I-concrete iyinsiza yokwakha ehlanganisa i-Portland cement, ama-aggregates amancane (ukumaketha), ama-aggregates amakhulu (iklasta noma itshe elishaywe), nezamanzi, eqinisa ngenkqubo yokuhlanza kemikhakha. Ku-engineering yeziqalo ezijulile kanye ne-geotechnical, i-concrete isebenza njenge-medium eyinhloko yokudlulisela imithwalo evela ezakhiweni eziphakeme ngezinqaba ezingazinakile noma ezincane zembali ukuze zifinyelele ezindaweni eziqinile zokuphakela. Ubukhulu bayo bokucindezela, ukuqina, nokusebenza kwayo kuyenza ibe yinsiza ebalulekile ezifundeni ezidinga ukugcina imithwalo ephezulu nokuqina isikhathi eside ezimweni zomhlaba ezinzima. Ezimeni zokwakha iziqalo ezijulile, i-concrete ibalulekile ekwakheni ama-pile agudlukiwe, ama-pile ashaywayo, odonga lwe-diaphragm, kanye nama-micropiles axhoma izakhiwo ukuze avikele ukuphela kokuphakela, ukuphakamisa, nokuhluka kokuhlala. Kwamaphrojekthi wokuthuthukisa umhlaba, i-concrete isetshenziswa kumakholomu we-soil-cement, ezinhlelweni ze-jet-grouting, kanye nezinto eziphansi ezilawulwayo (CLSM) ukuze zandise ubuningi bomhlabathi futhi zinciphise ukuhlanganiswa. Ekufakeni odongeni lwe-retaining, i-concrete ethuthukisiwe iyafana ne-material ejwayelekile yamawalls e-gravity, odonga lwe-cantilever, kanye nodonga oluxhume okugcwele imithwalo emikhulu yomhlabathi ezakhiweni ezimiswe ngenhla futhi ezikhethiwe. I-concrete yokwakha iziqalo ezijulile ivame ukuhanjiswa ngendlela yokuxuba efaka izitshalo zokuxuba, ngokunembile okusikiwe futhi kuthunyelwa ngezimoto ze-concrete ezinamakhono okuzihlanganisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Ukuhlangana kwendawo kudinga izindawo ezithile ezinomoya ofanele neziqhingi zokuvikela isimo sezulu, kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba izinga le-concrete lehla ezishiye zishisayo ezishisayo kakhulu nezishisayo. Izindlela zokufaka zihluka kakhulu: izindlela ze-tremie zama-pile aphakathi kwamanzi, ukufakwa kokuphankisa ama-pile agudlukiwe ngaphansi kwezinto ezicasulayo, kanye ne-chute ethile noma ukufaka kwama-buckets ezindongeni ze-diaphragm nasezakhiweni ezixhume. Amakhono okuqhamuka kokushisayo - okubandakanya ukukhulisa umswakama, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa, nesikhathi sokwakha - kubalulekile ekufezeni amandla akhonjiwe ezindaweni ze-geotechnical ezinzima. Izinhlobo zika-concrete ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi i-concrete enamandla aphezulu (C50/60 nangaphezulu) ye-pile ezine-mithwalo emikhulu, i-concrete ezithuthuke ngokwakho (SCC) ye-tremie nokufakwa ezindaweni ezithile ngaphandle kokunyakaza, i-flowable fill yokugcina izikhala, kanye nekhaya le-cement-stabilized lefanele ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umhlaba. I-concrete ye-marine-grade enezinto ezongeziwe ze-cementitious (SCMs) ezifana ne-fly ash kanye ne-silica fume inika ukuqina okungcono ezimweni eziyingozi zemvula nomhlaba okuqukethe amanzi. Izincazelo zihlala ziqhamuka ku-C25/30 yokuxhasa okwamanje ku-C60/75 yeziqalo ezijulile ezibhekene ne-mithwalo ephezulu yokujula kanye neyehlisayo. Ukukhetha zakho zokuxuba ze-concrete yokwakha iziqalo ezijulile kucatshangwa izidingo zamandla, imikhawulo yokufaka, ukuhlukaniswa kokuqina, ukuphazanyiswa kwamanzi, kanye nolawulo lokushisa lokuhlanza ezikhala ezinamadigri amakhulu. Abaklami bathola izilinganiso zamanzi kunye ne-cement, izinhlobo ze-cement (Uhlobo I, II, III ngokuhambisana ne-ASTM C150), nezithako - kubandakanya ama-agentokhiyo, abanciphisi bamanzi, kanye nezithiyo - ukuze bathuthukise ukusebenza kwezim kondisi ze-geotechnical kanye nezindawo zesimo sezulu. Izindinganiso ezihlobene zifaka phakathi i-EN 206 (I-Concretem - Ukuchazwa, Ukusebenza, Ukuveliswa kanye nokuhambisana), i-ASTM C31 kanye ne-C39 (ukulungiselela izibonakaliso nokuhlola ukuthweswa), i-ACI 318 (Izidingo Zokwakha ze-Concretem) , i-EN 1536 (Ama-Pile Agudlukiwe), kanye ne-ISO 19902 (Izakhiwo zeStihl ze-Offshore). Kwama-aplikeshini omoya, i-ISO 12944 kanye ne-EN ISO 12944 ibhekisisa izinhlelo zokuvikela, kuyilapho i-EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2) ilawula ukucwaninga kokwakheka kwezinto ze-concrete ku-engineering yeziqalo.
I-concrete esivela emixutshweni ilungiselelwe ngaphambili iyinhlanganisela ephumelelwe ngaphambili ye-cement, ama-aggregates (umbewu ne-gravel), amanzi, kanye nezithasiselo ezenzelwe ukukhiqizwa endaweni yokuphakela ephakathi bese ilethwa ezindaweni zomsebenzi isesimweni esisha. Le maphakathi idlula kokunye ukulawula kwekhwalithi kwefektri nesimiso sokulethwa endaweni, okwenza kube yisikhumbuzo semboni yeziqalo ezijulile nokusebenzisa kwezobuchwepheshe lapho amandla, ukusebenza, nokusebenza kuyinto ebalulekile ebumbene nezakhiwo nokuhambisana nezikhathi zomsebenzi. Ekuhlinzekeni izisekelo ezijulile, i-concrete esivela emixutshweni inikeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Isetshenziswa njengezinto eziyinhloko zokwakha ama-pile adonswa endaweni kanye ne-caisons, lapho izindlela ze-tremie concrete ziqinisekisa ukufakwa okufanele ngaphansi komswakama wamanzi ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa noma ukungcoliswa. Kwamawadi we-diaphragm namawadi e-slurry asetshenziswa ekuxhasweni kokumba, i-concrete esivela emixutshweni inikeza amandla ayimfuneko nezinga elingangeni manzi. Emisebenzini yokuthuthukisa umhlaba, ama-concrete mixes akhethekile asetshenziswa ekugcineni komhlabathi, jet grouting, kanye nezicelo ze-material with controlled low-strength (CLSM). Kwamawadi okugcina, womabili amateki we-gravity kanye ne-reinforced concrete adinga i-concrete esivela emixutshweni ukuze kufezwe imithwalo yokwakha nokuhlala isikhathi eside ezimweni ezinzima ze-subsurface. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-concrete esivela emixutshweni isetshenziswa kwimathirishi zeziqalo, i-compensation grouting, kanye nemisebenzi ye-underpinning lapho ukugcinwa kokufaka kwamanzi nokufakwa kweziyalezo kubalulekile. I-concrete esivela emixutshweni ilethwa emithumelengayo esebenza ngayo izinjini ezijikeleza okugcina i-concrete isesimweni esifanele ngesikhathi sokuhamba, ivumela ukuhanjiswa ezinsukwini ezingu-90 kuya kwezi-120 emuva kokuphakela. Endaweni, le maphakathi kumele ibekwe ezihlanzweni, ezintanjeni ze-tremie, noma ngqo kumafomu, ngokunakekela indlela yokufaka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlukaniswa nokufakwa komoya. Ukugcina kuncane—i-concrete esivela emixutshweni ayinakho ukugcina futhi kumele ifakwe ngokushesha ngemuva kokufika. Ukujikelezwa (ukwehla noma ukuhamba) kulungiswa umkhiqizi ukuze kuhambisane nezindlela zokufaka ezithile kanye nezimo zendawo. Izinga le-concrete lemisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo lilungiswa ukusuka ku-C20/C25 yokugcwala okungelona lwezakhiwo kanye nezicelo ze-CLSM kuya kwi-C40/C50 yokwakha ama-pile anomthwalo omuhle nezakhiwo ezingapheli. Ama-mixes aphezulu asebenzisa izinto eziqhubekayo (i-fly ash, i-silica fume, i-blast furnace slag) acacisiwe ezindaweni eziphikisanayo zephansi noma ezimweni zezinga eliphezulu lamanzi. Amafomulasi akhethekile afaka i-concrete self-consolidating (SCC) yamacago e-pile nasezindaweni ezivinjelwe, i-cements engamelana ne-sulfate ezindaweni zasolwandle noma ezikhaliphile, kanye ne-cement ephansi yokulawula i-mass concrete pour. Izinkinga zokukhetha zifaka phakathi ibanga laphakathi le-concrete (28-day compressive strength), uhlobo lwe-cement (i-ordinary Portland cement, sulfate-resistant, low-heat), ikhono lamanzi-cement ratio, izincazelo zokuhamba noma ukuhamba, izidingo zokufakwa komoya, kanye ne-classification yokutholakala. Ochwepheshe abaklanyayo kufanele bachaze i-concrete ukuze ihlale ihambisana ne-aggressiveness ye-subsurface (ukungena kwe-chloride, ukuhlasela kwe-sulfate, pH), i-chemistry yamanzi, kanye nemithwalo ezokwakha ezilindelekile ngesikhathi sokuphila kokwakhiwa. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-concrete esivela emixutshweni nokuhlolwa kuyahambisana ne-EN 206 (Iconcrete—Ukucaciswa, Ukusebenza, Ukukhiqizwa nokuqinisekiswa) eYurophu, i-ASTM C94 (Isikhumbuzo Esijwayelekile se-Concretesesivela emixutshweni) eNyakatho Melika, kanye ne-ISO 3148 (I-Concrete—Ukuhlola kwe-Slump) ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza. Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kufaka ukuhlolwa kwe-cube, izilinganiso zokwehla, kanye nemibhalo yokulandelela kusuka endaweni yokuhambisa. Kwezicelo eziyinqaba zokwakha, ukuhlolwa kwe-concrete okungafani kanye nokwaziswa kwezikhungo zangaphandle kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nekhodi kanti futhi kunciphisa umthelela wezinkinga zokwakha.
Le mitha yokwakha ikakhulukazi iyinto efaneleka kahle eyakhiwe ukuze ifakwe ezimweni ezikhaleni noma phansi kolwandle, lapho izindlela zokufaka ezijwayelekile zingase zingabi namthelela ngenxa yokungena kwamanzi noma ukuhlukaniswa. Iqukethe iPortland cement, izithako ezincane nezinkulu, kanye namanzi, i-tremie concrete ifaka okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-paste nakho ukuncipha kokubili amanzi-nemikhiqizo yokwakha uma iqhathaniswa nocingo olujwayelekile. Ukwakheka kwemathiriyeli kulungiselelwe ngokukhethekile ukuvimbela amanzi ekusheleni amabhola e-cement ngesikhathi sokufakwa, kugcina ukuxhumana nokukhula kwamandla ngisho nasemiceleni enzima yangaphansi. I-matrix ye-paste ku-tremie concrete ibamba futhi isindayo, ivumela ukuba ihlangabezane namandla abangelwa ukunyakaza kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokufaka. Ezweni lokwakhiwa okujulile nakwezehlakalo ze-geotechnical, i-tremie concrete ibamba imisebenzi ebalulekile ezinhlelweni eziningi. Iyiwona material oyinhloko yokugcwaliswa kwezakhiwo ezijulile nezinsika ezinqunyelwe ngaphansi kwethebhu yamanzi, iqinisekisa ubuqotho bezakhiwo lapho izinsika kufanele zithwele imithwalo efinyelelekayo nezithako eziyinqaba ezinhlangeni zokuphalaza. Ku-contruction ye-diaphragm wall kumathafa aphansi kanye nezakhiwo zokupaka ezingezansi, i-tremie concrete ivimba ukungena kwamanzi ngenkathi igcina ukumelana okujwayelekile. I-tremie concrete ibalulekile futhi ku-setup ye-tremie-tube yokusebenza kwezakhiwo eziphansi kolwandle, kubhukulethe onakele, nezakhiwo ze-caisson. Phakathi kwezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo, ibamba imisebenzi ye-jet grouting futhi inikeza ukuzinza kwezinsika ze-soil-cement ngaphansi kwethebhu yamanzi aphezulu. Ukulethwa nokwakhiwa kwesayithi kudinga izinqubo ezikhethekile ezihlukile kunezangezikhathi ezijwayelekile. I-tremie concrete ivame ukuhlinzekwa ngokuqhamuka kwemikhiqizo yakhiwe enezinga eliqinile lokulawula ikhwalithi, ithelwe kumatramu e-concrete enomoya oqhubekayo ukuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa. Ukufakwa kwendawo kudinga ama-tremie tubes noma amapayipi akugcina uxhumane nesigaba se-concrete ngesikhathi sokufaka, avimbela ukungena kwamanzi futhi aqinisekise ukugeleza okuqhubekayo. I-concrete iyashukunyiswa kancane ngaphakathi kwe-payipi le-tremie, nepayipi ikhishwa kancane njengoba izinto zigcwalisa ingcindezi noma i-pile shaft ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi. Izindawo zokugcina zigxile ekunciphiseni isikhathi phakathi kokuhlanganiswa nokufakwa—ngokujwayelekile kungaphakathi kwemizuzu engu-90—ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle nokuvimbela ukuvula kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Izigaba eziyinhloko ze-tremie concrete zifaka amazinga owokwakha ajwayelekile (ngokuvamile C25/30 kuya ku-C40/50 kwinotshi ye-Europe, noma efanelekile no-3000-4000 psi ezicwaningweni zaseNyakatho Melika) kanye nezinhlobo eziphumelelayo ezenza ama-material ezenzakalelayo ezifana ne-fly ash noma i-silica fume ukuze kuncishiseke ubuhlanga emanzini ayonakalisayo. Ubukhulu be-concrete buhamba phakathi kuka-2300 kuya ku-2500 kg/m³ kuye ngokukhethwa kwezithako kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuphuma. Izinga lokukhetha ukubeka i-tremie concrete lifaka phakathi kokuhlola ubudlelwane bamanzi-nemikhiqizo yokwakha (ngokuvamile 0.45–0.55), izici zokugeleza (600–800 mm ukuze kubekhona ukufakwa kahle), amandla adingekayo okucindezela ngemva kwezinsuku eziyi-28, kanye nezimo zokubhekana nezinto ze-chemical. Abachwepheshe kufanele bahlole okuqukethwe kwe-sulfate emanzini, izinga le-salinity, kanye nokubhekelela ukusebenza kwemithi yokwakha ukuphila isikhathi eside. Iziqondiso zomhlaba wonke ezibhalela i-tremie concrete zifaka i-EN 12390 uchungechunge lokuhlola i-concrete, i-ASTM C94 ngenxa yokuhlinzekwa kwe-concrete, i-EN 206 yokusebenza kwe-concrete kanye nokwakheka, ne-ISO 1927 yokucaciswa kwe-precast concrete. Izincwadi zokufaka i-tremie zibhalwe ku-EN 1538 ye-diaphragm walls kanye nezincwadi ezahlukene zezwe lezakhiwo nezinsika.
Ikhono elizenzekelayo lokuhlala libuyele phansi kuvuma lezi zinto ezimiswa, eziyinqwaba ezingenakusebenza kanye nemitapo ye-alkali, lapho kudalwa khona imithombo yokuhlanganisa imithombo yokufaka phezulu. Iqukethe izinhlelo zokubopha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu (iPortland cement kanye nezinto zokwakha eziwusizo), izinga lokuhlanganisa elilungiselelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba, kanye nezithako zokunciphisa amanzi (ama-superplasticizers), i-SCC ifinyelela ekuhlanganiseni okuhle nokukhuphuka. Le ngxube iqinisekisa izithako zokushintsha i-viscosity kanye nezilinganiso ze-water-cement ezilawulwayo ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo sokuhlanganiswa kwangaphandle ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuqina kwesakhiwo nokuhlala isikhathi eside emiphakathini eyingozi ye-geotechnical neyakhiwe. Eziphuthumayo zendawo ezinzulu nezithuthukiswe, i-self-compacting concrete iyahlinzeka ngempumelelo ehlanganisiwe lapho imingcele yokufinyelela, izinhlelo zokunwetshwa eziyinkimbinkimbi, nezithombe zok casting zibeka ubunzima bokufaka i-concrete ejwayelekile. Ekubunjweni kwepile cap, i-SCC iqinisekisa ukupakishwa okuphelele kokunwetshwa nokuxhunywa kwepahume ngaphandle kwezixhumanisi ezibanda noma amaqhugwane, okubalulekile ukuze kudlule umthwalo nokuvikela ekukhubazekeni ezindleleni zasemanzini nezimiyalelo ezinzima. Ekubunjweni kwe-caisson kanye ne-diaphragm wall, izici zokuzithiba elastically zinciphisa ukuhamba ukufaka emaphuthumeni nokunciphisa izikhathi zokuzikhangisa ezinzima ngenkathi kufinyelela amandla afanayo phakathi kwezithako ezivertical. Izikhali, izindonga ze-secant pile, nezicelo ze-soil-cement mixed-in-place (MIP) zithola izinzuzo ezinhle ze-SCC ezikhaleni ezithile zokuhlasela ezijulile nezindida ezinzima. Ama-colums okuhlinzeka ngendawo ethile kanye nezinto eziphansi ezilawulwayo (CLSM) ezifaka izinqubo ze-SCC zithuthukisa ukuhlanganisa ukufaneleka ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka noma ukuthola ukungcoliswa. Ukulethwa kwe-self-compacting concrete kucwaningwa ngezikhala ezimfica emazingeni ajwayelekile, nakuba imishini eqondile—okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokubala izithako kanye neziqu zezivivinyo—ihlukanisa izidingo zokukhiqiza. Ukusetshenziswa endaweni kudinga ukuhlela okuphelele ngenxa yeziqhamo ezikhululekile; ama-pumps e-concrete anezinga eliphansi lokuchitha kucacisa izindlela zokufaka ezigcina ukuphakanyiswa okungeziwe ku-1.5 amamitha ukuvimbela ukuhamba okuhlukanisayo. Isikhathi sokugcina sinqunywa phakathi kwemizuzu engama-90–120 kuye ngezimiso zendawo nezezemvelo, kudinga ukuhlelwa okuqondile phakathi kokwakhiwa kombhoshisi nezinye izindawo. Abasebenzi abanolwazi kanye nezinsiza zokuhlola ukuhamba ezifakiwe zandisa ukusebenza kahle kokufaka ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhlonza phakathi kwezithuthi eziningi. I-SCC ihlukaniswa ngamaqembu wamandla (C20–C100) kanye nezinhlelo zokuhamba (SF1–SF3, ngokusekelwe kumjikelezo wezithombe zokuhamba kanye nezilinganiso zesikhathi se-T500) ngokwezindinganiso ze-EN 206-9. Izinhlobo zihlukanisa izinhlelo ze-SCC ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezine-silica fume noma i-metakaolin ukuze kwandiswe ukubekezelela ezindlini ze-chloride, kanye nezixubano ze-SCC ezisunguliwe eziyisebenzisela i-fly ash, i-slag, noma amagagasi aphindayo ukuze kuncishiswe i-carbon egqilaziwe ekwakheni phansi. Ukudidiyela okuqoqiwe nokungaqondile kungase kudinge izinkanyezi ezihluke ngokuphelele ezilungiselelwe amandla aphakeme (ukuphakanyiswa okukhawulelwe) noma isikhathi eside sokusebenza (okukhumbuleka). Izincwadi zezobunjiniyela ze-self-compacting concrete zidinga ukuhlola ubunzima bokwakha, ubunzima bendawo, izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokufaka, kanye neklasi yeziqu zokuhlala. Izidingo zokuhlola ukuskena, ukufaka ukunciphisa, nokuvikela ukubhamuka kuziqhaza ekukhetheni uhlobo lwe-cement kanye nemiyalo yezinto eziwusizo. Ukuhlaziya izindleko-nenzuzo okwenza umphakathi ufanele ukudlulisela phakathi kwemidwebo embalwa yokukhetha izinto ezihluke nomphakathi ohambisana nemiyalezo ye-geometric noma i-environmental. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-self-compacting concrete kanye nokufaka insimu kuhlangabezana ne-EN 12350-8 (test flow slump), EN 12350-9 (test ye-V-funnel), EN 12350-10 (test ye-L-box), kanye ne-ASTM C1611 kanye ne-C1621 izindinganiso zokuvivinya ukuhamba. Ukukhethwa kwezobunjiniyela kubhekisela ku-EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2) kanye ne-ASTM C33 ukuze kuhlonishwe izinto, ngezingqikizi nezokuhlola ezinzima zidinga izinhlelo zokuhlala ze-EN 206-1 kanye neziqu zokuqinisa isikhathi eside ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuhle okwenzeka emsebenzini ohlukahlukene we-geotechnical.
I-Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) iyimishini eyakhiwe kahle ehlanganisa ama-fiber ahlukene ahlukaniswe ku-matrix ye-concrete ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezakhiwo nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ama-fiber—avame ukwenziwa ngensimbi, i-polypropylene, noma ingilazi—asebenza ngokuhlanganyela ne-reinforcement yesintu ukuze alawule ukusabalala kokuphuka, athuthukise amandla okuphusha, futhi enze kube lula ukujula. Ukuhlanganiswa okuyinhloko kuqukethe i-Portland cement, ama-aggregates amnene namakhulu, amanzi, kanye nenani elilawulwayo lama-fiber (evamise uku-0.5–2% ngamalitha), okwakha impahla engafani ne-homogeneous ene-resistant yesiphukuphuku esingcono uma kuqhathaniswa ne-concrete ejwayelekile. Le interaction ye-fiber-matrix ibalulekile ezinhlelweni zobuchwepheshe bejografi lapho ukulayishwa okuguquguqukayo, ukujikeleza kwempilo, kanye nokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali kudinga izinto eziphathekayo ezithuthukisiwe nokunye ukugcinwa okuncishisiwe. Emisebenzini yokwakha izisekelo ezijule kanye nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba, i-fiber reinforced concrete idlala izindima ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene. Imisebenzi yokufaka ama-piling ithola kakhulu ku-FRC’s ukuvikelwa okuthuthukisiwe kokuphuka ngesikhathi sokushaywa nokuphila isikhathi eside ezindaweni zomhlaba ezinzima nezilwandle. Ama-drilled shaft liners kanye nezisekelo zepayipi zisebenzisa i-FRC ukuze ihlale ibhekene nezinsalela zomhlaba ezivundlile nokunciphisa ukusika kokuphuka. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umhlaba—including ukugcinwa komhlaba, imisebenzi yokugrouta, kanye nezokwakha izindonga ze-slurry—zithola imiphumela ewusizo ye-FRC ekuvaleni ukuhamba kwezindiza nokumelana namandla e-seismic. Izinhlelo ze-retaining wall zisebenzisa i-fiber reinforced concrete ukuze zabelane ngengcindezi kahle nokunciphisa izidingo zokuqinisa insimbi ejwayelekile, kwazulu kuthuthukisa amandla empahla ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nokuhamba komhlaba ngaphandle kokuphuka okubi. I-Fiber reinforced concrete ivamise ukuhlinzekwa njenge-concrete edidiyelwe ethunyelwa ngezimoto zokuxuba, ngamanqaku wokuxuba nokubeka avumelanayo nezindlela zokwakha ze-concrete ezijwayelekile. Le miphumela idinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlela komsebenzi okujwayelekile phakathi kokuxuba, gwema ukuhlanganisa noma uku-roller ngesikhathi sokubhalisela. Ukugcina kwi-site kulandela izinqubo ze-standard aggregates ze-concrete, lapho ama-fiber efakwa endaweni yokuxuba esikhundleni sokusebenza. Ukubeka kusebenzisa izindlela zokuphusha ze-concrete ezijwayelekile—ukuvuza, ukuxuba, nokuphothula—nokho abaphathi kufanele bahlale belandelela ukujolisa kwe-fiber ukuze bakhuphule amandla angokwenziwa ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile. Ukuhlinzeka kulandela izinkomba ze-concrete ezijwayelekile, ngokuvamile 7–28 izinsuku kuye ngezidingo zokwakha nezimo zenvironment. Izinhlobo ezibalulekile ze-fiber reinforced concrete zihluka ngesithako se-fiber nezinhloso zokusebenza ezithile. I-steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) inikela amandla aphezulu okuphusha nokuvikelwa kokuphuka, okwenza kube kukhululekile phakathi kokungaphandle kwezinsimu eziphakeme nezisekelo ezinamandla kakhulu. I-polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) inikeza izindleko eziphansi kanye nokuphathwa kahle kokuphuka okuncane, efaneleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-slurry wall kanye nemisebenzi yokuzinza ejwayelekile. Izinhlelo ze-hybrid fiber ezihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ze-fiber zikhombisa ukusebenza okuphelele ku-amandla okuphusha, i-ductility, kanye nophenyo. Amazinga e-concrete avamise ukuba phakathi kwe-C20/25 no-C50/60, no-fiber content ecacisiwe phakathi kwe-30–60 kg/m³ ezinhlelweni ezijwayelekile nasekupheleni ku-80 kg/m³ yezidingo zokusebenza okuphezulu. Izici zokukhetha i-fiber reinforced concrete zinciphisa kumthwalo owhangqa, izimo zokuchayeka kwezenhlalakahle, ukusebenza okufanele, kanye nezindleko. Omgwaqo baklola uhlobo lwe-fiber nomthamo ngokusekelwe kokuthi izinkinga ezibalulekile ziku-phatha (i-polypropylene), amandla aphezulu (insimbi), noma ukusebenza okubhalansile. Ikhemikhali yomhlaba—i-pH, okuqukethwe kwe-sulfate, i-chloride exposure—influence izincazelo zemikhiqizo, njengoba kudinga isikhathi nokuqina kokulayishwa ngokwenziwa ngenkathi nokugcina. Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke eziphathelene ne-fiber reinforced concrete zifaka i-EN 14889 (ukucaciswa kwezimboni), i-EN 206 (ukucaciswa kwe-concrete), i-ASTM C1116 (ukucaciswa kwe-fiber reinforced concrete), kanye ne-ISO 1049-1 (izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa i-concrete). Iziqondiso zaseYurophu i-EN 14721 zenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubquality obufanayo kanye nokubikezela ukukhethwa kwemikhiqizo emiphakathini yokwakha.
Izinto ezengeza e-konkriti, ezazwalanye ngama-admixture noma izinto ze-pozzolani, yimikhakha yekemikali noma yeminerali ezongeziwe ngqo ekulanyeleni kwekonkriti ukuguqula izakhiwo zayo nokuthulula umsebenzi emizindlakalo ethile. Lemikhakha ifaka izinto ezinciphe amanzi, iziphi zewindi, izinto zokuqalisa, izinto zokukhubazekela, izinto ezilubaya, kanye nozakhi-simento ozusisikhakhi njengeinkungu yesilikha nomlotha-umlilo. Ukwakheka kwayo kuwela kusukela ekumikhakheni ye-polymer engenziwe ngothandeka kuze kufike ezinteletelweni ezenzakalelayo, ngayinye enilungiswe ukubhekana nokuqasa okuthile ekuboneni kwekonkriti, ekuthombeni, nokuqina okude kulindelele endaweni elukhuni ngaphansi komhlaba.