Iholo elicwengekileyo elijolile le-concrete elihlangene limele isakhiwo esiyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwezisekelo ezijulile, siqukethe amakholomu e-concrete ajolile ane-steel reinforcement yangaphakathi. Lezi zihloko ezihlanganisiwe zikwakhiwe ngedizayini eliyinhloko, ezinikeza ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo okufanele nokuqina kwezakhiwo okuhle. Ukusekelwa kuvame ukuba ne-concrete esebenza kahle enezinga lokucindezela elivela ku-30 kuye ku-60 MPa (noma ngaphezulu ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile), eqiniswa ngezakhi zensimbi ezibotshwe noma ama-tendons akhiwe ngezinkanyezi ezijolile ezikhathele emaphethelweni nasendaweni ephakathi. Le geometry eqinile ikhansela ukuhlangana kwengcindezi okuhlobene nezixhumanisi ezingenalutho, okwenza lezi zihloko zibe ezifanelekile ikakhulu ezinhlelweni zorhwebo ezidinga ukusebenza okukhululekile, okuthembekile ngaphansi komthwalo oqhubekayo nonyaka. Ezimweni zokwakha ezijulile nokuqinisa umhlabathi, izinkanyezi ezijolile zisebenza njengemibono yokuphatha umthwalo eyinhloko yemizila, izinhlelo, izinkqubo ezisebenza, nezinhlelo ezibalulekile zokwakhiwa. Zithathwa kakhulu emisebenzini yokushaya izikhala, kokubili ezikhubazeni nasezindongeni zokuphatha umthwalo, lapho ukuqina kwazo kanye nomthwalo ogxile kusiza ekungeneleleni kahle phakathi kwezingqimba zomhlabathi eziyingozi, inhlalayenza, nezinsiza ezibuthakathaka. Lezi zihloko ziphumelela ezinhlelweni zomoya nasemanzini ngenxa yokuphila okuhle kubunzima bokubola, ikakhulukazi uma ziqanjwe ngezakhi zokwakha ezihambelana nezindawo zokuvikelwa. Zisetshenziselwa futhi emuva kwezithako, ukuqinisekisa izinqubo ezisontekile, nezisebenzi zokuhlanza lapho zisebenza njengezikhala zokumisa noma ukwakha izakhiwo ezinzima ezikhonjiwe. Abakhi bokuthuthukiswa komhlaba bavame ukuwasebenzisa izinkanyezi ezijolile ezindlela zokubeka ezihambisanayo nokusebenza njengezinto zokudlulisa umthwalo ezinhlelweni ezinzima zezimali. Izinkanyezi ezijolile zaziswa ngokuqhuba okuhle okukhishwe ezikhungweni ezikhethekile ezisebenzisa izinhlelo zokupholisa, ukucasula, noma izinhlelo zokubeka. Ukuhamba okuvamile kuhlanganisa ukuphenywa okukhethekile kwezinto eziphathekayo ezihlangene nezinto ezifanele zokufaka nezindawo zokuphosa, kanti ukuhlinzwa kwesikhala kudinga umhlabathi oqondile, ophekiwe kahle nezinsiza zokwengeza ukusiza kungavimbi ukubola kothango. Ngesikhathi sokufaka, imishini yokuphatha kufanele ihlukanise umthwalo ngeziqinisekiso ezithile ezizokwazi ukumelana nezinselelo ezinjengomjikelezo ongathandeki ngaphandle kokwethula imizamo ethile eyingozi. Izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka izindinganiso eziqinile zokwakhiwa okujwayelekile, izinkanyezi ezijolile ezihlinzeka ngezingxenye ezinde nezimfanelo zokwakhiwa eziphezulu, nezinhlelo eziphezulu ezihlanganisa izakhi ezihambisanayo zokwakha ezikhuphukela ngaphansi kokuphila okungcono nokumelana nemvelo. Izincazelo zihluka ngokususelwa ku-diameter ye-pile (ejwayelekile ku-300 mm kuya ku-1200 mm), ubude obusebenzayo, ukwakheka kokuxhasa ngaphakathi, ingxenye ye-concrete, nokwelashwa kwangaphandle. Abaklami bakhetha izinkanyezi ezijolile ngokususelwa ekwakhiweni komhlabathi kanye nasekuguqulweni kokuhlola, izidingo zokukhathalela, imikhawulo yokusebenza kwezombangazwe, izingozi zokubola, nezinkinga zokuphila. I-geometric circular inikeza ukumelana okujabulisayo nokuthokozisayo emithwalweni eyinqaba kanye nezikhala, ngenkathi ingxenye eqinile iqinisekisa ukuvuma nemishini yokuphonsa izikhali nezindlela zokwakha ezijwayelekile. Izindinganiso ezihlobene zifaka phakathi i-EN 12794 (izinkanyezi eziphumelelayo ze-concrete - izincazelo zomkhiqizo), i-EN 1536 (ukwenziwa kwezigaba ezikhethekile zezimali), i-ISO 2394 (izimiso ezijwayelekile zokwethembeka kwezakhiwo), i-ASTM D1143 (ukuhlola umthwalo ophakeme wezisekelo ezijulile), kanye nezincazelo zendawo ezifana ne-DIN 4014 noma izikhombisi zemithetho yokwakha yendawo. Ukugcinwa kwezindinganiso kuhlinzeka ngesisombululo sokwakha, ukusebenza njalo, nokwakha ngokuhambisana nezindlela eziphakeme kakhulu zokwakha ezijulile nezokwakha.
Iholo elicwengekileyo elijolile le-concrete elihlangene limele isakhiwo esiyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwezisekelo ezijulile, siqukethe amakholomu e-concrete ajolile ane-steel reinforcement yangaphakathi. Lezi zihloko ezihlanganisiwe zikwakhiwe ngedizayini eliyinhloko, ezinikeza ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo okufanele nokuqina kwezakhiwo okuhle. Ukusekelwa kuvame ukuba ne-concrete esebenza kahle enezinga lokucindezela elivela ku-30 kuye ku-60 MPa (noma ngaphezulu ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile), eqiniswa ngezakhi zensimbi ezibotshwe noma ama-tendons akhiwe ngezinkanyezi ezijolile ezikhathele emaphethelweni nasendaweni ephakathi. Le geometry eqinile ikhansela ukuhlangana kwengcindezi okuhlobene nezixhumanisi ezingenalutho, okwenza lezi zihloko zibe ezifanelekile ikakhulu ezinhlelweni zorhwebo ezidinga ukusebenza okukhululekile, okuthembekile ngaphansi komthwalo oqhubekayo nonyaka. Ezimweni zokwakha ezijulile nokuqinisa umhlabathi, izinkanyezi ezijolile zisebenza njengemibono yokuphatha umthwalo eyinhloko yemizila, izinhlelo, izinkqubo ezisebenza, nezinhlelo ezibalulekile zokwakhiwa. Zithathwa kakhulu emisebenzini yokushaya izikhala, kokubili ezikhubazeni nasezindongeni zokuphatha umthwalo, lapho ukuqina kwazo kanye nomthwalo ogxile kusiza ekungeneleleni kahle phakathi kwezingqimba zomhlabathi eziyingozi, inhlalayenza, nezinsiza ezibuthakathaka. Lezi zihloko ziphumelela ezinhlelweni zomoya nasemanzini ngenxa yokuphila okuhle kubunzima bokubola, ikakhulukazi uma ziqanjwe ngezakhi zokwakha ezihambelana nezindawo zokuvikelwa. Zisetshenziselwa futhi emuva kwezithako, ukuqinisekisa izinqubo ezisontekile, nezisebenzi zokuhlanza lapho zisebenza njengezikhala zokumisa noma ukwakha izakhiwo ezinzima ezikhonjiwe. Abakhi bokuthuthukiswa komhlaba bavame ukuwasebenzisa izinkanyezi ezijolile ezindlela zokubeka ezihambisanayo nokusebenza njengezinto zokudlulisa umthwalo ezinhlelweni ezinzima zezimali. Izinkanyezi ezijolile zaziswa ngokuqhuba okuhle okukhishwe ezikhungweni ezikhethekile ezisebenzisa izinhlelo zokupholisa, ukucasula, noma izinhlelo zokubeka. Ukuhamba okuvamile kuhlanganisa ukuphenywa okukhethekile kwezinto eziphathekayo ezihlangene nezinto ezifanele zokufaka nezindawo zokuphosa, kanti ukuhlinzwa kwesikhala kudinga umhlabathi oqondile, ophekiwe kahle nezinsiza zokwengeza ukusiza kungavimbi ukubola kothango. Ngesikhathi sokufaka, imishini yokuphatha kufanele ihlukanise umthwalo ngeziqinisekiso ezithile ezizokwazi ukumelana nezinselelo ezinjengomjikelezo ongathandeki ngaphandle kokwethula imizamo ethile eyingozi. Izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka izindinganiso eziqinile zokwakhiwa okujwayelekile, izinkanyezi ezijolile ezihlinzeka ngezingxenye ezinde nezimfanelo zokwakhiwa eziphezulu, nezinhlelo eziphezulu ezihlanganisa izakhi ezihambisanayo zokwakha ezikhuphukela ngaphansi kokuphila okungcono nokumelana nemvelo. Izincazelo zihluka ngokususelwa ku-diameter ye-pile (ejwayelekile ku-300 mm kuya ku-1200 mm), ubude obusebenzayo, ukwakheka kokuxhasa ngaphakathi, ingxenye ye-concrete, nokwelashwa kwangaphandle. Abaklami bakhetha izinkanyezi ezijolile ngokususelwa ekwakhiweni komhlabathi kanye nasekuguqulweni kokuhlola, izidingo zokukhathalela, imikhawulo yokusebenza kwezombangazwe, izingozi zokubola, nezinkinga zokuphila. I-geometric circular inikeza ukumelana okujabulisayo nokuthokozisayo emithwalweni eyinqaba kanye nezikhala, ngenkathi ingxenye eqinile iqinisekisa ukuvuma nemishini yokuphonsa izikhali nezindlela zokwakha ezijwayelekile. Izindinganiso ezihlobene zifaka phakathi i-EN 12794 (izinkanyezi eziphumelelayo ze-concrete - izincazelo zomkhiqizo), i-EN 1536 (ukwenziwa kwezigaba ezikhethekile zezimali), i-ISO 2394 (izimiso ezijwayelekile zokwethembeka kwezakhiwo), i-ASTM D1143 (ukuhlola umthwalo ophakeme wezisekelo ezijulile), kanye nezincazelo zendawo ezifana ne-DIN 4014 noma izikhombisi zemithetho yokwakha yendawo. Ukugcinwa kwezindinganiso kuhlinzeka ngesisombululo sokwakha, ukusebenza njalo, nokwakha ngokuhambisana nezindlela eziphakeme kakhulu zokwakha ezijulile nezokwakha.