Ukuhlanzwa kwe-permeation kuwumkhuba ophambili wokusiza ukuthuthukisa umhlaba usebenzisa izinhlaka zokwakha ezithile zokuthuthukisa amandla omhlaba nokunciphisa ukumelana kwamanzi ngokuqhubekisela phambili izinto ezipholile noma zezehlakalo ngqo emigudwini nasezikhukhulweni zomhlaba. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekwakheni izisekelo ezijulile, ikakhulukazi emaphrojekthini ahilela ukufakwa kwezinsika, ukulungiswa kwezisekelo, kanye nokuvikelwa komhlaba ngaphansi kwezindawo ezikhona. Ngokungafani nokuhlanzwa kokushintsha, okuhamba ngokuqhuba umhlaba, ukuhlinzwa kwe-permeation kusekelwe ekuhlinzeni okuhlakaniphile okubanjwa emigudwini yomhlaba engazange itshintshe kakhulu isakhiwo somhlabathi, okwenziwa kube kuhle ngokukhethekile ezinhlelweni ezithintekayo lapho ukuhamba komhlaba kufanele kuncishiswe. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekwakheni izinto ze-geotechnical lapho kuthuthukiswa khona amandla okuphathwa komhlaba, kuncishiswe ukubunjwa, nokulawulwa kokuhamba kwamanzi ngaphansi, okubalulekile empumelelweni yephrojekthi. Inqubo yokuhlanzwa kwe-permeation ibandakanya izindlela eziningi ezisemqoka ezifanele izimo zomhlabathi ezithile nezidingo zephrojekthi. Ezingxenyeni ezihlangene ezifana namaklayi kanye namasipala, izinto zokuhlanzwa zezimboni—ngokuvamile ama-silicates, ama-polyurethanes, noma ama-acrylates—zithandwa ngenxa yokukhanya kwazo kwe-viscosity kanye nesikhathi sokuqhuba ezakhiweni zomhlabathi ezinzima. Eminyango eyinhloko ye-granular nezakhi zomhlabathi ezinkulu, izinto zokuhlanzwa ezenziwe ngamasimbi e-Portland zisebenza kahle, zikhulisa ukusizakala kwezezimali kanye nezinto zokuziphatha kahle kwendalo. Inqubo yokufaka idinga imishini ekhethekile yokuhlanzwa kufaka phakathi amaphampu okufaka, amasistimu okukhomba ingcindezi, nezixhumi noma amabhoshizi abekwe ezindaweni ezenzakalayo ngaphakathi kohlu lomhlabathi. Iziteshi zokuhlanzwa kufanele ziqhutshelwe phambili ngezindlela ezifanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo, ngokuvamile i-1 kuya ku-5 amamitha kuye ngokuqina komhlaba kanye nezincazelo zephrojekthi. Imisebenzi yesimanje yokuhlanzwa kwe-permeation isebenzisa amasistimu wokuhlola ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kulandwe ingcindezi yokufaka, izimpahla zokuhlanzwa, nokuhamba komhlaba, kuqinisekisa ukulawula okwenziwe ngobuchwepheshe nezincazelo zezemfundo. Ukuhlanzwa kwe-permeation kusebenzelana nemisebenzi eminingi emaphrojeni ezisekelo ezijulile nezokwakha. Emisebenzini ye-piling, kuthuthukiswa amandla omhlaba azungeze izinsika kanye nezisekelo, kuthuthukisa ukudluliswa kwemithwalo futhi kunciphisa ukungqubuzana okungafanele. Ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsika nokululungisa kwezisekelo, ukwakhiwa kwe-permeation kuqinisa imhlaba ngaphansi kwezinsiza ezikhona ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuhamba nokuhudula. Ekuthunyiweni nasekuthuthukiseni okuphansi, le ndlela ilawula ukuhamba kwamanzi okuhamba kokungena emigudwini futhi ithuthukisa ukuzinza komhlaba ngaphambi kokuthi kuhlolwe. Ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba ezisekelweni zokwakha emhlabeni onokwehla noma okukhonkodwe kuvimba kokuhlanzwa kwe-permeation ukuze kwandiswe ukuphathwa kwemithwalo futhi kuphinde kuthulule ukubunjwa okuhlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela ibalulekile ekuhlolweni kwezobuchwepheshe kokuvuselelwa, imisebenzi yokuphatha izikhala ezisemhlabeni, umhlaba onokwehla, kanye nezinkinga zokuhamba emakhaya asezingeni elidala. Izinto ezibhekwayo zihlala zikhanyiselwa izinkinga zemvelo, nezinto zokuhlanzwa ezisindayo ezisebenza ngamanzi nezokuhambisa izinketho ezivuselelekayo ziya zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni eziphilayo. Ukuhlanzwa kwe-permeation okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlola kahle indawo, ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba, kanye nokukhetha ngokucophelela ukwengeza kwe-grout nokusebenza kokufaka okuhlela izimo zomhlaba zendawo, uhlelo lwamanzi ngaphansi, kanye nezimfuneko ezingokwengqondo zephrojekthi.
Iziphakamiso zokuhlanganisa kanye nezikhungo zokukala ze-grout ziyi-sistimu ezifakwe izinsiza ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza, ukuhlanganisa, nokuletha izinto ezine-cementitious ngokwezifiso eziqondile zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kanye nezicelo zokuthuthukisa umhlaba. Lezi zindawo zinenjongo ebalulekile emisebenzini ye-permeation grouting, lapho i-grout esiqinisekisiwe ifakwa emhlabathini nasezimayini ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okwakha, kuncishiswe ukuhamba, nokwenza ngcono ubuqiniso bezakhiwo zezisekelo. Izikhungo zokukala zihlanganisa izinto ezisemqoka ezifana ne-Portland cement, bentonite, i-silica fume, ama-reducers wamanzi, noshukela ngokwezimali ezilawulwayo ukuze kufezwe izici zokuhamba ezivamile ezibalulekile ukuze i-grout ifakwe ngempumelelo. Lezi zinsiza ziqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okunobungani futhi zigcine izindinganiso zokusebenza ezidingekayo ukuze kufakwe emhlabathini onencanyana, ezimayini eziqhume, nasezindaweni ezinezinga elihlukahlukene le-permeability ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokwakha izisekelo ezijulile. I-permeation grouting ithembele kumasistimu wokukala agcwele ukunikeza izimo zomhlaba ezahlukene kanye nezindawo zokuwasha i-grouting ngenkathi kugcinwa izici zokupumpa nokungena. Izikhungo zokuhlanganisa ezisezingeni eliphakeme zinezinjini ezimbili zokuhlanganisa noma ama-mixer colloidal akhulula ama-agglomerates futhi ahlukanise izithasiselo ngokufanele emgqeni, nokuvimbela ukwehlukahlukana futhi kuqinisekise ukuthathwa kwe-grout okuqondile endaweni eqondisiwe. Inqubo yokukala idinga izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezinembile ze-volumetric noma ze-gravimetric ukulawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwamanzi ne-cement, obuqondile obuphathelene nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla e-grout, i-viscosity, kanye ne-injectivity. Abasebenzi balungisa izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa ngokuhambisana nezimo zomhlaba zangempela, idatha ye-hydrogeological, kanye nemigomo ye-grouting efana nokwamukelwa kwengcindezi kanye nenani elithunyelwe ngalinye lemithetho yokuborehole. Lezi zikhungo zisetshenziswa kulo lonke uthuli lwezicelo ze-geotechnical, kusukela ku-grouting yokuhlawulela ezindaweni zokuhlala zezinto ezikhona kuya ku-grouting ye-pressure yokuthola, ukulawula izimo zamanzi e-artesian, kanye ne-curtain grouting ezinjini ezijulile zemidiya nezindonga ze-secant pile. Izimo zomhlaba ezivela kumhudi onengxenye eyinkulu nogravel kuya ku-clay engeyona eyenziwa ngezinga eliphansi kudinga amafomulasi e-grout ahlukene nezindlela zokuletha; amasistimu okukala kumele akwazi ukulungisa ngokushesha izilinganiso ze-admixture nezinga lamanzi ngaphandle kokuphula izinhlelo zokufaka. Ukwengeza izinsiza zokulawula ikhwalithi ye-grout okubandakanya ama-viscosity meters, ukukala ubunzima nokuhlola izinga lokushisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo ezihlanganiswe zifinyelela ezicini zokwakha futhi zibambisane ngokwethembeka ukuphishekela ukusebenza kwezakhiwo. Imisebenzi yokushaya amapile, ukuhlola izisekelo, nezinhlelo ezibalulekile zokwakha ziyaqhubeka nokuthwala izinhlelo ezihambisanayo zokuhlola ezixhaswe ngempumelelo nge-capacity yokukala ephakathi nendawo efinyelela ezingeni lokukhiqiza okuqhubekayo ngayo yonke imikhankaso yokubhola nokufaka. Ukuvumelanisa neziqondiso zokwakha ezihambisana nezimiso zemvelo ezilawula ukwelashwa komhlaba okususelwa kucement kubalulekile, ama-plants wokukala awaguquguquki, okwenza kube ingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenzisa kobuchwepheshe bokwakha izisekelo ezijulile.
Ama-packers wokufaka aguquguqukayo ayizinsiza ezibalulekile ezisetshenziswa emisebenzini yokufaka ubuhlalu, esebenza njengesixhumi esiyinhloko lapho ubuhlalu bufakwa emhlabathini nasezintwolengweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimo zomhlabathi nokuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu ze-geotechnical. Lezi zinsiza ezikhethekile zibekwe ezindaweni ezithile ngaphakathi kwemithambo futhi zivumela ukusatshalaliswa kokuphendulwe kwe-cementitious noma kwezinto ezikhemikhali emhlabathini ombamba, ezindaweni, nasezindaweni eziphukile. Uhlelo lwezihamba lokufaka lwenza ukuthi onjiniyela bafinyelele ukulwa komhlaba okujolile, ukuthuthukiswa kokuthwala, nokunciphisa ukugeleza komswakama ezicini ezihlanganisa imisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kuya emisebenzini yokuthuthukisa umhlaba. Ama-packers ajwayele ukwenziwa ngempahla eqinile yokuqina noma ye-elastomer futhi aze afike ngezinhlobo ezahlukene nosayizi ukuze avumelane nezidingo ezihlukene zendawo kanye nezidingo zokufaka ubuhlalu. Ayasebenza ngokwakha isiciko esihlangene eceleni kwemithambo, aqondisa ubuhlalu obufakiwe ngqo endaweni ejoliwe esikhundleni sokuvumela ukuba uhamba ngaphandle kokulawula emgqeni wemithambo. Le ngxenye ibalulekile ukuze kufinyelelwe imiphumela ehambisanayo ezindaweni ezinzima zomhlabathi lapho izigaba ezahlukene zingaba nezinqumo ezahlukene, ukugeleza, nezimpawu ezakhiwe. Imisebenzi yokufaka ubuhlalu esebenzisa ama-packers wokufaka iyasetshenziswa ezinyathelweni eziningi zokwakhiwa kwezisekelo ezijulile, kuhlanganise nokuzinzisa umhlabathi ngaphambi kokufaka amasondo, ukuthuthukisa izigaba zokuthwala, ukuhlehla kokugeleza kwamanzi phambi kwezisekelo, kanye nokulungiswa kwezimo ezinzima zomhlabathi. Le ndlela ibalulekile ikakhulukazi emhlabathini ongena kwezokwenziwa njengezihlahla nezindawo lapho izindlela ezivamile zokuqinisa zingafaneleki noma lapho ezakhiwo ezikhona kufanele zivikwe ekuhlanganiseni. Onjiniyela bakhetha ukuhlinzekwa kwezitshalo ngokuya ngosayizi bezinhlanga zomhlabathi, ukujula okudingekayo, ukuvuselela amandla ajoliwe, nezithiyo zemvelo. Iziphumo zokufaka ziphathwa kahle ukuze kugwenywe ukuhamba komhlabathi noma ukudlikiza komswakama, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokubheka ezilandelela ingcindezi nezinga lokufaka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa kokuqina kuhambisana nezidingo zokuklama. Le ndlela ihlanganiswa kahle nemisebenzi yokubhola, evumela ukusungulwa okuqhubekayo komsebenzi wezisekelo ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izimo zomhlabathi ngamasu ahleleke kahle okufaka. Ukubekwa kwama-packers wokufaka ezindaweni eziningi kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwendawo ethile ukuhlanganiswa kwamapayipi, ngaphansi kwezisekelo zamapayipi, noma ngezendlalelo ezinzima, ikakhulukazi ukweseka izidingo zokuthwala zezisekelo ezijulile. Ukufaka ubuhlalu okwamanje okuhlanganisa ama-packers wokufaka kudinga izinhlelo zokuqapha nezokulawula ezithola izimo zokufaka ezibukwayo njengegciwane, isivinini sokuhamba, kanye nezinga eliphelele. Le ndlela esekelwe datha ivumela abakhiqizi ukuba baqinisekise ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kokuqina kuhambisana nezidingo zokwakha futhi kunikeza isexwayiso sokuqala sokuziphatha okufanele. Izimo zomhlabathi ezahlukene kusuka kumagciwane aqinile adinga ingcindezi yokufaka ebukwayo kuya ezintweni eziphukile ezidinga izindlela ezingezansi zokufaka bonke bathola izinzuzo ezivela ekuhlosweni kuhlanganyelwe nezinhlelo zokufaka ama-packers okuphatha okufanele. Ihlanganisio ye-technology ye-packers yokufaka nezitshalo zokufaka, izinhlelo zokulethwa, kanye nezinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi kuklamele ukufaka ubuhlalu njengendlela ethembekile, ephindaphindayo yokuthuthukisa umhlaba ezimweni ezinzima ze-geotechnical. Abaqondisi bempahla kanye nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kumele baqonde izSpecification ze-packers, izidingo zokulungiselela kwemithambo, i-rheology yokufaka, nezithiyo zokuphatha ingcindezi ukuze bafeze lezi zinyathelo ngokuphepha nangempumelelo. Njengoba imisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile ifuna kakhulu izixazululo zobunjiniyela zomhlaba eziphambene nezimo ze-subsurface ezinzima, izinhlelo ze-packers zokufaka zihlala zibalulekile ekufinyeleleni ukusebenza kwesakhiwo nokuthembeka okudingwa izindinganiso zokwakha zesimanjemanje.
Izinhlelo zokubheka i-grouting ziwumsebenzi obalulekile kumaphrojekthi wamanje wokuhlanza i-grouting emathunjini aphansi nasekuthuthukisweni komhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo zivumela ukusolwa ngesikhathi sangempela nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ngesikhathi sokufaka i-cementitious noma i-chemical grout emagotsheni, ziqinisekisa idatha ebalulekile eqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba okuphumelelayo nokuhleleka okujwayelekile kwe-grout. Izinhlelo zokubheka zibamba izinkomba ezibalulekile ezifaka ukufaka ingcindezi, izinga lokugeleza, umthamo we-grout ofakiwe, kanye nokuhamba kwezindawo zokubheka, kuvumela abalawuli ukuba benze ngcono izinhlelo zokufaka futhi baqinisekise ukuthi umhlabathi obekiwe uthola ukuhlanganiswa kwe-grout okwanele. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe bokubheka bedijithali nezindlela zendabuko ze-grouting sekuyisenzo esivamile kubunjiniyela bezisekelo, ikakhulukazi kumaphrojekthi adinga amandla aphezulu okuphatha, ukunciphisa ukwehla, noma ukuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kwamanzi kwezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ngokuqhubeka nokurekhoda izinkomba zefaka ngesikhathi sokuhlanza i-grouting, lezi zinhlelo zisiza abaklami ukuba bagcine izinhlelo zokwakha, zivikela ukuhlinzwa okuqhubekayo okungenza umhlaba ube nemiphumela, futhi zirekhode imibhalo ebanzi ye-akhawunti yokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi nokuhambisana nemithetho. Infrastaki yokubheka ivame ukufaka ama-transducer ezingcindezini afakwe ezindaweni ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kwendawo yokufaka, ama-flow meters akala izinga lokukhishwa kwe-grout, nezilinganiso zokuhlala noma ama-inclinometers abekwe ebusweni bomhlaba ukuze abheke izimpendulo zokunyakaza komhlaba. Izinhlelo zokuhlola idatha ziqoqa ukulinganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile, kuvamise ukuvumelana nezisetshenziswa zokubhola nokufaka, kudala ama-logs anemininingwane ahlobene nohlanga lwe-grouting nolwaziyo lokuziphatha komhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo ziwusizo kakhulu ezimweni zomhlabathi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana ne-rocky fractured, ama-sand layers aphakeme, umhlabathi ophehla i-clay enokungena okuhlukahlukene, noma izindawo ezimanzi lapho imiphumela ye-grouting kunzima ukuyibikezela ngaphandle kokubheka okuqhubekayo. Ukuhlola kuvumela abalawuli ukuba benze izinguquko ekucindezelweni kokufaka ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze bagcine ukuhlohla kwe-grout okuhle, kugweme ukuhlinzwa kwe-hydraulic kumazinga aphezulu, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuhle kwemathiriyali ye-grout ngokuhlonza ngesikhathi sokuthi izindawo zokufaka sezifinyelele emgibeni. Izicelo zezinqubo zokubheka i-grouting zifaka phakathi izimo ezihlukahlukene zokwakha nezithuthukisi zomhlaba, kubandakanya izinqubo zokuhlanza ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwethunwa, i-permeation grouting ukuze umise izakhiwo zomhlaba ezithambile ngaphansi kwezinto ezikhona noma ezihlelwayo, kanye ne-remedial grouting yokuhlenga ukwehla noma ukujula. Kumaphrojekthi ezisekelo ezijulile, izinhlelo zokubheka ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-grouting ezixhumaneni nezikhala zomkhono, ama-caissons, nezikhumbuzo ezinkulu, ziqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okufanele phakathi kwezakhiwo nabangaphandle. Idatha eqoqiwe ngesikhathi seziqu zokuqonda i-grouting iyisibonelo esibalulekile sekhwalithi yokwakha, isekela izimangalo zezinkontileka, izingxabano zobuchwepheshe, nokuvunyelwa kokusebenza. Izinhlelo zanamuhla zivame ukuhlanganisa amanethiwekhi ezinsiza ezingenantambo kanye nezinkundla zokuphathwa kwedatha eziyimfuye, zivumela ukuhlola kude kusuka emahhovisi endawo futhi zikhuthaze ukwenza izinqumo zokubambisana phakathi kwamabhizinisi, abaklami, kanye namaqembu ophiko. Ukuqinisekiswa nokuqonda kwalezi zinhlelo zokubheka i-grouting kuthonya ngqo izikhathi zamaphrojekthi nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko, njengoba izindlela ze-grouting eziqhutshwa ngedatha zinciphisa umsebenzi ophindayo, ziqhuba kahle ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza, futhi zehlisa ingozi yokuphazamiseka kwezisekelo okuvunwa yithuluzi elinganele lokuthuthukiswa komhlaba.
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