Ishidi lokuhlanza liqukethe izingxenye zensimbi noma ezihlanganisiwe ezixhumanisayo ezishaywa ngokuqondile ophahleni ukuze zakhe izithiyo eziqhubekayo zokugcinwa kwesikhashana noma okuphakade, ukwesekwa kokumba, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba. Lezi zinto ziqukethe ama-piles axhunywe ndiya okwenziwa ukuze kuveliswe ithoni elingangeni manzi noma eli-semi-elungisiwe uma uhlelwa ngokuqhubekayo. Umshini wokuxhumanisa uqinisekisa ubuqotho besakhiwo futhi ungavimbela ukushefa komhlaba kanye nokungena kwamanzi phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-pile eziseduzane, okuholela ekutheni ishidi lokuhlanza libe yingxenye ebalulekile kuzezimayini ze-geotechnical nasekuphakamiseni kwemigqa ejulile. Ishidi lokuhlanza lisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni izisekelo ezijulile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nezinhlelo ezisondelene namanzi lapho izindlela zokumba ezijwayelekile zingasebenzi kahle noma zingahambisani nemali. Izicelo ezisemqoka zihlanganisa ukweseka kwesikhashana kokumba igumbi elingaphansi, izindonga zokugcina eziphakade ezindaweni eziyinqwaba, ama-coffer dams emisebeni yeziqukathi zetilosi kanye nezinhlelo zokuqinisa zokufakwa kwezinduku noshunyayo. Ku-engineering ye-geotechnical, ishidi lokuhlanza likhuthaza ama-slope, ligcine izinto ezinzima, lilawula amanzi omhlaba, futhi linikeza ukwesekwa okufanele ngesikhathi sokushaya ama-pile. Le nhlelo iyakwazi ukuhamba ngezindlela ezahlukene zomhlabathi, kusukela emhlabathini wamatshe adinga ukusekela okuncane kuya kumakhilomitha alula adinga ukufakwa kokuphakanyiswa okukhulayo, okwenza kube lula ukwazisa izimo ezahlukene ze-geotechnical. Ishidi lokuhlanza livamise ukufakwa njengama-sikhwama axhunywe ngobude obujwayelekile, ilethwa endaweni ngemabunda amancane. Ukufakwa kudinga imishini yokushaya ama-pile ekuhloswe ngayo, kuhlanganisa nama-hammers aphukile, ama-vibratory drivers, noma izinhlelo zokucindezela ezimile kuye ngokumelana nomhlabathi kanye nemikhawulo yephrojekthi. Ukugcina kahle endaweni kudinga ukuvikelwa kokugqwala, ngezingxenye ezihlelwe ngokuqondile ezinhlelweni ezisele futhi zifakwe ukuvimbela ukungena komswakama nokukhululwa kwezole. Ukuqapha endaweni kudinga ukuthi kube nesikhathi sokuhleleka kahle ngesikhathi sokushaya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanganyela okufanele kwamaphrofayela axhunywe; ukungahleleki kungaphazamisa ubuqotho besakhiwo nokungena kwamanzi. Ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kuveza phakathi kwe **U-section** kanye ne **Z-section** profiles, ngayinye inikeza izithombe ezihlukene zokuxhumanisa kanye namandla okuthwala. Ama-U-sections (izinhlobo zeLarssen, Frodingham) aneziqondiso ezimbili zokuxhumanisa ngepali, ezinikela ngamandla aphezulu, alungele ukumba okujulile nezinye izicelo eziphakade. Ama-Z-sections (izinhlobo zeVibro-hammer) anikeza umugqa owodwa wokuxhumanisa onomthamo owenziwe phansi kulula kokuqhubeka emhlabathini onzima. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesibili kuhlanganisa **isigaba somkhiqizo**—kusuka ezifanelweni ezithambile (Grade S235, S275) kuya kuzinhlobo ezinamandla aphezulu (S355, S390)—kanye **nezinhlelo zokuvikela**, ezifana ne-hot-dip galvanized, insimbi yokuguguleka, noma ama-coatings e-epoxy, akhethwa ngokusho kokuntuleka kwemvelo kanye nezinhlelo zokuphila zokwakha. Izinkomba zokukhetha zihlanganisa isimo somhlabathi, ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic, izinga lokucindezela komhlaba, izilinganiso ezilindelekile zokuhamba, ukuvuvukala kokugqwala (marine, saline, acidic), isikhathi sokuphila esidingekayo, kanye nendawo etholakalayo yokushaya nokweseka izinhlelo. Abacwaningi bakha izibalo ezidingekayo zedivayisi, amandla okuthola, kanye namandla wokuxhumanisa ngokumelene nezimo zokusebenzisa nezimo zokugcina eziphezulu, kuvame ukwengeza ama-pile ngamasistimu wokwesekwa angaphakathi noma angaphandle kokumba okujulile. Izinga lobuchwepheshe elihlobene lifaka **EN 10248** kanye **EN 10249** (izincazelo ze-European hot-rolled steel sheet piling), **ASTM A328** (ukwakhiwa kwama-American kanye nezincazelo), kanye **EN 12063** (ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yokuhlanza ishidi). Ukuklama kulandela **EN 1997-1** (ukwakhiwa kwe-geotechnical) kanye **EN 1993-5** (izikhombisi zokuqhubela ama-piling). Ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla wokuxhumanisa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwehlelo jikelele kufanele kuhambisane nezinkambiso zebhizinisi ezitholakalayo nezinsizakusebenza zocwaningo lwe-geotechnical ezikhethekile.
Iphayiphi zensimbi ziwumsebenzi obalulekile wephethini yokulayisha, zenziwe ngaphakathi kwezinga eliphezulu le-steel ethintekwe ngokushisa noma yaziwe, eziklanyelwe ukuba ziqhathaniswe futhi zenzeke izindonga eziqhubekayo ezihambisana nezicelo zokwesekwa komhlaba zexesha elithile nez permanently. Iqukethe izigaba zensimbi ezakhiwe ngezinga lokwakha elijwayelekile elibhalwe kumazinga avela ku-S235 kuya ku-S450, lezi zingxenye zinemikhawulo ethintwayo (i-clutches) ezivumela ukuba zisebenze njengohlelo lokwakha oluhlangene uma zishaywa noma zishaywa emhlabathini. Amandla, ukuqina, nokuphindaphinda kwalesi sithako kukwenza kube ukukhetha okuhehayo kumaphrojekthi athile e-geotechnical aphakeme ahlukaniswe ngezikhathi eziningi noma izigaba. Ekuqondeni kwemfundiso yemfundiso yeziqhamo zokwakhiwa kwezinsiza zomhlaba, iphayi yesimbi iyizakhiwo ezisemqoka zokugcina kumasistimu okuvikelwa kokumba (ESS), ikakhulukazi kumasayithi wokwakha emadolobheni, ukwandiswa kwezitimela nezindlela, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zasolwandle, nokwakhiwa kwemithambo yokufaka. Zisetshenziswa ngobuningi kumaphrojekthi wombhede we-diagram, ezinhlelweni zokuhlala ezisenzila impilo yendawo yokwakha, kanye nezisebenzi zokusekela lapho ukwakhiwa okujwayelekile kancane kubonakala kungasebenzi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphayi yesitimela iphakamisa izibopho ezibalulekile ekulawuleni amandla, ukuguquguquka kwemifula, izithiyo zokuvikela izixuku, kanye namaphrojekthi okwelapha imvelo adinga izindonga eziqinile. Iphayiphi yensimbi ikhiqizwa ngokuvamile njengemigqa ejwayelekile ehlanganiswe neziqondiso ze-EU noma zomhlaba wonke, ngezindleko ezivela ku-10 kuya ku-30 metres ngokuvumelana nokujuliswa kwephrojekthi kanye nezimo zomhlabathi. Ukufakwa kudinga izinto ezikhethekile zokushaya, izishayeli eziphakamisa, noma izinhlelo ze-hydraulic press, futhi amandla okuphinda-khombisa kwalesi sithako kukuvumela ukuba kubuyiswe, kuhlanzwe, futhi kubuyiselwe emisebenzini eminingi - inzuzo enkulu yokuhlala nezindleko. Ukulawula endaweni kudinga ukufinyelela okufanele emhlabathini ofanayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuguquka; ukuqinisekiswa kokushaywa kwesikhashana kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokufaka ukuze kugcinwe ubude nokuvikela ukucindezela, ikakhulukazi emhlabeni ojulile noma okhukhulelwe kakhulu. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zisuselwa kumthamo wombono: imigqa ye-beam evamile (UBM) ethokozisa ukumelana nokuhlukumeza okuthokozisayo; i-Z-profiles ne-U-profiles eziklanyelwe izicelo ezinzima, ezimfishane; kanye nemikhakha ehlelekile ye-flange evulekile yokuhlola isikhathi esikhulu samamoyenti ekwazisweni okuphezulu. Izigaba ezijwayelekile zamandla zifaka i-S235JR (umthamo wokukhuthazeka 235 MPa) für izicelo ezivamile, i-S355J2 (355 MPa) ezimfunyela ezinzima, kanye nezinga eliphezulu elinjenge-S450J0 ezindaweni ezinqunyelwe ezidinga ububanzi be-walls obuphansi. Abendezisi bakhetha iz specifications zezithako ngokuhlola amamoyenti ahlukanisiwe, ukuphakama kwezindonga, ifu lomhlabathi, izimo zomsebenzi, indlela yokufaka, kanye nesikhathi sephrojekthi. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-geotechnical okujwayelekile kuhola ekwakhiweni kwejuba elifanele, izidingo zokusiza ezithombeni, nokuthi ukufakwa okwesikhashana noma okuphakeme kulungile. Ukuhlola izindleko nenzuzo kuvame ukuhlinzeka ngaphezulu kokufakwa okuphilayo ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zokwakha ezahlukene, ikakhulu uma isikhathi sephrojekthi noma izimo zomhlaba zivimba izindlela zokwakha ezijulile. Izinkambiso zomhlaba jikelele nezokucacisa zihlanganisa i-EN 12063 (ukwenziwa kwemithambo eyenziwe ngokwenziwa kwemigqa), i-EN 1993-5 (ukwakhiwa kwe-steel piling), i-ASTM A6 (amajolwane ensimbi namaphayiphi), kanye ne-DIN 19545 (ukwakhiwa nokuhlinzeka kwe-iphayi zensimbi). Ukuqinisekiswa nalezi zinkambiso kuqinisekisa ukusungulwa kokuthembeka kwenkambiso, ukuphepha, nokwamukelwa kwezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwemakethe yaseYurophu nakwamanye amazwe. Abakhiqizi bavame ukuhlinzeka ngemibiko ye-surfacing eveza ukwakheka kwezakhi, izimpawu ze-mechanical, kanye ne-accuracy yokusebenza, okuyidokhumenti ebalulekile yokuhlola umqondo nokufaneleka kwezinsiza kwi-professional deep foundation contracting.
Iziqeshana ze-polymer sheet piles zindawo ezakhiwe ngokuhlangana ezikhiqizwe kusetshenziswa i-high-density polyethylene (HDPE) noma ezinye izinto ezithuthukisiwe ze-thermoplastic polymers, eziklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngezisombululo zokugcina umhlaba okwethula ngesikhathi esisemthethweni nezokwakha ezimisweni ezinzulu nasekwakhiweni kwe-geotechnical. Ngokungafani nezinketho ezivamile zensimbi noma zekhonkolo, ama-polymer sheet piles ahlinzeka ngempahla yokwakha elula, engawugugi, ebamba ubukhulu bayo ngesikhathi ilwa nokulahleka kwemvelo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwempahla kuvame ukufaka izinto ezithuthukiswe nge-thermoplastic eziqinisekiswe ngokwakhiwa kwe-UV nokuqina ekuthinteni, okwenza kube kuhle ngezimo eziqinile zendawo ezihlanganisa izindawo zolwandle, umhlabathi onamathiselwe neziphakamiso ezisemagqumeni ephezulu lapho izinto ezijwayelekile zingenzeka. Ama-polymer sheet piles afinyelela imisebenzi ebalulekile emsebenzini wezisekelo ezinzulu, kuhlanganisa ukwesekwa kokumba okwethula, ukuvikelwa kwe-trench, ukwakhiwa kwamagumbi aphansi, nezinhlelo zokunciphisa amandla. Emisebenzini yasolwandle nasemanzini, athokozisa njengama-walls agcina isikhathi eside lapho ukumelana nokugqwala kubalulekile, okususa izindleko zokmaintenance ne- degradation ye-lifecycle okuhlotshaniswa nezinketho zensimbi noma zekhonkolo. Abahloli be-geotechnical bahlala bechaza izixazululo ze-polymer ezindaweni zokuphulukisa imvelo lapho kungafanele ukuba nezesekeli zensimbi, futhi emisebenzini edinga izinto ezilula ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvalelwa emhlabathini ophumayo. Izici zayo zokuphuma kwamanzi zenza zibe nezindleko ezinhle emqabeni owomile lapho izinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi zingase zibe nzima futhi zibize. Ukuhlinzeka nokufakwa kwe-polymer sheet piles kulandela izinqubo ezivamile embonini. Abakhiqizi bavame ukuhlinzeka ngezithako ezihlangene ezindaweni ezijwayelekile ezivame ukuphakathi kuka 4 kuya ku-12 amamitha, ngezimo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezitholakala ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile. Ukuphathwa endaweni kudinga imishini ejwayelekile yokushaya ama-pile ehlelelwe ngempahla ye-rubber noma ye-composite ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuwohloka kwempahla ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ukugcina kufanele kuvikele impahla ekukhanyeni okwakho kakhulu kwe-ultraviolet kanye nezithombe zokushisa eziphezulu, nakuba ukuqina kwemvelo kwe-polymer kuvumela isikhathi esanda sokuqashwa ngaphandle uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezakhiwe. Izindlela zokufaka zibandakanya ukushaya nge-vibratory, ukushaya ngokuqhubekayo, nezindlela zokusika, kuye ngama-condition zomhlabathi nezibonelelo zephrojekthi. Imakethe ye-polymer sheet pile ibandakanya izigaba ezihlukene eziningi ezisekelwe ebuthakathakeni behlanga, izithombe ezihlangene, nezinga lokukhuphuka. Amazinga ajwayelekile ahlangabezana nezicelo ezivela zokwakha ngesikhathi esikhokhelwa futhi kuye emakhiweni ezinsizakalweni ezinzima, nezinhlelo ze-hollow-core nezakhiwo ezikhukhulayo ezifeza izinketho zokwakha izindleko ngokumelene nezokusebenza. Izinkomba zokukhethwa kwe-polymer sheet pile zifaka phakathi amandla omhlabathi, ukuphakama kwedwaleni okudingekayo, izimo zamanzi aphansi, ukwakhiwa okungapheli nokuhlukahlukene, indlela yokufaka, nezibopho zesikhathi eside. Abakhulumeli kumele bahlole ukuvumelana kwemvelo, imiphumela yokushintsha kokushisa, ukumelana nemikhiqizo yemichilo, kanye nokufinyeleleka kokukhumbula. Imininingwane ethile yokuhlola ye-geotechnical ithintana nezibalo zokwakhiwa lokucindezela, ukuhamba kwebhande lokuhlala, nezidingo zokusebenza okujwayelekile. Izicelo ze-polymer sheet piles ziphathwa ngezindinganiso zomhlaba jikelele ezifaka phakathi i-EN 1537 (ama-anchors zomhlaba), i-EN 13681-1 (ukudla kwe-sheet piling), kanye ne-ISO 8692 (imikhiqizo ye-polymer ezikhungweni ze-geotechnical). Ukuhambisana okukhumbuleka kwephrojekthi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezinjini, ukuh safety kwendlela yokufaka, kanye ne-durability yesikhathi eside ehambisana nezinhlelo zokulawula ezibekwe phezulu ekwakheni izisekelo ezinjengokuphathwa kwendawo kwezinkampani ezithile.
Ukufakwa komugoqo wekhono lokushintsha kuyindlela ebalulekile yokwakha emhlabeni esetshenziselwa amaphrojekthi ezisekelo ezijulile ukuze kudalwe izakhiwo zokugcina umhlabathi zesikhashana noma ezihlala unomphela, nezinhlelo zokusekela ezinqubeni zokumba ezimweni zokusebenza ezinzima zomhlabathi. Le ndlela isebenzisa amakhanda okushintsha afakwe kumashina okufaka ama-pile ukuze afake ama-.sheet piles ensimbi ahlanganisiwe emhlabathini ngamazinga okunyakaza alawulwa okunciphisa ukumelana nomhlabathi futhi kwakhe umphakathi ophendukayo wempahla. Indlela yokushintsha ikakhulukazi iyasebenza emhlabathini omkhulu we-granular, amabhulabhula amafini, nezakhiwo zomhlabathi ezihlanganisiwe lapho ukufaka kokwenzeka kwezimpahla ngokuvamile kungakha umsindo omkhulu, ukunyakaza, kanye nokulimala okungenzeka ezakhiweni ezisemakhaleni. Ngokusebenzisa ama-resonant frequencies ahlotshaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo zomhlabathi nezinga lokudlelana, abakhiqizi bangaphumelela izinga lokufaka elisheshayo ngenkathi behlukanisa kahle nokunembile kwezinga le pilo le sheet pile. Imishini esetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokufakwa komugoqo wekhono lokushintsha ihlanganisa amakhanda akhethekile okungena koshintsho, evame ukufakwa kumakhoreka ahamba phambili noma kumashina afanele wokufaka ama-pile, asetshenziswa ukwenza imithwalo ye-oscillating engqubuzana nomhlaba ngenkathi ama- sheet piles efakwa kancane kumazinga wokwakha. Amakhanda okushintsha anamuhla anikeza ukusetha kwe-frequency okungashintshwa kanye nokulawula kwezinga, kuvumela abaqashi ukuba baphucule ukufakwa kwezingxenye zomhlaba ezahlukene ze-stability ezivela kumagquma amamhlanga afanele kuye emhlabathini owqinile we-glacial. Abahlinzeki bokufaka kufanele benze ukuhlola kwe-geo-technique okunembile ukuze bathole izimfanelo zomhlabathi, amazinga amanzi emhlabeni, kanye namandla okwakha ngaphambi kokukhetha izigaba eziyikho ze-sheet pile kanye nezindlela zokufaka. Izicelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokumba yesikhashana yokwakha amabhilidi, amaphrojekthi izitimela nezinkundla, izakhiwo ze-marine ezisemanzini, nezindonga zokugcina eziqhubekayo nezithambeka nezithiyo ezisemakhaya lapho ukunciphisa umsindo nokunyakaza kuwumkhawulo obalulekile. Ukufaka komugoqo wekhono lokushintsha kunikezela ngezinto ezithile ezinhle kunamaphutha wokushintsha ngokushiya okuyinqaba, izigaba zokufaka ezisheshayo, izindleko zokusebenza eziphansi kumalungelo omhlabathi afanelekayo, kanye nokuphuculwa kokuphepha kwabantu ngenxa yokwehla kokunyakaza okukhishwa emhlabeni. Ukuma kokuhlanganiswa kwe-sheet piles zanamuhla kuvumela ukuhamba komthwalo kahle nokuphikisana nomfutho wombango emhlabeni ngesikhathi sokugcina umoya, kanti inqubo yokukhipha indawo yokushintsha kusetshenziswa ukuhamba kwangemuva ikhulula izicelo ezisetshenziswayo. Ukuthuthukiswa komhlabathi ngefaka komugoqo wekhono lokushintsha kungathuthukisa amandla omhlabathi nokwakha emhlabeni jikelele, kunikeza imikhawulo eyengeziwe yokuphepha kumthwalo omkhulu wezokwakha. Izinkinga zokwakha ezithile kufanele zicabange imithwalo ye-hydrostatic, amandla e-seismic, kanye nezidingo zokuhlala isikhathi eside uma kukhethwa izixazululo zokufaka ezihlala unomphela kumaphethini ahlakaniphile aphakathi kwe-rock, ama-lenses e-clay, noma izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe ze-granular-cohesive ezijwayelekile ezindaweni zokuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho kanye nezokwakha.
Ukushaywa kwephepha elihambayo kuyindlela ebalulekile yokwakha izisekelo eziphakeme esetshenziselwa ubunjiniyela benzwe nezinye izinhlelo zokwakha ukuze kudaleke izithiyo ezakhiwe nezinhlelo zokuphatha yük. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukufaka ama-piles ashukumisayo emhlabathini usebenzisa imali elawulwayo evela kumishini ethile yokushaya ama-pile kanye nezinsimbi. Ama-pile, ajwayelekile ukuba aveliswe ngensimbi noma ngezinto ezihlanganisiwe, ashaywa ngesigaba ukuze kwakhiwe odongeni oqhubekayo anikela ngesisekelo sokwakha, ukugcina umhlaba, kanye nokudlulisa umthwalo ezindaweni ezijulile ezinzile zomhlaba. Inqubo yokufaka ethathiwe ibalulekile kumaphrojekthi adinga ukukhishwa okuphelele, ukwenziwa okungabizi, kanye nokusebenza okuthembekile ezimweni ezinzima ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ukushaywa kwephepha elihambayo kusebenza njengohlelo lokwesekwa lapho kwakhiwa ukusakaza izisekelo ezinzile ezikhona emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ye-geotechnical. Ukuphathwa kahle kokusebenza kokushaywa kwephepha elihambayo kudinga ukukhethwa kahle kwemishini nezindlela ezihambelana nezimo zomhlaba ezihlukile kanye nezidingo zomsebenzi. Abashayeli bamapunywa, kufaka phakathi ama-hammers e-diesel, ama-hammers e-hydraulic, kanye nemishini yokudlidliza, bahlinzeka ngemithwalo elawulwayo ukuze bashayise ama-pile ezifundweni ezichaziwe ngenkathi behlola imikhawulo yokufaka kanye nokuhleleka kwesakhiwo. Ukukhethwa kwemishini kuncike ekuhlukanisweni komhlaba, ezimweni zamanzi phansi, ukuphakama okudingekayo, ukuphazamiseka kokudlidliza kwemibhangqwana ezedlule, kanye nezimfuneko zephrojekthi. Abakhiqizi bamapile abaphakathi nalesi sikhathi basebenzisa amasistimu okuhlola ngesikhathi sangempela alandelela ukusebenza kwe-hammer, ukuhamba kwephezulu, ukumelana nokumiswa, kanye nokuhamba kokushaya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlola kwekhwalithi nezinga lesikhungweni semali. Abacebisi be-geotechnical bahlaziya idatha yokubhoboza kanye nezivivinyo zomhlabathi ezivela emalabhorethri ukuze batshele izimo zokushaya ezinhle kanye nokubikezela indlela yokufaka kumaphrofayili ethile zomhlaba. Izicelo zokushaywa kwephepha elihambayo zifaka ibanga eliphelele lemihlangano yokwakha nezokwakha. Amaphrojekthi ezisekelo ezijulile asebenzisa ama-pile okubamba izindonga zomhlaba ezinzile, izinhlelo zokweseka ezindlini zomhlaba nezokukh excavation, nezakhiwo eziphatha imithwalo ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zomhlaba. Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, izinsiza zomgwaqo, kanye nezokwakha ezilwandle kuvame ukuba nezidingo zamaphayiphi amanzi nezindonga ze-pile ezenziwa ngempela ukuze kuhlanganiswe umjikelezo wamanzi kanye nemithwalo engaxhunywanga. Amaphrojekthi wezokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha anenzuzo kumandla we-pile wephuleka ukukhipha ukwehla, ukuphatha ukungena kwamanzi, kanye nokuvikela izakhiwo ezikhona ngesikhathi sokwakha izisekelo. Ukulungisa umhlaba ophukile, ukuvikelwa kwamathafa, kanye nokufakwa kwezithiyo ze-geotechnical ezitolo zezimboni ngokuvamile kusekelwa kumhlaba wokushaywa kwephepha elihambayo. Ukuphumelela kwale ndlela yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kuhlangene nezimo zomhlaba ezinzima njengezikhumba ezithambile, amaseli, amsand, nezindidi ezihlanganisiwe lapho izindlela zendabuko zokwakha zingase zingabi namandla noma zingabizi kahle. Amaphrojekthi aphumelele okushaywa kwephepha elihambayo ancika ekuhloleni kwe-geotechnical okuhlanganiswe, izincazelo ezifunekayo zemishini, kanye nokuphumelelisa ukuphathwa kokufaka. Ukuhlola okuphansi, ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba, ukuhlaziywa kwamandla, kanye nokuhlolwa kwamanzi phansi kudala isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komklamo. Abakhiqizi be-pile abahlangeneyo baphatha abashayeli bokushaya, izimfuneko zokukhiqiza ze-pile, ukwakhiwa kokulandelwa, kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ikhwalithi ukuze baqinisekise ukusebenza kwesakhiwo kanye nezicwangciso zomsebenzi. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokushaya ngesikhumbuzo esisebenzayo, imithwalo yomhlaba, ukusabalala kokucindezela, kanye nokudluliswa komthwalo kwesakhiwo kudinga abacebisi abanolwazi kanye nabasebenzisi bemishini ukuze baqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kokufaka kanye nokugcina ukuzinza kwesakhiwo nokusebenza.
Ukuphimisa ama-sheet piles kusebenza njengendlela ethile yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nokuzinza komhlaba, okusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuphimisa ezisebenza ngoshintsho ukuze kudlule ama-sheet piles ensimbi phansi ngomzamo ophansi ophakathi futhi ngevibrations encane. Ngaphandle kokuhlasela okujwayelekile noma izindlela zokuhambisa, ubuchwepheshe bokuphimisa buthusha kancane emigqeni yomhlaba ngokusebenzisa umfutho oyi-static, okwenza kube ukhetho olufanele ezindaweni zokwakha zomphakathi, ezindaweni ezithintekayo kwemvelo, nasezinhlelweni eduze nezakhiwo ezikhona lapho kunezithiyo zezinga lomsindo nokuvibrations. Le ndlela ikakhulukazi isebenza kahle ezindaweni ezixinile zomphakathi lapho imishini yokushayisa ijwayelekile ingakha amazinga omsindo angamukeleki kanye ne-vibrations zomhlaba. Uhlelo lokuphimisa lusebenza ngokubopha ifreyimu yokuphendula kumapile aqediwe noma kumapile angasasebenzi, bese kusebenza nge-hydraulic force ukuze kuhambisane ama-sheet piles amasha phansi ngendlela elawulwayo. Ijubane lokuphuma lixhomeke ekumelaneni komhlaba, izimo ze-water table, kanye ne-geometry ye-pile, ivumela abakhiqizi ukuba balungise izimo zokufaka ngokuya ngempela yokuphendula nokuhlala komhlaba okutholakele ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ama-sheet piles aphephe kakhulu ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlabathi, okuhlanganisa umhlaba ophakeme, imigqa ye-clay ehlangene, ama-silty deposits, kanye nezinyathelo ezixubile lapho izindlela zokuvibratory noma zokuhlasela ezijwayelekile zingasebenzi kahle noma zingahambisani. Le ndlela ikakhulukazi iyinzuzo emhlabeni ogcwele amanzi naphansi kwe-water table, lapho ukuhamba kahle kwamanzi nokukhipha amanzi kungaphathwa ndawonye neensiza zokufaka. Ama-piles aphezulu akha ukhalazo okukhulu ububanzi be-shaft ngenxa yokuphuma kancane, okungathuthukisa amandla okuthwala umthwalo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo ezihanjiswe kwezinye izimo zemvelo. Izincazelo zomsebenzi zifaka phakathi ama-sheet piles ensimbi ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, amafreyimu wokuphendula anokuhlolwa kokuhamba ngesibalo esithile, izinhlelo zokuphuma ezisebenza nge-hydraulic ezineligi yamazinga eqinisa phakathi kuka-2,000 no-4,000 psi, kanye namafreyimu wokuhola agcina umgomo obheke phezulu futhi avimbele ukuguquguquka kokuhamba ngesikhathi sokufaka. Izinhlelo zokuxhuma zama-sheet piles kufanele ziqinisekiswe ngokucophelela phakathi nenqubo yokuphimisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubumpofu bokungena kwamanzi nokuxhumana kwesakhiwo esiphumelele. Izicelo ezivamile zokuphimisa ama-sheet piles zifaka phakathi ukwakha izindonga ezihlala njalo nezisesheshayo, izinhlelo zokweseka imithombo, izakhiwo ezikhalweni zasolwandle ezifana nezindonga ze-quay ne-bulkheads, ama-abutments ebhuloho, ukwakhiwa kwamastations ngaphansi komhlaba, kanye nesekela se-basement ezindaweni zomphakathi ezigcwele. Le ndlela ivame ukuhunyushwa ukuze kuxhunywe izinhlelo ezidinga ukuhambisana nemvelo, okuhlanganisa izindawo ezinenqubo eqinile ye-vibration nokukhwabanisa, izindawo zokubuyisela umhlabathi owonakele, nezindawo eziseduze nezinsiza ezithintekayo ezifana nezibhedlela, izikole, amlabalasi, kanye nezinsiza zokukhiqiza ezinembile. Ukuphimisa ama-sheet piles kukhombisa nokuqhathaniswa ezinhlelweni zokwakha ezijwayelekile, kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuba bafake izakhiwo zokweseka kancane njengoba uk excavate kuqhubeka. Le ndlela idinga abantu abanolwazi lokusebenza nemishini nemiphumela ye-geotechnical edingekayo ukuze bahlulele ukuziphatha komhlaba futhi bakhethe izimo ezifanele zokufaka, kodwa inikeza ukulawula okuphakeme phezu kokuhlala nokuguquguquka komhlaba uma kuqhathaniswa neendlela ezijwayelekile. Ngokuqeda vibrations ezinzile kanye nomsindo ngenkathi kugcinwa ijubane lokufaka nokwethembeka kwesakhiwo, ukuphimisa ama-sheet piles kube ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile emkhakheni wezakhiwo ezijulile zanamuhla nezindlela zokuphucula umhlaba ezindaweni zokwakha ezihlukene nezimo ze-geological.
Imishini yokukhishwa kwezikhali zeshidi ibalulekile ekukhipheni izikhali zensimbi noma ze-concrete ezivela ezinsizeni ezingezansi emva kokuphothulwa kwemisebenzi yokwakha okuyinzulu, izinhlelo ezikhashisayo zomhlaba, noma emisebenzini yokwakha edolobheni. Le msebenzi ethile ihlanganisa yonke inqubo yokukhishwa kwezimbiwa ezihlangene ezihlanganisiwe ezizoshiye ezweni ukuze zikhuthaze ukwesekwa, ukulawulwa kwamanzi, noma ukwesekwa komhlaba olungile ngesikhathi sokukh excavation kanye nemisebenzi yokwakha. Ukukhishwa kwezimbiwa zeshidi kuyisigaba esibalulekile ku-Engineering Foundation, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zedolobha lapho ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo, ukuhucululwa, noma ukususa ama-cofferdam okwesikhashana kudinga ukuvikela nokubuyiselwa kwezimbiwa ngokuphumelelayo. Inqubo yokukhishwa kufanele ibheke izimo zezinhlabathi, izindlela zokuhlanganisa izimbobo, nezithiyo ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokufaka, okwenza kube ukuphathwa okuyinselelo kwezobuchwepheshe okudingayo imishini ehlelekile nabachwepheshe be-geotechnical abanolwazi. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokukhishwa kwezimbiwa zeshidi zifaka phakathi kokudlidliza kwe-hydraulic, ukuxubha okuphakeme, nezinhlelo zokuphonsela phansi ezisebenza ngama-mechanical, ngakunye kukhonjiswa ngokuya ngempahla yezimbobo, umphakathi wendawo, nemigomo yephrojekthi. Imishini yokukhishwa kwezimbiwa ikhulisa izikhali ezivayo, ezifana namahhashi ezivayo kanye nezinsizakusebenza zokukhishwa, isebenzisa ukuxubha okuphakathi ukuze inciphise ukujikijela komzimba nokuphula ubudlelwane phakathi kobuso bezimbobo kanye nezindawo ezizungezile, okuvumela ukukhipha kalula. Abaxhasi be-hydraulic abathuthukisiwe abasebenza kumazinga aphakathi kuka-10 no-40 Hz balungile kakhulu ezindaweni zensimbi ne-silty lapho ukushukuma kunciphisa ingcindezi ephumelelayo futhi kwenza amanoni ezindawo akhishwe kude nomjovo. Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, izindlela zokukhishwa ezijikelezayo ezihlanganiswa nezinsiza zokuphonsela phansi ezifanele zinikeza amandla okwengeza ukusiza ukweqa i-resistance yokukhishwa ephezulu. Izimo zemvelo zivame ukufuna izindlela zokukhishwa ezinezinga eliphansi le-sound, eliphansi le-vibration ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka ezinhlelweni eziseduzane, ezisebenza, nasemvelweni ezungezile. Izinsiza zokukhishwa ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswe kumakhenikhini aphephe kakhulu noma kumaplathifomu emishini ye-hydraulic zinikeza amandla adingekayo, ukuzinza, nokuqonda okudingekayo kokukhishwa okuphephile nokulawulwayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zendawo. Imisebenzi yokukhishwa kwezimbiwa zeshidi yenzeka ezimweni ezihlukahlukene ze-geotechnical, ukusuka kumagagasi ezinto ezihlahla nezitini kuya ezindaweni ezinamathambo namabha. Izicelo zesikhashana, njengezinhlelo ze-cofferdam emisebenzini yokwakha elwandle nasemfuleni, imisebenzi yokwakha ubunjiniyela bezinsiza, kanye nokuxhaswa kokukh excavation okujulile, kumelwa ukuba qoqoda umnyango omkhulu wezinsiza zokukhishwa. Izicelo eziphakeme zifaka phansi imikhankaso yokuvuselelwa kwezindawo, ukuvuselelwa kwezimali, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zokwandisa izikhali ezidinga ukususwa noma ukuhamba. Ubunzima bokukhishwa buxhomeke ekuphikisaneni phakathi kwezinhlabathi neziqu, ukujula kokungena, i-resistance yokukhishwa, kanye nesimo sokuhlanganisa izixhumi zezimbiwa ngemuva kweminyaka yokubheka. Izindawo ezifake izimpahla eziphazamisekile kanye nemiklamo yokuhlanza ivame ukufuna ukukhishwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjwe ukuhamba kwemvelo kwezinto eziqoqiwe. Ukuhlela okuhamba phambili kufaka phakathi idatha yokuhlola izingxenye, amarekhodi emlandweni wezimo zokufaka, kanye nezivivinyo zokulayisha ukuze kube nencazelo yokuphumelelisa ukukhishwa nokunquma izinhlelo ezinhle zokukhishwa. Abakhiqizi be-Foundation abaqeqeshiwe abakhombisa emisebenzini yokwakha okuyinjulu kanye nezinhlelo zendawo beze nezinsiza ezihlukahlukene zokukhishwa ukuze baqedele emisebenzini ngesikhathi ngenkathi behlisa ukuphepha kwesakhiwo nemithetho yemithetho yezokwakha ezimakethe zasedolobheni, ezimbonini, nasezinhlelweni.
Izinsiza zokwakha ezihambisana nezindilinga zenhlaba zenza umbuthano wokuqinisa umhlaba nezinhlelo zokusekela izakhiwo emisebenzini yokwakha ezijulile. Lezi zinsiza ezixhumeneyo zensimbi noma zensimbi eqinisiwe zifakwe emhlabeni ukuze zidalwe izithiyo ezihamba phezulu ezibanjwa umhlaba, ziphikelele umswakamo wamanzi, futhi zinikeze ukwesekwa kwezinhlelo zokumba nezokwakha. Njengengxenye ebalulekile emsebenzini wokwakha, izinto zokwakha izindilinga zibalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zokusebenzisa kuhlanganisa odongeni bokugcina abaphelele, ama-cofferdams wesikhashana, ama-bulkheads omfula, kanye nezinhlelo zokusekela ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ukukhetha nokuchaza izinto ezikhethiwe zokwakha izindilinga kuthinta ngqo isikhathi sephrojekthi, ukusebenza kwezindleko, kanye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo eside, okuveza ukuthi ukuhlinzeka ngezinto kubalulekile kunoma yisiphi isifundo esikhulu sokwakha. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwakha izindilinga kuncike ezicini eziningi ezithize zezimbiwa, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka komhlaba, izimo zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, izidingo zokulayisha, kanye nesikhathi sephrojekthi. Izindilinga zensimbi zifaneleka kakhulu eziningi zokusebenzisa ngenxa yokuphakeme kokuqina kokuphila ngesisindo, ukwabiwa kabusha, kanye nekhono lokumelana nezindlela ezibalulekile zokuhamba nezithiyo. Ababazi kufanele bahlole izithombe zomhlaba eziqalisa kumasimu apholile nentshonalanga kuya kum sandpits eqinile nemithombo yegravel, njengoba amandla okubamba umhlaba nokumelana nokuhlanganisa kuthinta ngqo ububanzi bezinto, umthamo wesigaba, nezindlela zokufaka. Ngamazinga anzima emhlabeni okuhlanganisa izikhukhula eziphakeme, umhlaba onegciwane, noma izindawo ezibola, izingeniso ezikhethekile, izinhlelo zokuvikela i-cathodic, kanye nezinsiza ezihlanganisiwe zingase zicaciswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlala isikhathi eside nokuphila okwandisiwe. Izinto zokwakha izindilinga zisebenza ngokubambisana nezinhlelo zesoftware ezifaka phakathi ama-hammer wokuhudula, abashayeli bezindilinga abawela kakhulu, nezindlela zokucindezela ze-hydraulic ukuze kufezwe ukuhamba okufanele nokwakhiwa kokuhlanganiswa. Umklamo oxhunywe uvumela izindilinga ezilandelayo ukuba zixhunywe kahle, kudala amaphaneli wezakhiwo ahlanganisiwe anekhono lokuhlala phakathi kwemitha eminingana phakathi kwezindawo zokubopha noma izinhlelo zokusekela eziphakathi. Izinhlelo zesikhashana zidinga ukufakwa kwama-efishient kanye nokukhipha, ngenkathi izifaki eziphakeme zidinga izinto ezikhethiwe ezifanele ukumelana kwesikhathi eside nezimo ezizimele ngaphansi kokulayisha okukholwe emanzini, umsebenzi wezigiqe, noma ukunyakaza okubangelwa yizithukuthuku. Uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngezinto zokwakha izindilinga luhlanganisa ukuqinisekiswa kwemishini, izincazelo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, iziphuzo ezivikelayo emandleni, kanye nemikhiqizo yokwakha eqondile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izixhumi zihlangabezana nezifiso zokwakhiwa. Ukuhlinzeka ngezinto kubandakanya futhi izici zokuhamba ezibandakanya ukulethwa ethekwini, izinqubo zokugcina ezivimbela ukuhonjiswa, nokuphathwa kwe-inventory ukuze kuhlangabezane nezinhlelo zokulethwa nezokufaka. Kubabazi nabaklami bezindilinga abasebenza emisebenzini yokwakha eyihlala, izinkampani zokuthuthukisa, noma izokwakha zasemanzini, ukufinyelela kumthengisi wezinto zokwakha izindilinga abathembekile abanokwakhiwa kwezinga eliphakeme nezimpawu zokusekela kwezobuchwepheshe kubaluleke kakhulu empumelelweni yephrojekthi nasekuhambiseni izimfuneko zomthetho.