I-Soil nailing iyindlela yokwakha eqinisekisa ukuzinza komhlabathi lapho izikhonkwane zensimbi noma zokwakha zifakwe emhlabathini ezindaweni ezithile ukuze kuqiniswa umhlabathi ophukile noma ongaqinisekile. Izingxenye zokunamathisela zibonisa izingxenye zomzimba ezifakwe njengengxenye yalezi zinhlu ze-soil nail—ngokuvamile ama-bar ensimbi noma ama-rod afakwe emhlabathini ukuze kudaleke umthwalo futhi kuvinjwe ukuhamba komhlabathi. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqiniseni izindathe, ekuqiniseni ukusikeka, ekwakhiweni kwemigudu yokugcina, nasekuxhaseni ukuthunyelwa kwamathunnel, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho izindlela ezijwayelekile zokwakha ezinjenge-piling noma izinto ezingeqondile zingenziwa noma zingekho umnotho. Izinhlanga zisebenza ngokudlulisa imithwalo kumalungelo omhlabathi azinzile ejulile ngaphansi kwepulangwe, ukudala inhlanganisela eqinisiwe yemhlabathi engcono kakhulu ekwandiseni amandla okuphatha nokuzinza. Esikhathini se-TerraForce marketplace, izingxenye zokunamathisela zenza ingxenye ye-micropiling ne-anchoring enkulu, zisebenza njengemikhiqizo ebalulekile kumaphrojekthi ezobunjiniyela nezomhlaba adinga ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba nokwakhiwa kwezisekelo. Ukufakwa kwezingxenye zokunamathisela kufaka phakathi ukuhlola indawo ngokucophelela, ukuhlole umhlabathi, nokubala umthwalo ukuze kutholwe indawo yokufaka izikhonkwane, ubude, kanye nosayizi. Ama-drilling rig kanye nezinsiza ezikhethekile zibhala imihlangano emhlabathini ngezindlela ezichaziwe - ngokuvamile ama-15 kuya kuma-30 degrees ngaphansi kokuhamba okuphezulu - ukuze kuvumeleke ukufakwa kwezikhonkwane. Lapho imihlangano seyiqediwe, izikhonkwane zensimbi, ngokuvamile eziyinde noma eziphukile, zifakwa futhi zifakwe nge-grout usebenzisa noma iyiphi indlela ye-gravity grout noma ye-pressure grout. I-pressure grout iqinisekisa ukuthi kube nokuxhumana okwengeziwe phakathi kwesikhonkwane nomhlabathi okukhulunywe ngawo, kuthuthukisa ukudlulisela umthwalo nokusebenza kwalesi sikhungo. Izikhonkwane ezinomugqa zixhunywa kwizici ezibhekisela ezifana ne-shotcrete panels noma i-wire mesh ezimboza umphakathi obonakalayo noma ubuso bokusika, kudala uhlelo oluhlangene, oluphathwayo. Amaphrojekthi wokunamathisela wesimanje angase asebenzise ama-inclinometer kanye nama-piezometer ukuze aqaphe ukuhamba komhlaba nomanzi ophakathi kwezikhonkwane ngesikhathi sangempela, eqinisekisa ukuqiniswa nokuphepha phakathi kokuqedwa kwephrojekthi. Abahlinzeki bezinsiza banikeza izixazululo eziphelele - ama-drilling rig angakwazi ukusebenza ezindaweni eziphakeme, ama-grouting units ukuze kutholakale umjikelezo we-pressure injection, izinto zokunamathisela ezihlanganisa ama-bar ensimbi we-grade 75 noma we-grade 100, kanye nezinsiza zokubheka ukukala ukusebenza njalo. Izingxenye zokunamathisela zisebenza ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlabathi ne-rock, ezivela kumagquma abomvu noshukela ovulekile kuye kumagquma alula namasonde. Le ndlela ibonakala ijabulela impumelelo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomphakathi lapho isikhala sikhulu futhi imisebe noma ukushaywa akuvunyelwe ukukhipha ingxube noma ukukhiqiza izikhonkwane ezijula. Izinhlelo zibalulekile ekuqiniseni izindathe ezindaweni zigcwele ne-structure yehighway, ekwakhiweni kwemingcele ye-sociable nezingabe, ukuxhasa umhlaba ngesikhathi sokumba, nokwandisa izisekelo zomhlaba. I-Soil nailing isebenza kahle nezinye izindlela zokuthuthukisa umhlaba ezinjenge-micropiles, ama-anchors, kanye ne-jet grouting, inikeza izixazululo ezenzakalayo nezokwenziwa kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene. Ukuze kuphumelele, izingxenye zokunamathisela, zihlanganiswe nezikhathi zokufaka ezisheshayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezisekelo ezijulile ezivamile, zenza kube ukukhetha okuheha abakhokhi abasebenza kokubili ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukiswa ezincane kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokwakha. Noma ngabe kuhlinzeka izindathe ezikhulumi ngemisebenzi ye-seismic, kuqinisa ukusikeka kumagquma ekukhululekeni komhlabathi, noma kuthuthukisa ukwesekwa kwezisekelo zokwakha ezikhathele, izingxenye zokunamathisela zihlala zihlwemiwe njenge-teknoloji enkulu kwezobunjiniyela bezwe, ezamukelwe kabanzi ezinkampanini zokuphanga amathuluzi kanye nekhontrakthi engcono emkhakheni we-TerraForce.
Izinsiza ze-bar ze-steel zimele into esemqoka yokuphakamisa kwi-sistimu yokuthola umhlabathi, zisebenza njengeyona ndawo ephakeme yokuthwalwa kumathafa alungisiwe. Lezi zinsiza eziyinkehli zifika ngesikhumba esiqinile, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-16 no-32 mm ububanzi, ezifakwa ezikhungweni ezibhakabhakayo ezakhiwe ngaphambi kokufakwa futhi ziqiniswa nge-grouting ukuze kudaleke isakhiwo somhlabathi esiqinile, esiqinile. Ngokuphathelene nokwakhiwa kwemikhakha emikhulu kanye nokulungiswa komhlaba, izinsiza ze-bar ze-steel zinikeza ukwesekwa kwezakhiwo okubalulekile kumawindi okugcina ngesikhathi esisodwa nangokuphakade, ukuvikelwa kwemikhawulo, kanye nokuxhaswa kokukhishwa emhlabeni. Inqubo yokufaka ihlanganisa ukuhlinzwa izikhala emhlabathini okukhona noma kumaroka, ukufaka ibha ye-steel, nokugcwalisa isikhala esingaphakathi nge-grout ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubudlelwano obuphelele phakathi kwesikhumba nesimo esizungezile, kudala izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezinomthamo ophakeme wokuqina kokujula nokuqiniswa kokukhipha. Izicelo ze-bar ze-steel zikhula ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene ze-geotechnical kufaka phakathi ukuqiniswa kwezinyathelo ezikhethiwe, ukukwazi kwezinsiza, ukuvikelwa kwezindawo zokungena kumathunhu, kanye nokuxhaswa kokuhlinzwa komhlaba ezindaweni zokwakha zamadolobha. Lezi zinsiza zokukhuhla zisebenza kahle kakhulu ezimbonini ezihlaselisayo, emhlabeni osele, nasezindaweni zempilo lapho izindlela ezijwayelekile zokushayela i-pile noma izindlela zokwakha ezijulile zingase zingabi yinhle, noma zingabe zisezingeni eliphakeme. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza umhlaba busebenzisa amandla angaphakathi okuphuka komhlaba kanti ibha ye-steel inikeza ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe, kudala isakhiwo somhlaba esizinzile ngokwezimoto esingakwazi ukumelana nezinsiza ezinkulu zomoya nezikhathi zokusabalala. Abakhi basebenzisa izinsiza ze-bar ze-steel uma behlangabezana nezimo zomhlaba eziguquguqukayo, indawo encane, noma izigaba zokwakha lapho ukuhlela nokufaka ngokushesha kuyizimfuneko ezibalulekile zokusebenza. Ukukhethwa kwemishini kanye nezindlela zokufaka kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-system ye-bar ye-steel kumaphrojekthi ajulile. Imishini yokuhlanza kumele ikwazi ukukhiqiza izikhala ezihlanzekile, ezivundlile eziyindilinga, ngokuvamile kudinga imishini yokuhlinzwa ye-rotary noma ye-percussion efanele ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba noma kumaroka ahlangabezana. Izinsiza ze-grouting zicela ukunakekelwa okuphelele kontrol yomfutho, ukuhamba kwe-grout, nezikhathi zokuphila ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthukiswa okuhle kokubambisana phakathi kwesikhumba nezimo ezizungezile. Ukuklama kwezinhlelo ze-bar ze-steel kudinga ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwe-geotechnical, kufaka phakathi ukuvuselelwa komhlaba, ukuhlolwa kwamandla, kanye nokuhlola ukuvikeleka kwezingxenye ukuze kutholakale ukuhlela okufanele, ubude, kanye nomthwalo ophakeme. Okwakhiwa kumele kuqaphe izici ezifana nezinga le-tabling, ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba, i-friction angle, kanye nomthelela wesimo sezulu isikhathi eside lapho kucaciswa ubukhulu bokubamba nezindlela zokufaka, kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo oluqinisiwe luhlala luphakeme njalo ngezikhathi zokuphakela isakhiwo esisekelayo.
Imikhono yokuhlinzeka ngama-nail azishayayo, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi izixhumi ze-SDA, ibonisa isixazululo esikhethekile sokuphakamisa umhlaba ngaphakathi kwecala elibanzi le-soil nailing. Lezi zinto zensimbi ezine-thread zisebenza njengohlelo lokubhoboza nolokubopha, zixuba ukwakheka kwe-hollow core nokusebenza kokusika noma kokug grinding lapho kugxilwe khona. Ngokuphambene nama-nail ajwayelekile adinga imikhono e- pre-drilled, ama-nail azishayayo akhipha isidingo semishini yokubhoboza ehlukile, okwenza kube lula ukufaka ngesikhathi uma izimo zomhlabathi zibucayi. I-SDA ibonisa ngokuvamile ama-nail akhelwe ngezithiyo ze-helical noma ezine-flute ezihamba ngesikhathi ukudlula ezindaweni zomhlabathi ngenkathi kudaleka ukuqina okuhle endaweni yomhlaba obushelelezi. Le misebenzi emibili yenza ama-nail azishayayo abe nentshiseko enkulu ezicelweni lapho ukuzinza komhlaba kuthintekile, kungaba ngokuhlola, ubungozi bokuphuka kwendawo, noma ezindaweni zokwakha ezingaphansi. Ubuchwepheshe bokuzishaya ngokuphelele buhlinzeka ngempela ngezici ezihamba phambili zokudluliselwa komthwalo uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokufaka ezijwayelekile, njengoba ukuxhumana kwemishini phakathi kwezometry ze-nail nezakhiwo zomhlaba kuhlelwe ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokubhoboza. Ukufakwa kwama-nail azishayayo kuvamile ukwenza ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokubhoboza ethile ehlobene ne-percussion rotary-percussion, noma izinhlelo ze-pneumatic nezikhungo zokubhoboza i-hydraulic nazo zingenziwa kusebenze kuye ngesisekelo somsebenzi nezimo zomhlaba. Izidingo zokuphakamisa i-torque zivamile ukujolisa phakathi kwe-50 kuya ku-200 kilonewtons, kuye ngokwakhiwa komhlaba, ububanzi bempondo, kanye nebanga lokungena. Inqubo iqala ngokubhoboza okuqondile noma okuphambene ezindaweni ezithambile zomhlaba, lapho i-nail isebenza njengensiza yokubhoboza futhi njengenhlaka eqinile. Ukukhetha imishini kugxila kumishini yokubhoboza ye-rotary, izikhungo zokubhoboza ezithokozisayo, kanye nezinhlelo eziphakeme ezifaka izikhungo ze-grouting zokugrouta ingcindezi emva kokufaka uma kudingeka. Ama-nail ngokwawo avamise ukukhiqizwa ngensimbi enamandla aphezulu, anezinhlangothi eziphakathi kuka-10 kuya ku-40 milimeters nobude obufikelela ku-12 kuya ku-36 meters. Izinga lokufaka ngokuvamile lifinyelela ku-15 kuya ku-40 metres eziyigxathu kokuba uthisha, kuye ngezinga lemhlaba, ukuphakama kokubhoboza, nokusebenza kwesimiselo sokuhamba kwemishini. Ama-nail azishayayo abonisa ukusebenza kahle ikakhulukazi ezigodini ezicebile, izinhlelo ezisebenzayo, i-silt, i-sand, nezingqimba zeziqu ezihlanganisiwe lapho izindlela ezijwayelekile zokunisela umhlaba zidinga izinqubo ezandleni ezingaphezulu. Izicelo zihlanganisa ukuxhunywa kwendawo ephakeme nangesikhathi, izinhlelo zokuxhaswa kokuhlola ezingaphansi, ukwakhelwa kwemithombo yokugcina, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba okuhle lapho kuthinteka izindawo ezithintekayo ezihlanganiswe nezivunguvungu noma ukulahleka komthwalo. Ubuchwepheshe buhlinzeka ngaphezu kokuhle kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho ukunciphisa ukudlulisela umoya nokufaka ngokushesha kubalulekile, njengoba izinhlelo zokuzishaya zikhombisa ukuzinza okuphansi nokusebenza kwezwi uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye ezisebenza ngokudlulisela. Izimo zomhlaba ezihamba phakathi kwe-clay ethambile kuya kwi-sand eqinile ne-rock ethambile zingahlanganisa ukufakwa kwama-nail azishayayo, noma izifundo zokufakwa kufanele zicatshangelwe isiphepho somhlaba, izimo zasemanzini, kanye nokugxila emithonjeni. Izinhlelo zokuhlinzeka ngomhlaba, uma zikhonkwe kahle futhi zifakwe, zakha izinhlelo zokuhlinzeka nge-load bearing ezibuye zikhulise ukucindezela ngokuhambisana nezakhiwo zomhlaba ezizungezile, ngokufanele zibuye ziguqule ukumelana komhlaba okuthule kube ukusekelwa kwezakhiwo ngaphakathi kwezinhlaka zokuxhunywa kwamadolo nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezijulile.
Iziphakamiso zokubamba nezinsika zokuhola zibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokunamathela emhlabathini, zisebenza njenge-interface eyinhloko yokusabalalisa yük phakathi kwezinkumbulo zomhlabathi eziqhumelekile kanye nemvelo yangaphandle. Iziphakamiso zokubamba, ezivame ukuhlinzekwa nge-steel yesakhiwo noma i-concrete eqinile, zibekwe ezindaweni ezisemaphakathini phakathi nezingobo ze-nail futhi zisebenza ukudlulisa amandla okukhululeka kumanye ama-nail asebenzayo emhlabathini ozungezile. Lezi ziphakamiso ziqondiswe ukusabalalisa izigaba ezicacile phezu kwendawo enkulu, ukuvimbela ukuzithibeza kwezingozi ezingase zibe nomthelela kumphumela noma ukungafaneleki ngokweqile. Iziphakamiso zokubamba zisebenza ngokuhlanganyela neziphakamiso zokuhola ukuze zakhe indlela ehlelekile yokudlulisa izigaba, zisekela izinhlelo ezahlukene zokubamba kuhlanganise ne-shotcrete, amaphaneli e-concrete aqukethe, noma amakhanda ahlanganisiwe ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuvikelwa ekugugeni kwesurface nasemanzini omhlabathi. Ukuklama nokukhetha iziphakamiso zokubamba nezinsika zokuhola kusekelwe kumsakazo we-nail, imithwalo elindelekile, izici zamandla omhlabathi, kanye nezidingo ezithile zesicelo se-geotechnical. Ukunamathela emhlabathini ngeziphakamiso zokubamba nezinsika zokuhola kusebenza kahle kakhulu emhlabathini onobudlelwano kuzo zonke izindawo ezikwi-namathisela ezinjengeclay eqinile, i-silt, i-sandy silt, kanye nezinhlekelele ze-rock ezenzekile. Lezi zimo zomhlaba zihlala zenzeka ekwakhekeni kwesigodi sokukhishwa, ukwesekwa kokukhululwa, kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina zokwakha ezingaphansi. Indlela yokufaka ibandakanya ukugaya izimbobo ezikhuluma ngezinkanyezi ezibekwe phambili, ukufaka ama-nail esinyama noma amabhari wokufaka, nokuzihlanganisa ngemigudu enezidakamizwa. Iziphakamiso zokubamba kumele ziveze ukuhamba okuhlukehluke kokuhlukahluka kanye nokunyakaza komhlaba ngenkathi zigcina ukuphila komsebenzi wemikhulu noma ukusika okukhuthazayo. Izinhlelo zanamuhla zokubamba zivame ukuhlanganisa izici ezinjengokulungiswa kwezindawo zokubamba, izinhlelo zokuhamba kokungena kwe-amanzi, kanye nezixhumi eziklanywe ukuvuma kokuphuthumayo okuphakathi nezixhumi zomhlabathi. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeziphakamiso zokubamba nezinsika zokuhola ziqhubekela phambili ezimweni zokwakha ezahlukene, ukusuka ekuvikelekeni kwesigodi esikhaleni ngesikhathi sokukhiphla emigwaqweni noma ezimileni ukuya ekuvuseleleni kwesigodi okuphakeme ezindaweni ezithambile. Izindawo zomphakathi ezinomkhawulo wokuphila zifakwa kube ngokukhethekile kwezobuchwepheshe bokunamathela emhlabathini, njengoba kudinga ukungathinti umhlaba omncane uma kuqhathaniswa nezithako zokwakha noma izindonga zokugcina. Imishini nezinsiza ezihlanganiswe ukufaka iziphakamiso zokubamba zifaka izikhumbi zokugaya udaka, imishini yokugruwa ukuze kuqedwe kahle ama-nail, kanye nezixhumi ezahlukene zokubamba. Osokhukhumeza bakhetha izincazelo zeziphakamiso zokubamba ngokusekelwa kokuhlola okujulile kwezimpahla zomhlaba, ukugxila kwezimfoloko eziqhumelekile, imithwalo yokuphakama, kanye nezidingo zokuzinza kwesikhathi eside. Ukulawula ikhwalithi ngesikhathi sokufaka kubalulekile, njengoba ukuxhumana okufanele phakathi kwezinsika zokubamba kanye nohlelo lokubamba, ukuvuthwa okufanele komphunga, kanye ne-tension efanele ye-nail kubuyisela kuhle ukwakha nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yomhlabathi. Le teknoloji ibe yisibonelo esiqinile emkhakheni we-geotechnical engineering emhlabeni jikelele, yona enezixhumanisi ezizokwenziwa futhi ngokuphelele ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba kanye nezimo zokwakha.
Izinto zokuvikela ukugqwala zibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuhlanganiswa komhlabathi, zisebenza njengesivikelo esiyisisekelo sezinto zokwakha ezibhekene nezimo zomhlabathi ezinzima kanye nezimo zamanzi aphansi. Emaphrojekthini wokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha ezinzile, ama-nails omhlabathi asebenza njengezikhuthazi ezibambekayo ezithuthukisa izinqubo zokumba, imibhoshongo, kanye nezindonga, nokho ukusebenza kwabo isikhathi eside kuyahlala kuncike ekuvikeleni insimbi kanye nezinto zokwakha ekugugeni kwemichiza nakwezokukhanyisa. Izinto zokuvikela ukugqwala zifaka phakathi ama-coatings, izikhumba, izinto ezibekezelene, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela eziphumayo eziklanyelwe ukwandisa impilo yesevisi yamakhulu omhlabathi, ama-anchors omhlaba, kanye nezikhuthazi ze-piles. Lezi zinto ziba zibaluleke kakhulu emaphrojekthini ahlanganisa izindawo zasolwandle, izindawo ezinezimbiwa zamanzi aphezulu, umhlabathi ophazamisekile, noma izimo zamanzi aphansi ezimijondolo lapho insimbi engavikelwanga ibhekana nokugqwala okusheshayo kanye nokulahleka kokwazi kwesigubhu. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuvikela ukugqwala ezinhlelweni zokuhlanganiswa komhlabathi zifaka phakathi i-hot-dip galvanizing, izinhlelo ze-epoxy coating, izikhumba ze-polyethylene, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela ezibekezelene. Ama-nails agalvanized nge-hot-dip anikeza isivikelo esiphumelelayo nge-metallurgy ye-zinc, okwenza kube kuhamba kahle ezimweni zomhlabathi ezijwayelekile emaphrojekthini wokwakha. Ezindaweni ezinzima kakhulu—njengama-clays anesulfide, umhlabathi we-asidi, noma izindawo ezithinta amanzinyo—izinhlelo zokuvikela ezihlanganisa i-galvanization ne-epoxy topcoats zinikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Izikhuthazi zensimbi ezi-stainless ziveza izinga eliphezulu lokuvikela ukugqwala, nakuba izindleko zihlala zivumela le ndlela ukuba ikhethwe kuphela ezinhlelweni ezisemqoka kanye nezakhiwo ezijulile zesikhathi eside. Izinhlelo ze-polyethylene noma ze-polypropylene zifaka ama-nails kanye nama-anchors, ziqinisekisa izivikelo zomzimba nezemichiza ngokumelene nomswakama womhlaba kanye nezinto eziphazamisayo, kuyilapho izinhlelo zokuvikela eziphumayo zisebenzisa umphakathi ophakamisayo noma ama-anodes ebekezelene vikela amanethiwekhi ama-grond anchoring amakhulu ezindaweni zasolwandle nezingedlula. Izimo zomhlaba zinquma ngempela isu lokuvikela ukugqwala kunoma yikuphi iphrojekthi yokuhlanganiswa komhlabathi. Umhlabathi onezithako ezincane ezinselelo, njengama-clays kanye nama-silts, uvame ukugcina umswakama futhi udala izimo ze-anaerobic ezikhuthaza ukugqwala, okudingekayo izinhlelo ezinqala zokuvikela. Umhlabathi onama-grains amade kanye nokuqhuba okuphezulu ubonisa ingozi encane yokugqwala kodwa usadinga ukuvikeleka ezindaweni ezinezinga lamanzi elishintshashintshayo. I-pH zamanzi emhlabathini, ukutholakala kwama-sulfates nama-chlorides, amazinga okukhanya okuxubile, kanye nezinga lokumelana nomhlaba kuhambisana nezinga lokugqwala futhi kufanele kuhlolwe ngesikhathi sokuhlola indawo ukuze kuchazwe izinto ezifanele zokuvikela. Emaphrojekthini okuvuselelwa kwedolobha, ukukhempa, kanye nezinhlelo zokumba ezijulile lapho ama-nails omhlaba anikeza ukwesekwa okufanayo noma okwesikhathi eside, ukukhetha izinto zokuvikela ukugqwala ezifanele ubude bomboni, indlela yokwakha, nezimo zokuphila kubalulekile ukufinyelela izidingo zokuphila kokwakha nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokwakha kuyo yonke ikhalenda yesikhathi sokusebenza kwezakhiwo.
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