwusizo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ezijulile zokwakha izisekelo (ukubhoboza okwenziwe ngesixazululo, ama-piles adriven, izindonga ze-diaphragm), isikhathi sokubhoboza esibekwe kumaphrojekthi, kanye nezinto zokubhekelela njengokuhamba nokukh noise ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Izinga elihlobene lihlanganisa i-EN 1536 (Ama-Piles Abhoro), i-EN ISO 14688 (Uhlolo Lomhlabathi), i-ASTM D2113 (Ukwenza I-Core Drilling), i-DIN 1054 (Ukuklama Kwe-Geo-Technical), kanye ne-API RP 2A-WSD yezicelo zasemanzini. Ukuklama futhi kuhlobene ne-ASCE 7 yokuhlanganiswa kwemithwalo kanye nemiyalelo ye-ICOLD yezakhiwo ezibalulekile.
Ukumba Okuncane Kwedonga (DTH) yindidi ethile yokumba ngemishini yokuphakamisa esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezimpande ezijulile ngenxa yokufaka nokulungiselela izinhlelo zokuzinzisa umhlaba, izindwangu zokuphuca, nezingxenye zokwakha ngaphakathi kwendawo yamaDwala Omhlaba neZindwangu Zokuphuca. Le teknoloji ibalulekile kakhulu ngenxa yokunemba kwayo, ukujula, nokuphumelela kwezindleko lapho kucwaningwa ama-boreholes aphakathi kuka-50 no-150 milimitha ububanzi, kwenza kube ithuluzi elibalulekile ekwakheni izimpande zanamuhla ezindaweni zedolobha nezindawo zemvelo ezinzima. Izicelo eziyinhloko zokumba okuncane kwe-DTH zihlanganisa izixazululo eziningi zokwakha izimpande. Ekukhiqizeni izindwangu zokuphuca, ukumboza kwe-DTH kudala ama-boreholes okuqeqesha ezokusebenza kwe-grouting, kusungula izithiyo eziyizingxenye ezilungile ezilawula uku leaking phansi kwemibhoshongo, ama-dikes, kanye nezindawo zokucwila. Le teknoloji ibalulekile futhi ezinhlelweni zokuhlanganisa umhlabathi, lapho ama-boreholes asondele edalayeni angakhulisa amandla omhlaba futhi yehlise ukuhamba okuhlukahlukene. Ekukhiqizeni ama-piles amaphuzu, ukumba kwe-DTH kukhipha kahle ama-boreholes ahlangene akha ubukhulu bendawo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le teknoloji isekela imisebenzi ye-jet grouting ngokusungula ama-pilot holes aphumile ngendlela efanele aholela kumagempu aphezulu, futhi ifaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwezindonga zokuhamba kwezindonga ngokulawula ukumba ezimeni zomhlabathi ezahlukene. Ukumba kwe-DTH kusebenzelana nomgomo wokuqhuma kwemiphunga okuhlanganiswa nokuphothulwa kwemashini. I-hammer esebenzisa umoya ibhampa i-drill bit efakwe ezansi kwalokho, ikhiqiza ukuphindaphinda kokuhlasela okuphula itshalo nomhlaba, kanti ukuhamba kancane kwe-bit kususa impahla eyaphukile. Umoya ophephile uhlehla khona ngesikhathi esifanayo uveza okuphukile phezulu ngobumnene phakathi komufudlana namadwala e-borehole, kugcina ukusebenza kokumba futhi kuvumela ukuhlolwa kwezindawo ze-geological ngesikhathi sangempela. Le msebenzi ye-mekhkaniki ibalulekile kakhulu ezimweni zokubhekelela ezihlanganisa isihlabathi, izi-gabbro, ama-cobbles, kanye nemihlaba ethambile evamile kumazinga okwakha. Izinguquko zezisetshenziswa kule ndidi ziqala ezinhlelweni ezithwalayo zokumba ezinamakhomprasi asetshenziswayo (ngokuvamile 500–800 CFM ku-100+ psi) kuya ezinhlelweni ezisekelwa ezinjengaleso esikwi-skid ezikhona ezindaweni ezinamakhungathekile. Usayizi wamashunu we-DTH ukhethwa ngokuhambelana nezidingo zokubanzi nezimo zomdabu; amashunu amancane (2–3 intshi) akhiqiza ama-boreholes angu-50–75mm, kuyilapho amashunu aphakathi (3–4 intshi) akumba ama-diameters angu-100–150mm. Ama-rotary head assemblies anikeza ukujula okuqondile, kuhlangene nokuhlanganyela kwencudla yokuphumula ukuze kwandiswe izinga lokungena kwezimiso ezahlukene zomhlaba nezinhlekelele. Izinkomba zokukhetha izikhungo zikhanga ukuhamba kwedijithali kwezinguquko ezihlanganisa izindawo, ukumelana nezikhala zembobo (ngokuvamile ±1–2% yokuphakamisa), izidingo zomoya uma kuqhathaniswa namakhomprasi, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo eziguquguqukayo zomhlaba. Ochwepheshe bahlola umsebenzi we-hammer ngokumelene nokuhlola ubukhulu, ubuqotho bokuxhumana kwethusi ngaphansi kokuphazamiseka, kanye nemfundo yokuthola yokuthola ukuqedela ama-borehole. Amandla okumba ukuphuma, kuncike ezikhathini zokusebenza ngaphambi kokunakekelwa, kanye nokuhambisana nezakhiwo zokukhakha noma zokuzinzisa kuholela ezinqumweni zokuthenga. Amaphuzu ahlobene ahlanganisa i-ISO 6753 (imigomo yokumba kwe-percussion), i-ISO 11760 (izinhlelo zokumba izinto ezishayayo ezilungiselelwe izicelo ze-DTH), kanye nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zendawo (i-DIN 18320, EN 14679) ezichaza izimiso zokwakha izindwangu zokuphuca nezokuzinzisa umhlaba ezihlanganisa izinqubo zokumba kwe-DTH. Abaphathi kufanele baqinisekise ukuhambelana kwezisetshenziswa nemikhawulo yokwakha nezikhala (EN 12639) kanye nezilinganiso zengcindezi yokusebenza efanele ezisebenzayo(EN 13786).
Iziphakamiso zomsebenzi wezokwakha zezi zinsiza ziqukethe imishini ethile yokumba eyenzelwe ukudala odongeni abanjwe ngendlela ejulile, omenyezelwe ngocingo oluqinile, ngenqubo yokukhetha emgwegwini okuqhubekayo ukusuka phezulu emhlabathini. Le mishini ibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezokwakha izisekelo ezijulile zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zedolobha lapho izinkinga zendawo nemithetho yokuvikelwa kwemvelo zidinga izindlela zokumba ezisebenzayo, ezilawulwayo. Uhlelo lwezindonga eziphakeme lwenza ukuba ososayensi bakwazi ukuwakha izithiyo eziqondile ezisebenza emisebenzini eminingi: ukuhlinzeka ngososayensi bokweseka umhlaba, ukusebenza njengezindwangu zokulahla ukuze zilawule amanzi aphansi, ukuhlanganisa izinto ezonakalayo, futhi zandise amandla estrakhi kwiwozulu olwakhiwe. Iziphakamiso zomsebenzi wezokwakha zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni izindonga eziphakeme ezenza imingcele ye-basement, izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina ezindaweni ezivalekile zedolobha. Zibalulekile futhi ekwakheni izindwangu zokulahla ezisebenzayo emisebenzini yokulawula amanzi aphansi, izindonga zecebo lapho ukudlula kwezinsimbi ezinjengokwana kwezakhiwo ezenza isithiyo esiqhubekayo, kanye nezinhlelo zezindonga eziphakeme zesikhashana noma eziphakeme. Ekuthuthukiseni izindawo ezonakele, izindonga eziphakeme ezakhiwe ngalezi ziphakamiselo zisebenza njengezithiyo ezisemathubeni ukuze zinqande ukuthuthuka kwempahla ezonakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswa emisebenzini yokuhlanganisa umhlabathi ophakeme lapho ukusika okucacile kuhamba phambi kokuzinza komhlabathi okusetshenziswa i-auger. Umqondo wokusebenza ubandakanya ukususa ibhakede lokuphanga kusuka kumakharavani noma imishini yokubhoboza eziphakeme zokwakha izindonga eziphakeme bese kuncishiswa kungena emgwegwini ogcwele i-slurry owakhiwe ngokuphumelelayo. I-slurry—ivame ukuba i-bentonite-based clay suspension—igcina ukuzinza komgwegwini ngokuthuthukisa i-filter cake nokuhlinzeka ngengcindezi ye-hydrostatic edlula izinzwa zomhlaba eziphakeme. Njengoba ibhakede lokuphanga lehla, amazinyo awo avuleka uma efika ezansi komgwegwini bese evalwa ukuze akhuphe umhlabathi nezinsimbi, okube esandleni esiphakeme. Le nqubo iyabuyisela kuze kube ubude obuhlangeneyo bukhona, kuvamise ukuba phakathi kuka-40 no-100 meters ngokuya ngejografi yesayithi nezidingo ezakhiwe. Umgwegwini owakhiwe ulandelwa ngama-cage ensimbi futhi ugcwaliswa ngocingo lwe-tremie ukuze kwakhiwe udonga lwe-diagram. Okuthile okubhekelelayo kufaka phakathi ama-clamshell grabs edrayivu eyodwa ukuze usebenze izimo ezijwayelekile, ama-grabs edrayivu kabili ahlinzeka ngengcontrol eyengeziwe ezimweni zomhlaba ezinzima, kanye nama-grabs akhethekile anama-jaws angashintshwa ukuze afane nezinhlobo zomhlabathi ezahlukahlukene. Amandla ezikhwama lokuphanga avame ukuba phakathi kuka-0.5 kuya ku-3.5 cubic meters, zonke izakhiwo zezikhwama zihlukaniswe ukuze zisebenze kumhlaba ophewuliwe, impahla egranular, noma ijografi eyahlukene. Amathuluzi amanje ajwayele ukufaka ukubekwa kwe-elektroniki nokuphathwa kobude ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala komgwegwini ophakeme bokusebenza okufanele nokunembile ngaphakathi kwe-tolerance ye-±100mm. Izinkamba zokukhetha ziqhubekela phambili kukagesi wombhede (ububanzi nobude obufunwa), izakhiwo zomhlabathi nezinsimbi (amandla, ukuvuselela, izimo zamanzi aphansi), kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha i-slurry. Ukukhetha imishini kuncike futhi kumthamo wemakharavani ongenzekayo, izinkinga zokuphazamiseka nokuthula ezindaweni zedolobha, kanye nezinga lokukhiqiza elifunwayo. Izinto ezithinta imvelo zibandakanya imithamo yokulahla i-slurry, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezonakele ezidinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile ngaphambi kokukhipha. Imboni ibhekisela ku-EN 1538 (Ukusebenza Kwezisebenzi Ezikhethekile Zokwakha—Izindonga Eziphakeme) kanye ne-ISO 6934-1 (Insimbi Wire Rope yokuphakamisa nezinhlelo zokuhamba) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana kwemishini, ukuhlaziywa kokuzinza komgwegwini, nezindinganiso ze-slurry eziqinisekisa ukuqiniswa kwesakhiwo sezindonga eziphakeme ezakhiwe.
I-hydromilling iyindlela yokucindezela amanzi enza ukuhlukumeza esetshenziswa ekukhululeni nasekuhlobeni izintaba zomhlabathi nezindawo ezithambile emsebenzini wezizinda ezijulile. Itembisa indlela ethuthukile yokwelapha umhlaba edala odonga nezingqinamba ezikhona endaweni, ngokuthwala okuhlelekile kokuhlupheka kwezitho zamazwe, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla ezidubuli noma ukuminyaniswa okukhulu kwemishini. Le teknoloji ibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezithintekayo kwemvelo, ezindaweni ezixakile zasemadolobheni, nakwezinye izindawo lapho imishini ejwayelekile ingenakufinyelela noma ukusebenza kahle. I-hydromilling ithola ukusetyenziswa kwezimboni ekwakhiweni kwamadonga e-diaphragm, ama-curtains cutoff, ama-secant pile walls, nezingqinamba zokugcina amanzi. Ekulungiseni izindawo ezithintekayo, isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izindawo ezihlweyo nokuvimbela ukuhamba kokungcolile. Le ndlela isetshenziswa futhi ekwenzeni izinqamuleli zokuhamba ngaphansi kweziwomberi, ekusizeni ukuqinisa izisekelo ngaphansi kwezinsiza ezikhona, kanye nasekulungiseleleni izindawo zokuxhumana zokuhamba kwamasampula alandelayo. Uk precise kwayo kuvumela ukugxila ezindaweni eziyinjongo engaphazamisi izindawo zemhlabathi eziyaziyo. Isimiso sokusebenza sifaka ukuhola amanzi okuphoqelelwa ngendlela ephakeme - ngokuvamile ilethwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza esibhalwe ku-200–600 bar kanye nezindlela ezingu-200–400 liters ngomzuzwana - imikhawulo yokuthi umhlaba noma imigudu inezingeno ezahlukene zokuqhuba ukuphuma. Amathuluzi akhelwe ngobuchwepheshe, afakwe ezinhlelweni zokuhola, ahamba kumaphethini okuthoniswa abekiwe ukuze kudaleke imigqa emibi noma efinyelelekayo yokuhlupheka. Imathali edlule ijutshwa namanzi ukuze kudaleke i-slurry, eyekwiya ekwenziweni okuqhubekayo nge-pipes ye-tremie ehlanganiswe nemishini yokwelapha nokuyenga. Le nqubo ye-cyclic yokuhlupheka-nezakhiwo ivumela ukuhlanganiswa okuhlelekile kwemidwebo engena evenini elijulile le-50 meters. Ukwenza okukhona kwejethi, okuhlangana nezinga lokujikeleza kwe-slurry, kukhona umgomo wokuphumelela kanye nekhwalithi yodonga. Imishini kulesi sigaba ifaka phakathi imishini ye-pump ye-centrifugal noma ye-piston ephezulu (evamile 160–400 kW), ama-assembly akhethekile amakhanda okubhoboza ngokwengeziwe emishinini ongavumela ukuqhubeka, izinhlelo zokubheka ingcindezi yangaphakathi nezinga lokujikeleza, nezindawo zokwelapha ze-slurry ezihlanganisa ama-hydrocyclones, izitsha zokuhlala, nezobuchwepheshe bokuyenga. Izinhlelo zokuhola ezihlobene nezinsiza ezivamile zokuphatha zephephabhuku zibhekelela ukumodela kokunemba nezinto eziphindaphindayo. Ukukhethwa kwemishini ye-hydromilling kudinga ukuhlola izakhiwo zomhlaba futhi nemigudu, ubukhulu bedonga obufuna kanye nobude, isikhathi sokukhiqiza esamukelekile, kanye nezikhala ezikhona endaweni. Ukuhamba komhlaba, ukuhlanganiswa, nokwenziwa kwezinsiza zempahla kuncika ngqo kuma-parameters ehlinzeke kahle kanye nezinga lokuhamba. Ukukhanya kwamanzi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziningi, kudinga ukuthi kube nokulinganisa okuhle kwe-slurry ukuvikela ukuqinisa kwemishango ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Imisebenzi ye-hydromilling ibhekelelwa yi-EN 1538 (Ukufezwa kwe-Diaphragm Walls), i-EN 12716 (Ukufezwa Komsebenzi Wezobuchwepheshe: I-Jet Grouting), kanye ne-ISO 6932 mayelana nezinhlelo zamandla amagesi nemisebenzi ye-pump. Izilungiselelo zendawo nezifunda zendawo ziphinde zibhale izinqubomgomo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokususa i-slurry nokuhlupheka kwephepha okungenziwa yalesi senzo.
Ukugaywa kwamashafu amaningi kuwumkhono owenziwa kahle wokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, owakhiwe ukuze kudalwe imijikelezo yomhlabathi nezindonga zokuphela ngokuhlanganiswa noma ngesikhathi esifanayo kokugaywa kwemigoqo emibili ephakeme. Le teknoloji ibalulekile ekwakheni izindonga ze-diaphragm, ama-piles e-secant, ama-piles e-tangent, kanye nezindonga ze-jet-grouted eziqhubekayo ezimeni eziyinselelo ze-geotechnical lapho izindlela ezivamile zokugaywa komgodi owodwa zibonakala zinganele noma zingatholakali kwezomnotho. Izicelo eziyinhloko zokugaywa kwamashafu amaningi zifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwezingxenye ze-diaphragm ez filled with slurry zokwembula okujulile, izindonga zokuphela kwamanzi ekwakhiweni kwezimvula kanye nokulawula ukuvuza kwemiphetho, kanye nezithiyo zokulawula imikhuhlane ezinhlelweni zokubuyiselwa. Izinhlelo zokugaywa kwamashafu amaningi zibaluleke kakhulu lapho ukugcina okujabulayo nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo kubalulekile. Lezi zinhlelo zisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezixubekile zokumba lapho imigqa ehlukene yomhlabathi nezinyoni zidinga izindlela zokugaya ezishintshashintsha, ezindaweni zokufinyelela ezinqunyiweyo lapho ukugaya okwenziwe ezizindeni eziningi kukhuphula ukuhamba ngokuzenzakalelayo, nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho ukukhala nokushaywa kwe-vibration kudinga ukwakhiwa kwezigaba. Izicelo ziqukethe futhi ukwakhiwa kweziqondiso zomhlabathi-uketshezi-bentonite (SCB), ukuveliswa kwamapiles e-secant ezindaweni ezivimbiwe, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhamba e-jet grouting lapho izinzwa ezihlangene ziqinisekisa ukuvimbela kanye ne-capacity yokuphatha. Umqondo ophakathi kokugaya kwamashafu amaningi uxhomeke ekuqondiseni kahle kwejometri yemigqa eminingi yokugaya ukuze kufezwe izithiyo ezijulile ezijulile noma ezisondelene. Ekukhiqizeni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, umgodi oyinhloko uqhuba ukufakwa kwephaneli yokuqala ngenkathi imishayeli eyengethayo igaya imishayo ephindwe kabili, ngesakhiwo sokuhlangana esakhiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanganiswa kokwakhiwa nokungangeni kwamanzi. Ekukhiqizeni kwamapile e-secant, ama-pile angaphandle ayagawulwa kuqala, alandelelwa ngama-pile angaphakathi avula kancane umkhondo we-pile yangaphambilini, okwakha ingxenye eyodwa yokwakhiwa. Izicelo ze-jet grouting zithatha izitshalo zokugaya eziningi ezibekwe ukuze zifeze imigqa ephindwe kabili yezinzwa ze-grout, nezimo zokufaka — pressure, rate yokuhamba, kanye ne-velocity yokuphakamisa — ziqondaniswa kahle phakathi kwamashifu ukuze kugcinwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-grout okusobala kanye nemibandela yedayamitha yezinzwa. Izilungiselelo zezingxenye ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kokugaya kwamashafu amaningi zifaka phakathi ama-hydromill kanye nezixhumi ze-diaphragm wall zokukhiqiza izindonga ez filled with slurry, ama-continuous flight augers (CFA) ezisebenzela ukuxubana komhlabathi, ama-percussion drilling units ezakhiweni ezinamakhulu, kanye nezinsiza ze-jet grouting ezinezinqubo zokufaka eziningi. Ukukhetha izinto kungase kusekelwe kumakhono e-bore diameter (ngokuvamile 600–1,200 mm zezindonga ze-diaphragm), ubude obudinga ukungena, ukuhlaziywa kwemvelo yomhlaba, izimo zokucindezela kwamanzi, kanye nezilungiselelo zomthwalo wokwakha. Okunye okucatshangelwayo kubalulekile kufaka phakathi izincazelo ze-tremie pipe zamashafu agcwalisiwe, izinhlelo zokuqinisa ezivamile nezitholombe ezindwangwini ezingenamsebenzi noma ezingenalutho, izindlela zokuhlola nokuqapha ukujula, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlaziya ukwakha izidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-bentonite. Iziqondiso zemboni eziphathwa kokugaya kwamashafu amaningi zifaka phakathi i-EN 1538 yezindonga ze-diaphragm kwikhonkrithi efakwe, i-EN 12716 yokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwe-jet grouting, i-ISO 22282 uchungechunge lwezivivinyo nokuhlola izindawo ze-geotechnical, kanye ne-DIN 4126 yokwakhiwa kwezindonga zamapile e-secant. Lezi ziqondiso zimi izinqumo zokwakha, izincazelo zezinto, ukulungisa okuphakanyisiwe kokuhlangana nokuhamba, nezinhlelo zokwenza uqinisekiso lokuhlola ukusebenza kuyo yonke indawo yokwakha nempilo yokusebenza yexesha elide.
I-Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) iyindlela yokuhlanganisa umhlaba ogxile ngokujulile esetshenziswa kwi-Engineering yeziqalo ezijulile ukuze kudalwe ama-colums ahlanganisiwe endaweni eyenziwe kahle ukuphuma komhlaba obhedayo ngenkathi kuqhutywa ukuhluza okuphakeme nokuhlanganiswa kwe-cement. Le teknoloji imelela uhla olunamandla lwe-jet grouting jikelele, olunemisebenzi emibili: ukusika umhlaba okhululekile kulandela ukuhlanganiswa okuphuthumayo kwe-cement nomhlaba. I-CSM ibalulekile ekwakheni izindonga zomhlaba ezingenasici, izindandatho ezivertikali, nezakhiwo ezimisiwe ezisekela iziqalo lapho ukuskena okujwayelekile kungenzeki noma kuvimbela imvelo. Izicelo eziyinhloko ze-CSM zihlanganisa ukudala izithiyo ezingamanzi ekwakhiweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikhubazekile nakumaphrojekthi wokuvikela ama-aquifer lapho ukwehla kwesikhungo sokuthula kubalulekile. Ama-colums e-CSM asebenza njengama-elementi abalulekile ezindongeni zokugcina ezixubile (MIP), izindonga ze-secant pile, nezinhlelo ze-slurry wall, ekhombisa ukuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo nokuhamba okuphoqelelwe. Ema-application e-cutoff curtain, i-CSM ibhekana nezinkinga zokuphuma ngaphansi kwezimvulane, ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokugcina udoti olubi, nasezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi ezikhandweni ezijulile. Le teknoloji ibaluleke ngokufanayo ekuzinziseni komhlaba ezindaweni eziseduze nezingqalasizinda ezibucayi lapho ukwakhiwa okungavimbela treni kufanele, njengezindawo eziseduze nezakhiwo zomlando noma ezindaweni ezikhaphukhaphu zedolobha. Indlela yokusebenza ihlanganisa ukungena okujwayelekile nokujikeleza okuqhubekayo kanye nokujolisa okuhlukahlukene. Ithuluzi lokubhoboza lehla kube ubude obuhlungu ngenkathi lisetshenziswa ama-nozzles we-jet aphakeme—ajwayele ukukwenza ku-30-60 MPa—ukugeza nokweqa umhlaba ophakathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, umjovo we-slurry ye-cement-amanzi uwela nge-nozzles ezihlanganisiwe futhi uhamba nohlelo lwezimpahla ezikhishwayo. Ithuluzi liphinde lithathe lapho liqhubeka nokujikeleza nokucindezela, ukudala umphumela ophumile ophumile. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakholomu akhuphukayo, ngokuvamile ngu-10-30 percent kuncike ezimweni zomhlaba, kuqinisekisa ukuhamba okuqhubekayo kokuvikela ngezikhala ezincane ezingadluli ku-10 cm. Izinhlelo zezimoto ezitholakalayo zihlanganisa imishini ye-CSM ye-axis eyodwa efanelekela ukujula okungafika ku-40 amamitha emhlabeni omkhulu kanye nezinhlelo ze-multi-axis ezithuthukile ezivumela ukwakhiwa kwekolamu okuyiqiniso emijikelezweni eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukukhethwa kwezimoto kuncike kwezidingo zomjule wozongwe, ukwakheka komhlaba (ikakhulukazi ukuvulelwa kwe-clay, i-silt, isiphephetha, noma izitebhe ezixubile), usayizi wekholumu odingekayo (ngokuvamile 0,60 kuya ku-1,20 amamitha), iphrofayili yokwelashwa yokujulile, isikhala sokwenza kube khona, kanye nezinga lokuhlinzeka ngamandla. Uhlelo lwezinga lokufaka, isivinini sokulethwa kwe-slurry, kanye nesivinini sokujikeleza kubalulekile kakhulu. Izithiyo zokukhetha izinhlelo ze-CSM zifaka phakathi i-hydrogeology yendawo (ubude bamanzi, izidingo zokungena), ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka komhlaba (okuqukethwe kwe-clay kuthinta ukusebenza kokuhlangana), izidingo zomthwalo wesakhiwo, izidingo ezisemthethweni zokungena (ngokuvamile ≤10⁻⁶ cm/s ukuvikela izicelo), ukuhlola iphrofayili yokukhubazeka, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-cement-nomhlaba. Izici ezithile zephrojekthi zihlanganisa isikhathi sokuthuthukisa umhlaba, izithiyo zokufinyelela kwezinsiza, imikhawulo yokuvusa, kanye nemikhawulo yokuhlukana evunyelwe. Umklamo nokwenza kwe-CSM kuhambisana ne-EN 14679 (Ukuphumeza kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile: I-Jet grouting), i-ISO 6934 (Izinsiza zokubhoboza ne-mid engineering), kanye ne-DIN 4128 (Imisebenzi yeziqalo ezijulile: Izindlela nokwenza). Imihlahlandlela yokuhlola ivamise ukuthanda ukuhlola ukugeleza ngokuhambisana ne-EN 14731 kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwamandla okwakhiwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-unconfined compressive strength (UCS) ezinsukwini ezingama-28, kukhombisa amanani aphansi angu-2-5 MPa ngokuya ngohlelo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwezinga lemisebenzi kubandakanya ukuqapha ukujova kwegroth okuqhubekayo, imibhalo yokuxhumana kwamakholomu, kanye nokuhlolwa kokwakhiwa ngemva kokwakhiwa ngokuhlola kwe-geotechnical.
I-Jet grouting iyindlela ekhethekile yokwelashwa komhlaba esebenzisa amanzi aphezulu okuphoqelela ahlanganiswe nokufakwa kwe-grout ukuze kudalwe amakholomu omhlabathi e-homogeneous, aqinile ngaphakathi kwemass yomhlaba. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekwakheni izinto zokwakha eziphansi, kuhlanganisa nezindwangu zokuphuca, amapaneli odonga lwe-diaphragm, odonga lwe-secant kanye ne-tangent pile, kanye nezivimbelo zamanzi emaphandleni ama-deep foundation. Le teknoloji ivumela onjiniyela ukufinyelela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-soil okuphakathi kokulawula nokuzinza ezinhlakeni ezijulile ezivela kumamitha ambalwa kuya phezulu kwe-100 m, okwenza kube kubalulekile ezinseleku ze-geotechnical eziyinkimbinkimbi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasemakhaya anokungcoliswa. Ngokuhambisana nezicelo ze-deep foundation, i-jet grouting isebenza njengesixhobo sokukhipha-ukuhlala kanye nokuvikela amanzi. Lapho kwakhiwa odonga lwe-diaphragm ezindaweni soft noma ezingazinzile, i-jet grouting idala amakholomu omhlaba asemqoka anika ukusekelwa okwethenjwa nokwenza kube nzima ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwamapaneli odonga. Ukuze kuphuculwe izindwangu zokuphuca ngaphansi kwezihlahla zezimvu nasekunciphiseni umhlaba okungcolile, i-jet grouting ikhiqiza izivimbelo ezinamazinga aphansi okungena ngaphezu kokuhlanganisa ngokupheleleyo i-grout esekelwe kumphakathi nomhlaba ohlangene, kukhishwa amafutha enhlalo futhi kudalwe izakhiwo zamakholomu ezinamazinga okungena athanda ukuba phansi kwe-10⁻⁵ cm/s. E-odonga lwe-secant piles, i-jet grouting isungula amakholomu okuhamba nokudlula izigaba zodonga, kuyilapho kwezicelo ze-sheet pile, ithuthukisa futhi ivale izimo ze-subgrade ukuvimbela ukulahleka komhlaba eduze kwemigqa ye- piles futhi ithuthukise ukuzinza komqondo. Umsebenzi wezakhiwo ukhomba ukufaka ngesikhathi esisodwa amanzi aphehlwa phezulu kanye nesiphithiphithi se-grout ngaphezulu kwemiphunga yokuhlola efakwe kumathambo okuhamba. Ama-jet ayinhloko, asebenza kum压力 phakathi kokwe-400 kanye ne-600 bar, ahlola futhi aphule i-mass yomhlaba ezindaweni ezijulile, akha indawo yomhlaba eqinile. Ama-jet e-grout, aqukethe ukwehla okuncane kwe-pressures, agcwalisa le ndawo ethulelayo futhi ahlangana kahle nomhlaba osethelwe, ubopha amaqhamukile ndawonye abe yi-mass ye-composite. I-rod yokuthunga iyakhishwa ngama-increments alawulwa—ngokuvamile 0.25 ukuya ku-1.0 meter ngesivinini—ngenkathi ibonisa ukuhamba okungapheli kwezakhiwo. I-geometri yokwelashwa ihluka kuye ngama-parameter okusebenza: amasistimu e-fluid eyodwa (ohlelo lwe-grout kuphela), amasistimu e-fluid amabili (amanzi kanye nama-jet e-grout), kanye nezinhlelo ezintathu (amanzi, umoya, kanye ne-grout) zivumela abathengisi ukukhipha ukuphuma kokwelashwa, ububanzi bekholomu, nokulinganiswa kwe-soil-cement ukuze kwehlise izimo ezithile zendawo. Izikhungo zezinhlaka ziqhathekelwe ezithombeni eziphathwayo ezinomgogodla obheke phezulu kuya kumagaju ahlakaniphile alungiselelwe izicelo ezinzima noma ezinzima. Ama-units e-jet grouting ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izinhlelo zokuphumpa eziphezulu (ukwenziwa kwe-50-500 L/min ku-600+ bar), ama-manifolds wokufaka ophindwayo anokulawula okufanele, izitshalo zokuhlanganisa i-grout ezinamamethuli, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhola zokuthunga ezinembile. Izinhlelo zesimanjemanje zifaka phakathi izikhumbuzo ze-GNSS, izikhumbuzo zokuhambisana, kanye nokuhlola umoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kwezakhiwo nezimfanelo zokwelashwa. Izinketho zokuqalisa izinsiza ze-jet grouting zisebenza ezimpandeni ezithile ezihlobene nezici zomhlaba (ukuhlangana noma ukuhlala kwemigudu), ububanzi bezikhala bekholomu ezidingekayo nezindawo, ukuhamba kokwelashwa, izithiyo zokufinyelela, kanye nemigomo yemvelo ekuqondiseni kwe-slurry. Izimo zomhlaba zikhomba izinhlelo zezinhlelo zefekcinesi kanye nezilungiselelo zama-jet pressure; izitezi ezinzima zidinga ukuphuma okukhulu futhi zingaholela ekufuneni usizo lwe-air-jet. Izincazelo zokwelashwa kufanele zanelise izindinganiso ezihlobene kuhlanganise ne-EN 12716 (Ukuqhutshwa kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile—Jet grouting), i-ISO 21464, i-DIN 4093, kanye nemigomo ethile yezwe yokuphucula i-grout, ukuphuma kwe-slurry, kanye nemikhawulo yokuhlanjelwa komhlaba. Abathengisi kufanele baqinisekise ubuqotho bekholomu ngezimoto zokuhlola izibonelo ezivela endlini futhi benze ikontroli yekhwalithi yendawo besebenzisa i-sonic logging, ukulinganiswa kwemikhiqizo ye-gamma-gamma, kanye nokuhlola ukumelana nokuqina/nokuhamba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izincazelo zokwakhiwa zifeziwe.
Izindonga ze-pile ezifanayo zikhombisa uhlelo olukhethekile lwezindonga zediyaframu olusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezobunjiniyela bezisekelo ezijulile ukuze kugcinwe umhlaba ngokuqinile, kuvinjwe amanzi angaphansi, futhi kusekelwe izakhiwo ezindaweni ezixhaphakile. Le teknoloji ibalulekile ekuwakhiweni kwezisekelo ezijulile, ikakhulukazi emaphrojekthi lapho izithiyo zendawo, izinga eliphakeme lamandla amanzi, noma ukusatshalaliswa komhlabathi kudinga izithiyo eziqine, ezingenawo amanzi ezinamandla okuthwala umthwalo ogcwele. Izindonga ze-pile ezifanayo zisetshenziswa ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene ne-geotechnical, kufaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwezingaphakathi ezindaweni zenhlalo ezikhukhumele, ukuxhaswa kokuhanjiswa kwesitimela ngethuluzi, ukwakhiwa kwe-cofferdam ezithombeni zesikhungo sebhange, kanye nezinhlelo ze-cutoff curtain zokulawula amanzi angaphansi nokugcina izinto eziyingozi. Le teknoloji ibalulekile ezimeni zomhlabathi opholile, izimo zomhlabathi ezihlukanisiwe, nasezindaweni ezidinga ukuvuvukala okuphansi—njengoba umsebenzi ulandelela izakhiwo ezithintekayo zomlando noma izinsiza ezinobuchwepheshe obukhulu. Ezindaweni zezimboni nasemathafeni wokuphosa udaka, izindonga ze-pile ezifanayo zisebenza njengokuvikela kokungcolisa, zixuba ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo ne-hydrological isolation. Umthetho osebenzayo ubandakanya ukudonsa uchungechunge lwezindonga eziphakeme (okungasakhokhiswa noma ezokutholakala) ezakhiwe ngophahla lwekhonkrithi ngendawo ejwayelekile, kulandelwa ezindongeni eziphakeme eziqinile zikhonkrithi ezibekwe ngenhloso yokugqokisa nokuxhumana nezindonga eziphakeme ezikhona. Njengoba izindonga eziphakeme zifakwa, ukhonkolo wazo ugena empahleni ye-pile eziphakeme, kudala ukuxhumana futhi kwakha udonga oluqinile nolungapheli. Le ndlela yokuhlangana ivulelekile, ngokuvamile ifika phakathi kuka-75 kuya kwe-150 millimitha kuye ngezimfuneko zokwakha, ihlukanisa izindonga ze-pile ezifanayo ezindongeni ze-tangent piles, lapho izindonga ezihlobene zixhumana kuphela ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa. Ukusebenza kokugqokisa okuphakathi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemikhono kuholela kudonga olungavuni amanzi noma olunokunciphisa, kunye nengqondo yokwakha etholakala ku-reinforcement phakathi kwepahlezi eziphakeme kanye nengxenye ephelele yomzimba we-pile ophakathi. Izinkanyezi zomshini emsebenzini we-pile ezifanayo zifaka izigubhu zokugobhoza ezijulile (CFA), izigubhu ezivundlile eziphenywa nge-tremie tube zokuletha ukhonkolo, kanye nezigubhu ezinkulu ezibekwe kumakhirini. Izinsiza eziwusizo zifaka ama-units akhuphukayo okukhonkolo, izinhlelo zensimbi ezitholakalayo, amakhenkethi okuphatha ama-cage we-pile, nezitshalo zokulawula amanzi zokweseka udaka noma ama-fluids e-polymer. Amathuluzi akhethekile afaka amathuluzi okwakha namabhithi okuthwala aphuhliswa kahle ukuyimisa kahle kumkhono wokukhonkolo nokwakhiwa kwezinto eziphelelwe. Izinkambo zokukhetha ku-pile technology zifaka umhlaba wokuhlola nobude be-UCS, ubukhulu bedonga obudingiwe kanye nezinga lokumba, izimo zokuthi umthwalo ophambili kanye nemigqa yokugoba, isimo samanzi angaphansi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula ukuvuza, imikhawulo yokuvuvukala, kanye nezindawo zokwakha ezitholakalayo. Abakhi bahlola ububanzi be-pile kanye nensiza yokubeka phakathi kwezikhotha ukuze bafinyelele ikhono lesakhiwo elifunwayo, bacabangele izincazelo zamandla ekhonkolo (ngokuvamile phakathi kwe-35–50 MPa) zokuhlanganisa ukugqokisa kwe-pile, futhi babone ukufinyelela kokufaka i-reinforcement cage kanye nokufakwa kwe-tremie ye-concrete. Izindinganiso zemboni ezilawula ukwakhiwa kwe-pile ezifanayo zifaka i-EN 1538 (ukuphothulwa kwe-piles ezichotshoziwe), i-EN 12699 (ukufakwa kwe-pile okukhuphukayo), i-ISO 14688 (ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba), kanye nezindinganiso ezihlobene ze-DIN zezisekelo ze-cutoff walls. Izincazelo zikhomba i-API RP 2A yezicelo zezimanga nezindinganiso zendawo ezihlobene nezokwakha ezidinga ubukhulu bedonga bukhulu, izishintshi ezinqunyiwe, izigaba zokuphila zekhonkolo, nezidingo zokusebenza eziqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwesakhiwo kanye ne-hydrological.
Izindonga ze-Sheet Pile: Incazelo Enochwepheshe Ebanzi Izindonga ze-sheet pile ziyizinhlelo zokwakha ezenziwe ngezingxenye zensimbi noma zombani eziqinisiwe ezihlotshisiwe ezishaywe ngendlela ohlelweni olwejwayelekile ngendlela ethuthelelayo enhlabathini ukuze zakhe izithiyo ezimile ngokuzinzile. Kuhlelo lwezokwakha ezijulile, izindonga ze-sheet pile zisebenza emisebenzini eminingi ebalulekile: izinhlelo zokweseka zesikhashana ngesikhathi sokuhamba, izithiyo ezihlala njalo zokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi omhlaba, kanye nezinto eziphakamisayo ezisebenzisa emanzini noma emfuleni. Ububanzi bazo bunenza kube izithako eziyisisekelo kumathuluzi omqashi we-geotechnical ukuze aphathe izimo ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nohlobo lwezithiyo zomhlaba. Izindonga ze-sheet pile zisebenza ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zokweseka zodonga lwe-diaphragm, amacurtains okukhungatheka okuthile ukuzivikela, nokulawula ukugeleza emathafeni wezinqaba. Emisebenzini yokulungisa izindonga, zisebenza ngokuhlanganyela nezinhlaka zomhlaba nezinhlelo zokuphinda zixhume ukuze ziqinise imithwalo emihle. Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezibuko kanye nokugcwalisa izindlela zokungena ezisondelene, kuxhomeke kakhulu kumjikelezo we-sheet pile we-cofferdams nezakhiwo ezihlala zihlala emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisebenza njengezinhlelo zokugcina ezindleleni zomhlaba lapho ukutholakala kwendawo kusho ukuthi izixazululo ezahlukene zikhawulelwe, kanye nezithiyo zokuvikela emisebenzini yokumba. Isimiso sokusebenza sihloselwe ukufaka izimpande ezithile ngendlela ethuthuke phambili ngama-interlocks aphethwe ngamakhenikhali noma amabhakede aphumayo adala umjikelezo ongenamthungo noma ongenamthungo. Izimpande zensimbi ze-sheet pile zivamise ukufakwa zisebenzisa ama-impact hammers noma ama-vibratory hammers aphethe ukuphenduka okusiza ekwenzeni isithiyo esifanele ngesikhathi kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka komhlaba. Le nqubo idinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvumeleka okuhle okuphehla ukuthola izikhala ezizokwenza kube nezinkinga ezinomthelela kumandla kwesakhiwo noma ukusebenza ngokuhlakuka. Ukuphikiswa kokungena kwanda ngokujulile njengoba udonga uthola amagatsha anedense, kudinga ukulungiswa kwemithwalo ngesikhathi sokufaka. Emithonjeni edlulifayo, amandla okukhanda angase adingeke ukuphuma bese kuphinda kubekwe ukuze kufunwe ukuphumula okufanele. Izinhlelo zezimoto ezitholakala kulezi zinhlelo zifaka njengezimo ezijwayelekile ezimile (U-series, Z-series), amabhokisi e-pile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhalipha okwandayo, kanye nezindonga ze-sheet ezihlanganisa insimbi nezinye izinto eziphinde zisebenze ezimweni ezithile. Izinsiza zokushaya zifaka ama-impact hammers aphuma ku-6 kuya ku-250 tonnes, ama-vibratory systems anama-frequency angu-10 kuya ku-40 Hz ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka, kanye nama-oscillatory hammers aklanyelwe ukusebenza okuphezulu kokuphuma. Izinsiza ezihambelana nazo zifaka izinsiza zokukhulula ezindongeni zesikhashana, amasistimu esekelweni angaphakathi (i-rakers, i-wales, kanye ne-props), kanye nezinsiza zokuvula amanzi ezinqabeni eziphansi. Izinqumo zokukhetha zifaka ukuhlolwa kwephrofayili yomhlaba, ukuphakama kwe-walu efunekayo kanye nesithiyo somhlaba, izithiyo zezemvelo eziphathelene nokuphazamiseka nokwakha, izidingo zokukhonza okwakha noma okwesikhashana, kanye nokufinyeleleka kwendawo ukuze kufakwe izinsiza. Ubukhulu bokwakha buyahluka ngokujulile kokushaya, amandla okuxhumana, kanye nokusatshenziselwa kahle kwezinjongo. Ukuvikelwa kokubola kudinga ukuhlola kemikhabhe, izimo zamanzi omhlaba, kanye nezilindelo zokuphila kwedizayini. Ezimeni ezilukhuni noma ezinezingqimba, izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokufaka amakhono noma izinketho zensimbi ezingabola kunikeza ukuqina okwandisiwe. Imigomo yezezimboni ethinta ukuklama nokufaka izindonga ze-sheet pile ifaka phakathi i-EN 12063 (izindonga ze-sheet pile—ukunquma izimfuneko ezibalulekile), i-EN 1997-1 (ukwakhiwa kwe-geotechnical), kanye ne-DIN 19303 (izindonga ze-sheet pile zensimbi). I-American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 2A ithinta izinhlelo ezibhekele ngaphandle. Izinkcukacha zokufaka zixhumanisa ne-EN 12699 (ama-pile nokufaka ama-pile) ukuze zifune izimfuno zokusebenza kwezinsiza nezokulawula ukuvuvukala. Izindawo ze-seismic zidinga ukuhambisana ne-EN 1998-5 (ukumelana neziphuphu), kubeka ezinye izinkinga eziningana zokuthokozisa. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-professional kwezixazululo ze-sheet pile kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yokuhlola i-geotechnical, ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo, ukuhambisana kwezokuhlala nezomthetho, ukuhlaziywa kokwakhiwa, kanye nokuhlola izindleko zokuphila phakathi nesikhathi sokwakha okubhekwa.
Imimoya yokwakha yezindonga ezincanyana ze-tangent ibonisa ubuchwepheshe obuphumelelayo bokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kanye nokwesekwa komhlaba ngaphakathi kwendawo ebanzi yeziqukathi zomhlaba nezindonga zokuvikela. Lezi zakhiwo ziqukethe isithintelo esiqhubekayo esakhiwe ngamagagasi adaluliweakhe edlulelekile noma ahlangene, ngokuvamile akhiwa ngendlela ye-tangent noma ye-secant, ezisebenza ndawonye njengohlelo lwezindonga oluhlangene. Ngokwehlukile ezindongeni zapatheki ezijwayelekile ezincike ekufakeni ukhonkolo lwe-tremie ezindlalweni eziphathelene ne-slurry, imimoya ye-tangent ithola ubuqotho bayo nezinga eliqhubekayo kusuka ohlelweni olunembile lwezindonga zomqhele ngamaphayiphi ahlukeneyo, futhi lapho kudingeka, ukuxhumana kwabo kwemishini. Lo buchwepheshe uhlanganisa imisebenzi emibili eyinhloko: ukuhlinzeka ngokwesekwa komhlaba okuxhumene ngesikhathi sokumba okujulile nokusetha kukhonkolo oluphakamisayo ukuze kulawule ukufika kwamanzi erthini kanye nokuhamba kwempahla engcolisile ekuhlanzweni kwezindawo ezincikile. Imimoya ye-tangent ithola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi emisebenzini yokumba ejulile emadolobheni, ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda engaphansi komhlaba okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwemetro, ukwandiswa kwezakhiwo eziphansi kwiindawo ezinqamukayo, kanye nokuhlanzwa kwemvelo okufuna ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokugcina amanzi erthini. Zikhona ngokukhethekile lapho imishini yeziqukathi ezivamile ingatholakali noma ingaholeli ekufayeleni kahle kwezomnotho, lapho izimo zomhlabathi zikhuthaza izixazululo ezisekelwe kumagagasi, noma lapho ubunjiniyela bephrojekthi buthupha izakhiwo zokweseka eziyiphutha. Izimo ezijwayelekile zokufaka zifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokuphatha ezesikhumbuzo sokumba nakuziqalo, izindonga zokukhipha udoti kanye nokulawulwa kwemfucumfucu ezindaweni ezithathwa njengezinhle, izithintelo ezingaphansi ngesikhathi sokubhanga okujulile, nezinhlelo zokuvikela emaphethelweni zokuphathwa kwezindawo ezithintekayo. Umsebenzi wokwakha izindonga ze-tangent ubandakanya ukumbiwa kokugaya kwezimoto ezilandelanayo kusetshenziswa imishini yokuhlanganisa ye-rotary noma ye-vibratory, nendawo ye-pile ibekwe kwazulu okwakhiwa kuza kufinyelela ekuxhumekeni kwe-tangent noma ukungqubuzana okulawulwayo. Kumikhawulo ye-tangent, isikhala sivamile ukuba sibe phakathi kuka-0.9 no-1.0 yeemitha phakathi kwezinye, ukuqinisekisa ukufinyeleleka okufanele ngaphandle kokuphikisana okukhulu. Izinhlaka eziwumphumela zisebenzisa amaphayiphi ahlukeneyo ngezindaba ezihlukene noma ngezinto ezahlukahlukene, ngokuthi amaphayiphi wesekondari ahlangabezane ngaphakathi kusisekelo sokugcina isiphetho esiphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhipha. I-fluid yokuhlinzeka—amanzi, i-polymer slurry, noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, umoya—iqinisekisa ubuqotho bembobo ngesikhathi sokumba. Izikhwama zokuqinisa zifakwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ukhonkolo ufakwe nge-tremie noma nge-Gravity ukuze kwakhiwe izigaba ze-pile eziyingxenye. Ukulandelana kahle kwalesi sikhathi kuholela ku-element ye-wal yokuqinisa eyodwa enokukwazi ukugcina ingcindezi enkulu ye-lateral nokuhlinzeka ngokuqhafaza kwamanzi erthini. Izincazelo zomkhakha zigxile emandleni emishini yokuhlanganisa—imikhiqizo ye-rotary drilling rigs enama-kelly bars noma ama-continuous flight augers (CFA) iphakanyiswa, nakuba izindlela zokuhlanza eziphathelene nezindlalelo zikhula ngokwandisa uma izimo zomhlaba zikhuthaza ukuhamba kwezimoto. Iziqukathi ze-pile zivamile ukuba ziphakathi kuka-0.6 no-1.2 yeemitha, kanti ukuhamba okuphezulu kuhamba phesheya kuka-40 yeemitha ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-hydrogeological. Izinsiza eziphathelene zifaka phakathi ukuhlanganiswa kwesikhwama sokuqinisa nezinhlelo zokubekwa, ama-tremie pipes nezinhlelo zokulawula amanzi erthini ezifakiwe njengezikhungo zokuhlukanisa i-slurry neziteshi zokukhipha amanzi. Izinkombandlela zokukhetha zigcizelela ukuhlola ukuhlangana komhlabathi nokwakhiwa kwamatshe, i-chemistry yamanzi erthini kanye nokwehliswa okufunwa, ukujula kokuphuma okuhlobene nezinto ezihambayo, imithwalo ye-lateral elindelekile phakathi nezinyathelo zokumba, kanye nokuhlela ubunjiniyela neminye imikhiqizo edidiyelwe. Abakhi bacubungula ukufakwa kwemishini yokukhuhla, izinga lokukhiqiza labacoli (okuvamile amaphayiphi ayi-3-6 ngosuku), kanye nokuhambisana kwezindleko ngokumelene nezinye izixazululo zokweseka emhlabathini. Izindinganiso ezisebenzayo zifaka i-EN 1536 (ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical), uchungechunge lwe-ISO 22475 (ukuhlola nokuhlola), kanye ne-DIN 4126 (izakhiwo zokweseka eziphakamisayo), ezixhaswe ngezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi zokulawula amanzi erthini kanye nokungcola.
Izindonga Zezikhala Zamasoldier (Indlela yeBerlin Wall Method) zimele indlela eyisisekelo yokuxhasa ukuhamba kophando ethandwa kakhulu emsebenzini wezisisekelo ezijulile, ukufakwa kwethilakontla yokuphela, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemigudu. Le teknoloji, eqala ezindleleni zokwakha zangaphansi zaseBerlin zeminyaka yama-1960, ihlanganisa amaholo egolide ahlakaniphile aphushwe ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile ngokuhambisana nezici ezikhalweni ezihlangene ukuze ziphathe umhlabathi, amanzi phansi, kanye nezipesheli zomthwalo ngesikhathi sokuhamba nokwakhiwa kwezisisekelo. Izindonga ze-soldier pile zisebenza njengezivimbela ezixhasayo ezisemthethweni noma ezisukela isikhathi esithile, ezivumela ukuhamba okuvikelekile ezindaweni ezincane zasemadolobheni, ngaphansi kwesakhiwo esikhona, nasezimweni zobunjiniyela eziyinselelo. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezindongazi, njengezindonga ze-pilot ukuhlela ukujikeleza nokukhipha amanzi, ekufakweni kwethilakontla yokuphela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa nokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi phansi, ekwakhiweni kwezindonga ze-secant njengezinto zokuhola, nasekuhambahambeni kwemigudu yokwakha izindawo zokupaka ezingaphansi, izikhungo ze-metro, kanye nezikhungo zezimboni. Le ndlela ibalulekile ikakhulu emathanjeni omhlabathi, ezinkampanini ezihlangene, nasezimweni lapho ukudlula kuzindonga zekhasi kuhambisana nokwenqaba noma ukufakwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm kubonakala kungena emsebenzini. Umthetho osebenzayo uthinta ukuhamba kwe-soldier piles (nahlukana ne-HEB noma i-HEM European profiles, noma ama-W-sections afanayo) ngezindonga ezithile ezindwangu ezihlangene ezivela kumamitha angu-1.5 ukuya ku-3.0, kuya ngokuqina komhlabathi, ingcindezi yamanzi, kanye nokwandiswa kwemithwalo. Izikhala zokuhambisa—ezikhiqizwe ngama-plank omuthi (75–300 mm ububanzi), amabhodi ensimbi, noma amapaneli e-concrete alungiselelwe—afakwa kancane emva komphakeli njengoba ukuhamba kuqhubeka ukuphuma. Lokhu kuqeda kudlulisa ingcindezi yomhlabathi kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwamanzi komphakeli, owenza njengesithende noma imakhefi evumela ukuqinisa imithwalo emigudwini ejulile ethathwe ngaphansi kwezikhala ezisemthethweni (wales, braces, noma ama-anchor achazayo). Ubuso obuvulekile be-lagging bukhumbula ukubekwa kwesikhala somphakathi noma ukufakwa kwemembrane ye-geotextile ebusweni ukugwema ukudilizwa nokuphazamiseka komhlabathi. Uhlaka lwemishini olubalulekile lufaka uhlelo lwezindonga ezinhle ezisodwa (ngokwakhiwe okuphansi obukhulu obuncane), izikhala ezimbili ze-soldier piles (ezimweni ezinamandla amakhulu noma ukunqanda okujule ukuze itholakale ngokuqinile), kanye nezinhlelo ezihlanganisayo ezihlanganisa ama-soldier piles nezindonga zokufaka noma izakhi ze-secant ukuhlangana kwabantu. Izinguquko zanamuhla zifaka izindlela ze-slurry ze-soil-bentonite noma ukunikeza igqubu ngemuva kwezikhala ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvinjwa kwamanzi nokuxhumana komhlabathi. Ukukhetha izindonga ze-soldier pile kuncike kakhulu kumhlaba okuphakanyisiwe, ukuhlela inani lempilo yomhlabathi, ubukhulu bamanzi phansi kanye nokwabiwa kwengcindezi, ubunjalo bomhlaba (ukuphuzwa kwangaphakathi kwe-shear strength, i-friction angle yangaphakathi, ukuphumelelayo), ukwakheka kwemithwalo ethile (ukwesekwa kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphandle okukhona), ukuvuma ukushintsha nokukhipha kwenzenjwa ezikhethiwe, nezidingo zokuphila (ezimfushane noma ezithile), kanye nokuhlaziyakuphumelela kwemali okuphakathi kwezinhlelo ezikhethiwe (izindonga ze-diaphragm, izindonga zokufaka, noma izindonga zokuxuba umhlabathi). Izindinganiso zokuklama ezichaphazelekayo zifaka i-EN 1997-1 (i-Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design), i-EN 12063 (Izindonga zokufaka nezindonga zamasoldier - ukuqukethwe), ISO 14688 ne-ISO 14689 (ukuhlonza nokuhlola umhlabathi nezinsimbi), kanye ne-DIN 4124 (izixhumano, ukuhamba, nezikhala). Abaklami be-American babhekisela ku-ASCE 37 (Ukuklama, Ukwakha, NokMaintenance of Deep Foundations) kanye ne-API RP 2A yezicelo zasolwandle. Izindlela zokubala zifaka ukuhlaziywa kokugcina, ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlaka ezihlangene zokubikezela ukunyathela, kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha ezivela ku-NAVFAC TM 5.818 noma ezinye izinsiza ezifanayo. Ukuqinisekisa isakhiwo sokwakha, izikhala, nezinhlelo zokweseka kudinga ukujwayela ukushefa,ukuqhuma, kanye nezibalo ze-axial ngaphansi kwemisebenzi ephakathi neyezikhathi ezinzima.