Imishini yokuhlanganisa yokufaka ibhande iyinhlaka yokusebenza yezinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi eziyingozi, ihlanganisa izingxenye ezomile neziyisithako emanzini ukuze kwakhiwe ukugeleza kwemigodi okuhambisanayo kokuhanjiswa ngaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza njengezinsiza ezibalulekile ekuhlinzekweni kwezisekelo ezijulile, zenza ukwelapha umhlaba okuphathwayo ngenxa yokufakwa kwama-binders asemandleni e-cement noma amakhompiyutha kemikhakha elungisa izimo zomhlabathi futhi yakha izithiyo zokuvuza. Le nkategoriyigama lemidlalo ibandakanya umjolo ophelele wokuphatha amanzi—kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kwezinto zokuqala kuze kube ukumiswa okuphusileyo—okwenza kube kubalulekile kumaphrojekthi adinga ukusimama komhlaba, ukwakhiwa kwemingcele yokuphuma, ukwelashwa kwemingcele ye-diaphragm, ukufakwa kwamapile e-secant, kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlanganisa umhlabathi lapho izimo ezingaphansi zidinga ukuhlela okuyiqiniso kwezinto kanye nokusebenza okuyiqiniso. Imishini yokuhlanganisa yokufaka isetshenziselwa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene ze-geotechnical lapho kutholwa ukuthuthukiswa kwembalangazwe noma ukuvalwa kudingeka. Izinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi eziyingozi zisebenzisa imishini yokuhlanganisa yokufaka ukuze kwakhiwe amakholomu omhlabathi-nesement anemasayizi ahlukahlukene, ngokuvamile kusukela ku-0.6 kuya ku-2.5 amamitha, ngokufaka amabombo amanzi aphezulu aphakamisa umjolo owugqinsi oqhuba, ophinda uhlanganise umhlabathi osebenza aphansi. Lezi zakhiwa njengezinto ezindizayo, izithiyo zokuvuza, noma izingxenye zokugcina ukuvikeleka ekuwakhiweni kwemingcele yokuphuma ngaphansi kwemishayo nemikhawulo. Ezemisebenzi ye-diaphragm wall kanye ne-secant pile, imishini yokuhlanganisa yokufaka ihlinzeka ngezinto zokuphathwa nokuhluku oluphansi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusimama kwezinsiza zokukha. Le mishini ibuye isize ekuhlanganiseni umhlabathi nokushintshashintsha ezindaweni ezivalekile lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini okujwayelekile kunokufinyelela noma izingozi. Isimiso sokusebenza kwemishini yokuhlanganisa yokufaka sihlinzeka nge-portal izithako ze-portland cement namanzi endaweni yokuhlanganisa lapho ukuhamba okuvunguzayo nokuphindaphinda kuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele ngaphambi kokuhanjiswa kumaphampu aphakamisa ingcindezi noma omjeli bokuphindaphinda. Imixers ye-rotary noma ye-colloidal ikhiqiza isikhala esanele ukuze iphule izixhumi ze-cement, ithuthukise ukugeleza kwama-particule, futhi igcine izici ze-rheological ezizinzile ngokuhanjiswa. Izinhlelo zokuhlola ingcindezi nezokupheqa zivikela kwabaphazanyiswa nezokwenza imiphumela ebhaliwe njalo ngokushintsha kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamathuba omhlaba. Izinhlelo zokukala ukugeleza nezokulawula—ngokuvamile zikagesi noma eziphumuzayo—zivumela ukufaka izinguquko ezikhathalelayo ezikhathini zokuhlanganiswa komjolo namazinga, okubucayi ekwakheni imikhawulo ethile nokukhula kwamandla. Izinhlelo zemishini zifaka phakathi ama-units agxumekile afanele ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezivundlile kuya ezinhlelweni ezinkulu ezikhokhiswa nokuphunyuka ngezindawo ezibanzi zephrojekthi. Izinhlelo ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa ama-mixers angama-100 kuya kwama-400 amalitha, ama-pumps aphakamisa angama-30 kuya kwama-80 MPa, ama-manifold angama-gauges engcindezi namavals akhululekile, kanye neziqu zamadivaysi eziguquguqukayo eziphelile ezikhishwe kumajethi wokuhlanza amanzi. Izinhlelo zeziqu ezilodwa ziqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okujwayelekile kokuhlanza amanzi, kuyilapho izinhlelo zeziqu eziningi noma ezithokozisayo zisekela imisebenzi ethinta ukuvunguza edinga imiphumela efinyelelekayo noma ukukhiqiza amakholo amakhulu. Izinkomba zokukhetha zihlola izidingo zevolumu yombango, izinga lokushisa elitholakalayo kumathuba emhlabathi, ukuhambisana kwezinto ezihlukahlukene nezinhlobo ze-cement nezinto ezingeziwe, ubukhulu bemishini ngokuhambisana nezithiyo zendawo, nezinga lokuthembeka le-pressur stability ngezikhathi ezinde zokusebenza. Ukuphathwa kwe-viscosity—ukugcina ukuhamba kokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezimo zokushisa—kuthinta ukusebenza kwepampu kanye nemiphumela yezintambo. Ukuthobela i-EN 1504 (Izinto nezinhlelo zokuvikela nokuqeda izakhiwo ze-concrete) kanye ne-ISO 14679 (Izindlela nezinsiza zokukala igoli, isikhathi sokuphela kokugeleza) kuqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi. Abasebenzisi bemishini kumelwe babe neziqu ngokuya ngeziqu ze-EN 14679 ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulawula okujwayelekile kwezinsiza nezincwadi zokwakha amakholo ukuze kuqinisekiswe izakhiwo nezizinda zokwaziswa.
Amathangi okugcina amanzi ne-slurry ayizinsiza ezibalulekile ezisizayo emisebenzini yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nasekuphuculeni umhlaba, asebenza njengezixazululo zokubamba nezokugcina eziphatha ama-jubane amahle amanzi okumba, ama-slurries we-cement-bentonite, kanye namanzi okwenza phakathi nawo yonke imisebenzi yokwakha udonga lwe-diaphragm, ukufakwa kwemishetshe yokuhlukanisa, ukugrouta kwejet, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxuba umhlabathi. Lezi zithangi zisebenza ngezifundo ezibalulekile ezimbili: ukugcina ukuhlinzeka okuvamile kwezimvula emisebenzini yokubhoboza nokufaka, kuyilapho zinikeza ikhono lokuhlala okwesikhashana nokuhlukanisa okukhona emaqoqweni amancane ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kabusha noma kokuphuma kwezimvula, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezokusebenza nokunciphisa ukuhweba kwezinto ngesikhathi eside semisebenzi. Ekushayeleni udonga lwe-diaphragm, amathangi wamanzi ne-slurry agcina ama-slurries e-bentonite anokwenziwa kwe-polymer ahlaziya odongeni lwezikhala ngesikhathi sokumba, kanye nezidingo ezivamile zephrojekthi eziyizi-50 kuya kwezi-500 ze-cubic meters kuya ngobukhulu bendonga, ubude, kanye nezimo zomhlaba. Ngenkathi kufakwa imishetshe yokuhlukanisa nge-deep mixing noma i-jet grouting, amathangi e-slurry agcina imidiya yokufaka esekelwe ku-cement kanye nezimvula zokuphumula, nezinga lokuhlukaniswa elibalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvaleka kwendawo yokufaka ngaphambi kokwaziswa okuqondile kwe-grout. Kwimiphakathi yama-secant pile kanye ne-sheep pile ehilela ukujola okuholela ekuhlanganiseni noma ukulawulwa kwamanzi omhlaba, lezi zithangi zigcina amanzi okwenza kanye nezithako zamakhemikhali ezilinganayo ezilingana nenani lama-pile, ubude bokubhoboza, kanye nezidingo zokujikeleza. Ekusebenzeni, amathangi e-slurry asebenza njengezigaba zokuhlala lapho izigaxa nezinsalela ezincane zihlukana ngaphansi kwesisindo, kuvumela amanzi ahlanzekile ukuthi agijime kabusha nge-centrifuge, ama-shaker, noma ezinye izinsiza zokuhlukanisa emuva kumjikelezo wokubhoboza/nokufaka. Ukubala ivolumu yethangi kubheka isilinganiso sokuhamba (ngezikhathi ezivamile eziyi-100–300 m³/h emisebenzini yokubhoboza enkulu), isikhathi sokuhlala (mimuphi phakathi kwemizuzu engama-30–120 kuye ngesimo se-rheology yemvula kanye nocaciso olufunwayo), kanye nesikhathi sephrojekthi. Umklamo ohlelekile wethangi uhlanganisa ama-baffle plates ukuze unciphise ukukhathazeka nokuphazamiseka, ama-porti ophuma phezulu kwezingqimba zothuli, kanye nemijikelezo yokudlulisa ukuvimbela ukuchitheka ngesikhathi sokuhamba okuphezulu nezimo zokuhamba komoya. Amathangi okugcina atholakala ngezinhlelo eziningi: amathangi aphekiwe nge-steel anama-3–10 mm ububanzi bezindonga zokufaka okuphakade, amathangi e-steel ahlanganiswe (50–200 m³) abhiye endaweni enezixhumi ezisheshayo, kanye namathangi e-fabric aphukile (polyvinyl noma polyethylene) ezinhlelweni ezinendawo encane noma izimfuno eziphezulu zokuhamba. Izinhlaka zethangi ziya ngokuhlukahluka okunamandla ngokuya ngezinhlobo ze-slurry: ama-slurry e-cement anokwenziwa okuphezulu kudinga ukujikeleza ngokucophelela nge-mixers ye-paddle esheshayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba ngaphandle kokuphula ubudlelwano bezinsalela, kuyilapho ama-fluids okubhoboza asekelwe emanzini angase abe ne-centrifugal segregators noma ama-ponds okuhlangana ahlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sethanki. Izinkomba zokukhetha zifaka phakathi ukusebenza okunikezwayo kuye ngezidingo zokuhamba kwansuku zonke kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala, ukuhambisana kwezinto (ama-slurries e-cement-bentonite adinga ukuhlinzekwa kwe-epoxy-lined noma izinsiza ezingaphezu kwe-stainless ukuvimbela ukugqwala nokungcoliswa), ibanga lokushisa lendawo (izinhlelo zokushisa zidingeka ezindaweni ezibandayo ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba okwakhiwe), kanye nohlelo lokuphathwa kwe-sludge (ama-valve okuphuma phansi, ukwakhiwa kwe-vacuum, noma ukudonswa kwe-mechanical). Ukuhambisana nemithetho ye-EN 1538 (odongeni lwe-diaphragm), i-EN 14679 (i-jet grouting), kanye nezindinganiso zokuphuma kwendawo eziyimvelo zikhokhela izinto zokwakha amathangi kanye nezinqubo zokuphuma. Iphrojekthi ezindaweni ezinalo ukungcoliswa noma ezindaweni zokuhlukaniswa kwamanzi zingadinga ukuhanjiswa kwesibili noma izinhlelo zokubuyisela ezivaliwe ukuze kuvinjelekile ukukhululwa kwemvelo kanye neziqu eziyimikhawulo.
Izikhukhula eziphezulu zibalulekile emisebenzini yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nasekuqhutsheni umhlaba, zenzelwe ukuthumela nokugcina ukungena kokulawula kwe-cementitious slurries nezinto ezihlanza ngaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu lok pressure ukuze kufezwe izinjongo ezifunayo zokulungiswa komhlabathi nokuvikela. Lezi zikhukhula zisebenza ngezindlela ezimbili emisebenzini ye-subsurface: ukujikeleza nokuhlanganiswa kwengcindezi ezindaweni ezisekelwe kwi-slurry (efana nokwakhiwa kwe-diaphragm wall), kanye nokufaka izindawo zokuzinza noma zokuvikela ezindaweni zomhlabathi. Izidingo zokusebenza zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlelo—izikhukhula zokuqhubekisela phambili ezinobulukhuni be-diaphragm wall kumele zigcine ubuningi obufanayo be-slurry nesimo sokushisa ngenkathi ziphatha i-slurry enezinhlayiya ezincane, kuyilapho izikhukhula zokufaka ezindongeni zokwenzeka, ukugroutu nezinye izinhlelo zokuxuba zomhlabathi zidinga ukuletha ukulawulwa kwe-pressure kanye nesivinini sokuphuma ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwelashwa okufanayo kwemisebenzi efanele. Iphuzu eliyinhloko elisekela ukusebenza kwepumps eziphezulu kulezi zicelo kusekelwe ekugqibeleni ngokukhipha kumkhawulo okukhanyayo noma izindlela ze-centrifugal ukuze kudlule ukungqubuzana kokwakha futhi kuzuzwe ukuhamba kuze kube kuyinqubo yokwakha. Ekubhangqawuleni kwe-diaphragm wall ngokwe-EN 1538, izikhukhula zokujikeleza kwe-slurry zigcina ukuhambelana kwengcindezi ye-hydrostatic nomhlaba ojikeleza kanye nengcindezi yomhlaba, zivimbela ukuwa kwedamu futhi ziphatha ukuvuzi. Kubhulayithi bokufaka kanye nezingxenye zodonga ezivertical, izikhukhula zokufaka zenza ukuncipha kokuhamba okwenziwe ezindaweni zomhlaba noma emakhazeni ngokufaka i-grout noma i-hydrofracturing, ngokuvamile zidinga izinga eliqhubekayo le-pressure le-20-100 bar kuye ngempela yokuhamba kanye nezinga lokuhamba elihlosiwe. Umsebenzi wokwakha izikhukhula zokufaka uphonsa i-cement-bentonite noma i-cement-sand grout ezikoleni zomhlaba-cement, ethulisa imilebe ehlanganisiwe. Imisebenzi ye-jet grouting—ehlelwa ngokwe-ISO 21491—idala izinhlelo eziphezulu zokucindezela (200-400 bar) ukuze isuse umhlaba futhi ifake i-grout ngesikhathi, iqhubeka nokwakha izikoleni zomhlaba-cement zokuzinza. Izinhlelo zokuxuba zomhlabathi ezijulile (DSM) zisebenzisa ukungena kokucindezela okuphakathi ukuze kuthumele i-cement slurry edolobheni eyenziwe ngezinsiza zokuxuba ezisebenzayo. Izilungiselelo zezinhlaka ngaphakathi kwale ndawo zihluka kakhulu ngesisekelo. Izinhlelo zokujikeleza kwe-slurry ze-diaphragm walls ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ama-pumps e-centrifugal (50-200 m³/h) anengcindezi yokukhishwa eyi-4-15 bar, anongwe ngamakhono okuphatha ezinye izinto nezikhumulo zokushisa ukuze kugcinwe isimo sokushisa. Izikhukhula zokufaka ezindleleni ze-geotechnical zisebenzisa izindlela zokuhambisa ezithembekile—ama-piston pumps, ama-screw pumps, noma ama-peristaltic pumps—awongwe ukuze kube ne-50-400 bar yokukhishwa ngefomu lempilo (5-40 m³/h), kulethe ukuphatha okungcono kwe-pressure nokunciphisa ukuhamba kokuphuma. Izinhlelo zokushayela zisebenzisa ama-motors kagesi noma ama-engines e-diesel; ukushayela kukagesi kuphakanyiswa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ngenxa yokulawula kokukhishwa kwemvelo nezithiyo zomsindo ngokwezi-EN, kuyilapho ama-units anegesi ye-diesel esavela ezinhlelweni ezikude noma ezinkulu. Ukukhetha imishini efanele ye-pump ephezulu kocingo kudinga ukuhlola i-rheology ye-slurry noma ye-grout (viscosity, density, okuqukethwe kokuhwanyuza), ingcindezi yokufaka ehlelekile kanye nevolumu, izici zokwakha (permeability, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsalela), izimo eziphilayo, kanye nokavailable power. Ukuhambisana ne-EN 1538 ye-diaphragm walls, EN 14679 ye-jet grouting, EN 12716 ye-grouting, kanye ne-ISO 21491 kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwemishini futhi kuqedele izinga lokwakhiwa komhlaba elichaziwe.
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