Amathayela Okuthwala

Amakhanda okuthwala ayazuzisa kakhulu emithonjeni yokwakha evumelanayo yokufaka ama-ankhasi, esebenza njengendawo eyinhloko phakathi kwamathuba e-ankhasi nemhlaba noma ithafa elijulile elizungezile. Lezi zinto zokwakha zisabalalisa imithwalo ye-ankhasi ehlelekile phezu kwendawo yokuthwala enkulu, kuvimbela ukuphuka kwendawo ethile futhi kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside ezinhlelweni ze-geotechnical. Emsebenzini wokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, amakhanda okuthwala abalulekile kumaphrojekthi wokuzinzisa amahlathi, ukudala izindonga zokubamba, kanye nokweseka ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba, lapho nomsebenzi ogcwele kanye nowesikhumbuzo kudingeka. Ukusebenza kahle kokufakwa kwamakhanda okuthwala kuncike ekuhlelweni kwe-substrate, ukuhlela kahle, kanye nezinyathelo ezifanele zokulinganisa ezihambisana nezinkomba zokwakha ze-geotechnical nezimiso zokwakha zomphakathi. Izinhlelo zokufaka ama-ankhasi azinayo ama-bhlati axhunywe kudinga kakhulu ezimweni zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho izindlela zokuphakamisa ezijwayelekile noma izindlela zokufaka ezivamile zingasizi noma zingabizi kahle. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza kahle ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukufakwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwezinsiza eziningi zokubhola, njengezinhlelo zokusha, ukuzinzisa ama-tunnel, kanye nemisebenzi yokulungisa amahlathi. Amakhanda okuthwala kulezi zinhlelo kumele akwazi ukumelana nemithwalo ye-tension eqhubekayo ngenkathi ethatha ukunyakaza komhlaba nokubhekelela izimo zemvelo, okwenza ukukhethwa kwezinto – imvamisa insimbi enamandla aphezulu noma ama-composite aklanywe – kube kubaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi wesikhathi eside. Ukujikeleza kwezinhlelo zokufaka ama-ankhasi azinayo kuzishintshela ukusebenza kwabo ezindaweni ezihlukene zomhlaba, kusukela ezinhlobo ze-clay ezibambekayo kuya ezindaweni ze-granular kanye nezinsimbi eziphukile, lapho usayizi namazinga ama-khanda okuthwala ahlelwa ngokuya ngemicwano ye-geotechnical kanye nezidingo zamandla ezibalwe. Indlela yokufaka izinhlelo zamakhanda okuthwala ifaka phakathi ukuzivumelanisa, ukulandela izinyathelo zokufaka imithwalo, nokuhlonza okuqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwe-ankhasi nokuphendula komhlaba. Abavumela be-geotechnical basebenzisa izinto zokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezikwazi ukuhamba nge-tools zokufaka ama-ankhasi azinayo ngenkathi kugcinwa ukujula nokulawula izinga lokufakwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusungulwa kwesokhethi kanye nezinga lokuthwala imithwalo. Amakhanda okuthwala avamise ukufakwa nama-load cells kanye nezinsiza zokuhlola ukunyakaza, evumela ukuhlola kwezikhathi zangempela kokusebenza kwe-ankhasi kanye nokuhlola kusenesikhathi ukuhlehlisa kwezakhiwo zomhlaba. Izicelo zohlanganisa ukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo semalungiselelo ngesikhathi sokwakha ukuya ekuqinisekisweni kwesikhathi eside kwezakhamuzi eziphukile, amahlathi avalwe ngembobo, kanye nezinto zokwakha eziphakanyisiwe ezidinga ukungenelela kwe-geotechnical isikhathi eside. Ukukhethwa nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zamakhanda okuthwala kudinga ukuqonda okujulile komhlaba, izimiso zezakhiwo zesisekelo, kanye nezimiso zokwakha. Injiniyela ze-geotechnical kumele zihlaziye amandla okuthwala, izici zokuxhumana, kanye nezinga lokusebenzisa okutholakele kokuhlolwa kwe-site ukuze kuhlelwe kahle ukukhipha ama-ankhasi, izikhwama zomthwalo, kanye nezincazelo zamakhanda okuthwala. Izinhlelo zokuhlonza izinga lekhwalithi zifaka phakathi ukuhlola imithwalo, imibhalo yezingxenye zokufaka, kanye nezibalo eziphindaphindiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amakhanda okuthwala agcina ukujula kwawo kwezakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wokuthwala imithwalo yonke iminyaka yokusebenza kwezokwakha ze-geotechnical. Lezi zifundo ezikhethekile zifaka inani elikhulu emakethe yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, lapho ukukhetha kahle amakhanda okuthwala kuthonya ngqo ukuphepha kwephrojekthi, ukuncintisana kwemali, kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwezakhiwo ezinamandla.