Izinto ezisemqoka ezakhiwe zihlala ezibalulekile emisebenzini yokufaka izinsiza zomhlabathi nezinsiza ezincane, zisebenza njengomzila wesithando esiyisiqiniseko esiwela ukufakwa kwezakhiwo ezinzima kwezimo ze-geotechnical. Lezi zinhlelo zamabhubesi, ngokuvamile zenziwe ngensimbi ehlanzekile noma eqandisiwe, zisebenza njengokwesekela kwang temporary nokweqile ngesikhathi sokufaka izinsiza ezincane, ama-anchors, nezinsiza zomhlabathi. I-casing string isebenza njengovimbelo lokuvikela ukuwa kwe-borehole ngenkathi ithuthukisa umgwaqo wemithwalo ye-structural edluliselwa nge-sistimu ye-foundation. Emsebenzini wokufaka izinsiza zomhlabathi, izinto ze-casing string zigcina ubumsulwa be-borehole ngesikhathi sokubhola nokuqinisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomhlabathi ezilula, eziphukile, noma ezimanzi lapho izinto ezihlanganisiwe noma itshe eliphukile zingawa lungabhalwa. Ukukhethwa nokuchazwa kwezinto ze-casing string kusekelwe ezicini eziningi ze-geotechnical kanye nezobunjiniyela, kufaka phakathi izici zamandla omhlaba, izimo zamanzi aphansi, imikhuba yokubhola, kanye nezidingo zokugcina. Abathengisi kumele bahlolisise ukufakwa komhlaba—kungaba okuphakamisayo, ama-silts, i-sand, noma ama-profiles ahlanganisiwe—ukuhlola ubukhulu be-walls, izinga lesimbi, nezichasiso zokuxhumana. Ku-micropiling, ama-casing strings avame ukuba phakathi kwe-60 kuya ku-273 millimitha ububanzi futhi axhunywe ngemijakala eqandisiwe, ama-couplings omshini, noma izixhumi ezingezansi ukuze kudalwe izinto eziphakeme ezisebenzayo. Uhlelo lwe-casing luhlanganiswa nezinsiza zokubhola ezikhethekile, kufaka phakathi ama-rigs e-rotary, ama-percussion hammers, nezinhlelo ze-continuous flight auger, ukuze kufinyelelwe ukuphakanyiswa kwezakhiwo okufanele nokubekwa. Izinhloso, ama-cutting shoes, nezivikelo zokuzinza ezixhunywe kwi-casing string zikhuthaza ukungena ezindaweni zomhlaba ezinzima, kufaka phakathi i-sand eqinile, i-gravel, itshe elihamba phambili, ne-bedrock. Izicelo zezinto ze-casing string zigcwele izimo ezihlukahlukene ze-foundation: ukugcina izakhiwo ezikhona, ukuvuselela imithwalo ngenhla kwemigqa yomhlaba, izindonga ezibhalwe ngaphansi, ukweseka isakhiwo sebhuloho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba ezindaweni ezinokwenzeka eziphakeme noma zomhlaba onobungozi. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho ukuncishiswa kwezikhala kanye nokulawula ukushayisana kubalulekile, izinto ze-casing string zivumela ukufakwa okungavumelani, okuthula uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokushaya izinsiza ezijwayelekile. Inqubo yokuqinisa—kungaba yokuqiniswa ngamakhanda, ukuqedela, noma ukuhlinzekwa okuphezu—isebenzisa ubuqotho kanye ne kisstokhi ye-casing string ukuze uhlangane ukuhlanganyela okuhlinzekiwe kwemisebenzi ye-structural kumhlope wombuso futhi ufinyelele ukuthuthukiswa okukhululekile phakathi kwezinto zesimbi nemhlaba ozungezile. Izinhlelo zanamuhla ze-casing string zifaka izinyathelo zokulawula izinga ukuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwe-centre, ukuhlola okungathathi hlangothi, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-geometry ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvumelana kwe-vertical kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo. Ukuvulwa kwama-casing kumakhelwane ahlukene kuhlinzeka abathengisi ithuba lokuthola izinto nokuphatha impahla. Ukuchazwa ukuze kube nezinqubo eziphakeme kweze-casing string kusekelwe emibhalweni yokuhlola ye-geotechnical eneziqu kanye nezibalo zokwakha kubalulekile ekufezeni izinhlelo ze-foundation ezenziwe kahle nokuqinisa amandla ezakhiwo ezihlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza kanye namazinga akhohliwe eminyaka ku-engineering ye-foundation ejulile.
Ama-pipe okukhanda aneflange eziqondile angama-componet wezakhiwo abalulekile ngaphakathi kwemihlangano ye-casing string ebanzi ezisetshenziselwa ukugaya umhlabathi nokuthuthwa komhlaba. Lezi zikhanda ezikhethekile ziqukethe ama-flange e-threaded akhiwe kalula, avumela ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini okuqinisekile phakathi kwemiphakathi yephayiphi, kunciphisa isidingo sokuhlangana ngendabuko noma izindlela zokucindezela ezisetshenziswa kaningi emiphakathini ejwayelekile. Umklamo we-flange othiwe unikeza ubuqotho obungcono bezakhiwo ngenkathi uvumela ukuhlanganiswa nokuhlukaniswa ngokushesha emaphandleni, kunciphisa isikhathi sokusebenza futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokwakha ezinhlelweni ezinzima ze-geotechnical. Ezinhlelweni zokugaya umhlabathi, ama-pipe okukhanda aneflange eziqondile ayisebenzisa imisebenzi eminingi ewusizo ngaphakathi kwesu lokuthuthukiswa komhlaba jikelele. Lezi zikhanda zivikela ama-nail omhlabathi afakiwe ekukhubazekeni nasekudlileni kwemvelo ngenkathi ziqinisekisa amandla aphezulu okuphatha umthwalo phakathi kwemikhakha yomhlaba ethintekayo. Ukuhamba kwe-flange oku-threaded kugcina ukuhamba kwe-axial kuwo wonke ama-casing string, lokhu kubalulekile lapho kukhuhlwa ezindaweni zomhlaba ezihlukahlukene kuhlanganisa ama-clays ahlangene, izitokwe ezincane, amasilt agcwele, kanye nezimo zomhlaba-nezintaba ezihlanganisiwe. Le jenis ye-casing system ibalulekile ezimeni lapho izimo zomhlaba zishintsha kakhulu, njengemifantu ye-talus, imingcele ye-bedrock eyakhiwe, kanye nezimo zomhlaba ezinezikwele lapho ukudluliswa komthwalo okuqondile kudingeka ukuze kube nokuzinza kwendawo yokuphakama nokusekelwa kokumba. Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe zama-systems we-casing ezine-flange eziqondile zenza zibe zibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kanye nezobunjiniyela bomhlaba ezihilela ukugcinwa komhlaba okwesikhashana noma okwangempela, ukuhweba kokuphakama, kanye nokwandiswa kokuzinza emisebenzini yokumba noma yezokwakha zomphakathi. Izinqubo zokufaka ezinkundleni zifaka phakathi ukuhlinzekwa kokukhuhla, ukukhuliswa kwe-casing, kanye nokufakwa kwezinhlelo zomhlaba okuhambisana nezixhumi ze-bolt zemishini kuzo zonke izindawo ze-flange. Izinhlelo zokukhanda zanamuhla zihlola ama-configuration ahlukeneyo wezinsiza, kusuka kuzinsizakusebenza zokukhuhla ezijikelezayo kanye nezinsiza zokuhudula, kunciphisa, evumela abakhiqizi ukuba bathathe izinqumo zokufaka eziqondile ngokuya ngezimo zomhlaba ezithile, izimo zamanzi omhlaba, nezinkinga zephrojekthi. Ubunjalo obuphindwe kabili bezixhumi zenze kube lula ukusebenza kokukhuhla okwenziwayo lapho izimo zomhlaba zingahlolwa njalo futhi izindlela zokuthuthukiswa zingashintshwa ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokuhanjiswa kwe-casing. Izicelo zama-pipe okukhanda aneflange eziqondile zithinta imikhakha ehlukahlukene kuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezithuthuke, ukuzinza kwemigodi, ukusekelwa kwezigodi zomhlaba, ukwakhiwa kwezingxenye ze-toll road, kanye nezakhiwo zokugcina amanzi. Ukuhlangabezana nezinye izakhiwo ezibhaliwe, i-casing systems ethengwe kahle, ixhunywe nokuvikelwa okubhekelelwe ngezinhlobo zokuhlanza noma ukukhethwa kwamafayili e-stainless steel, kuqinisekisa ukusebenza isikhathi eside ezimeni ze-subsurface ezinzima. Abakhiqizi bezinsiza bakhuphule izinqubo zokuphatha i-flange ne-diameter zamapipes ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhumana phakathi kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokukhuhla nezinsizakusebenza, kulula ukuthola izinto, kunciphisa izidingo ze-inventory zezikompilo eziphethe imiphumela ehlobene ne-geotechnical ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ukusebenza kwamahora okwenziwa ngokuhlanganiswa okusheshayo nezikhathi zokufaka ezincishisiwe, kulandelwa nokuthembeka okufakazelwe ezimeni zomhlaba ezinzima, kuhlobene nama-systems we-casing ane-flange ezithile njengokukhanga okuthandwayo kubanjiniyela abathuthukisayo ama-nail omhlaba ne-casing string.
Izicathulo zamacala (casing shoes) zimele ingxenye ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezisisekelo ezijulile nasekusebenzeni kokubhoboza imithombo, zisebenza njengomhlahlandlela kanye nesici sokuvikela ezansi kwemigqa yokufaka izicathulo. Lezi zixhumo ezikhethekile zenzelwe ukuvumela ukufakwa kwezicathulo phakathi kwezilimo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ukuvimbela ukuvaleka kwezicathulo ngesikhathi sokungena ezimweni ezihlangene, ezikhashayo, nezindladla. Ngcontext yokuhlasela umhlabathi (soil nailing) kanye nezinye izindlela zokuvuselela umhlaba, izicathulo zamacala zisebenza njengezinto ezibalulekile ezivumela abakontraka ukuba baphumelele ekufakeni amathube ensimbi avikela ngezimo zomhlaba ezihlukahlukene ngenkathi kugcinwa ukujula nokuma kwazo. Ukufakwa kwezicathulo zamacala kudinga izindlela zokubhoboza eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihambisana nezinsiza zokuthuthukisa imigqa yokufaka izicathulo, kufaka phakathi imishini yokubhoboza ethwele efana nemishini yokubhoboza ye-rotary, imishini ye-crawler, kanye nemishini yokufaka izicathulo ekhwalithi ephezulu. Abakontraka basebenzisa izicathulo zamacala ngokuhlanganyela namahhamba aphrinta (vibratory hammers), amahhamba e-diesel, kanye nezinhlelo zokushayela ze-hydraulic ukuze baphumelele ekwehliseni ukushelela nezithiyo njengoba izicathulo zingenela ezimfihlakalweni z Sands ezikhulu, izihlalo eziqinile ze-clay, izindlalifa ezimnandi, nezinye izinto eziphula umhlaba. Umklamo wamasici wezicathulo zamacala kumele uhambisane nezindlela ezithile zokubhoboza — kungaba ukubhoboza kwe-rotary ngokuphuma kwamanzi noma ngaphandle, ukubhoboza ngokuphikisana, noma ukubhoboza nge-sonic — futhi kufanele kube nemandla afanele ukuze kwenziwe kahle ngesikhathi sokushaya nokuphuma. Izimo zomhlaba ezifana nezilimo ezihlangene, izindawo ezinamatshe, kanye nezindlalifa ezingazinzile zifaneleka kakhulu ezinhlelweni eziklanyelwe kahle ze-casing shoe ezivikelayo zombili imigqa yokufaka izicathulo kanye nemishini yokubhoboza. Ukuhlola izinhlelo zomhlaba ezijulile kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwezicathulo ezihlabayo, ukwakhiwa kwamamicro pilayi, izinhlelo zokunamathela, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola izinzwa lapho ukuvikela izicathulo kubalulekile ukuze kufezwe ukujula okuthile nokugcina ukuzinza kwemithombo yokubhoboza. Izicathulo zamacala zivumela abakontraka ukuba basebenze kahle ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho kudinga khona ukukhawulelwa komsindo nokuhumushi, njengoba izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izicathulo zanamuhla zinikeza ukusebenza okuthulile uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokushayela zendabuko. Ijeometri kanye ne-material yeziqathulo zamacala — etholakala ezingeni lokuqina nezimo ezihlukahlukene — ithinta ngokuqondile isivinini sokubhoboza, ukuphila kwezicathulo, kanye nezezimali zephrojekthi. Ezimweni ezinzima zokwakhiwa, izicathulo zamacala ezisezingeni eliphakeme zehlisa ingozi yokulimala kwezicathulo, zinciphisa imisebenzi yokuphinda, futhi zandisa ukukhiqiza kwemishini yokubhoboza yeziqalo ezibizayo. Ukuqokelwa kwezichasiselo zeziqathulo zamacala ezifanele kudinga ukuhlolwa okubucayi kokwakhiwa komhlaba kanye nokuwiniswa phakathi kwabahloli bezikara bezinhlaka ezikhethekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza phakathi kwezakhi zemhlaba ezahlukahlukene ezitholwe ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezizinda ezijulile.
I-flange ye-casing iyizixhumanisi ezibalulekile zokwakha kanye nezithako zokweseka eziyinxalenye ebalulekile ye-soil nailing kanye nezinhlelo ze-casing string ezisetshenziswa emsebenzini wesisekelo esijulile nasekuqineni komhlaba. Lezi zixhumanisi ze-metali ezihlinzekiwe, ezivamise ukwenza nge-asteel enamandla, zisebenzisa ukuthunga izingxenye ze-tube ye-casing ezilandelanayo ngenkathi ziqhuba imithwalo futhi zigcina ukuhlela kuyo yonke ubukhulu obufakiwe. Emishinini ye-soil nailing, ama-flange e-casing asebenza njengamaqembu oxhumano phakathi kwezicucu ze-casing, akha i-casing string eyodwa futhi eyakhiwe kahle engakwazi ukumelana nezimo zokpressure ezikhaliphile, imithwalo yokungqubuzana, kanye nemithwalo engama-vertical eyenziwe yimihlahlandlela yomhlaba nezakhiwo zezakhi. Umklamo we-flange uvame ukufaka izikhala eziningi ze-bolt ukuze uqinisekise ukuhanjiswa kwezingxenye, ukuxhumana okufakwe noma okuboshwe emzimbeni we-casing, nezindawo zokuphatha ezikhuphukayo ezidlulisa imithwalo kahle kumachune adlulelayo. Lezi zixhumanisi zibalulekile lapho usebenza ngezimo ze-geotechnical ezinzima, kubandakanya umhlaba ongazinzile, amazone aphakeme emanzini, nezikhala eziphansi ezidinga ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo kwe-casing ukuze kwenziwe imikhakha ingabi khona nokwenza kube nesikhala sokuphepha kwabasebenzi ngesikhathi sokuhamba nokufaka. Ukukhetha nokuchaza ama-flange e-casing kuphathelene nezinto eziningi ezifaka phakathi imithwalo yomhlaba elindelekile, ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba, ububanzi bokufaka, kanye nendlela ethile yokuhlanza umhlaba esetshenziswayo. Izimo zomhlaba ezithambile ezifana ne-clay, i-silt, ne-sand ethambile zivame ukudinga izinhlelo zezithombe ezinzima ezine-flanges eziqinisekisa ukuthwala imithwalo emikhulu ye-radial nokugcina ubuqiniso bokwakha ngezikhathi ezinde. Ngokuphambene, izicelo ezihlanganisa umhlaba ophumuliwe noma omisiwe zingasebenzisa ukwakheka kwe-flange okukh light. Ubuningi be-flange, ububanzi bemidwebo, nezikhala ze-bolt kuyavumelekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nezinsiza zokubhola ezijikayo, imishini yokutshala, kanye nemishini ye-soil nailing ethize ejwayelekile ezindaweni zokwakha. Ama-flanges kufanele abonise imithwalo ye-vertical evela emithwalweni ye-casing string kanye nezimo ezijiyile ezivelelayo, okwenza ukukhiqizwa kwephrojekthi nokulawula ikhwalithi kubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa. Ukufakwa kwe-flange ye-casing kuvame ukwenza amaqembu okwakha anekhono nezinkontileka zokubhola ezijwayele ukubonisana nezinyathelo ze-soil nailing kanye nezikhungo zokwakha ezijulile. Ukuhlinzwa kahle kwe-bolts ye-flange ukuze kube namandla athile kuqinisekisa ukusabalalisa imithwalo futhi kugweme ukuphuthuma ngesikhathi sokuhamba okulandelayo noma uma kubhekwa imithwalo yomhlaba. Ama-flange e-casing asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zokwakha, kufaka phakathi ukufakwa kwamasakhiwo akhona, ukwesekwa kokumba ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ukuqinisa izikhukhula, kanye nokwakha izinhlelo ze-soldier pile ne-lagging emisebenzini yesikhathi eside nangesikhathi esifushane. Ukuhlala kanye nokumelana nokubola kwalokhu kuhlaziywa kuyizinto ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasolwandle noma ezindaweni ezinomoya ophakeme wamanzi. Izinhlelo zendawo zamaflange modern zakhiwe ukuze zihlanganise nezinsiza zokuhlola nezicell umthwalo ezivumela ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sangempela kwemithwalo yokukhukhula kanye nokusebenza kwezakhiwo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokwakha.
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