Imishini emabhalwa emizimbeni engaphansi komhlaba kanye nezobuchwepheshe ze-geotechnical ikhuluma ngezinsiza ezikhethekile nezinsiza eziyisisekelo zokuqalisa nokuphatha izinhlelo zokwakha ezingaphansi komhlaba. Imisebenzi yokwakha imizimbeni engaphansi komhlaba ifaka imishini eminingi eklanyelwe ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezisindayo zemhlaba kanye nezinsalela zomhlaba eziphusile lapho imizimbeni emishubile evamile ibonakala inganele. Le ndawo ihlanganisa zonke izinsiza ezidingekayo zokubhoboza, ukuhamba, ukuhamba ngokushaya, nokuhlola ukufakwa kwepali ezimweni ezihlukene zomhlaba nakwendlela ezisebenzayo. Nokho, uma kusemiphakathini yezamathafa enezithiyo zesikhala noma emisebenzini yokwakha ephakeme, ukukhetha nokufaka imishini efanelekile yokwakha kucacisa ngqo ukusebenza komsebenzi, izindleko, kanye nezinga lokwakha. Imakethe yomishini ye-geotechnical ifaka izigaba ezihlukene zomshini eziklanyelwe izindlela ezithile zokwakha. Imishini yokushaya amahhashi, kuhlanganise nama-impact hammers kanye nabashayi abaphethelwe yi-diesel, inikeza amandla adingekayo sokushaya ama-pali aqediwe e-concrete, stiyeli, kanye namapali omthi ezingeni elifanele. Ama-vibratory hammers kanye nama-vibroflots athola ukunyakaza okujikeleza ukuze kukhishwe umhlabathi nobudonga be-pali, okunika izinzuzo ezimweni ezibucayi ezinokugunyazwa kwemiphumela. Izinsiza zokubhoboza ezinezigaba zokujikeleza, zokushaya, noma zokuhamba okuqhubekayo zenza impahla emhlabeni, izitsha zomhlaba, nemibandela yokuhlanganisa ukuze kube lula ukwakhiwa kwe-pali ethambile kanye nezindonga zama-diaphragm. Imishini yokuthuthukisa umhlaba efana nezinsiza zokuqhumisela amatshe, izinhlelo zokugrouta, kanye nezinsiza zokushintsha umhlaba zilungisa futhi zizinze izikhala ezingaphansi komhlaba ezinganele, zehlisa izingozi zokuhamba kanye nokwakha amandla okuphathelene. Uhlobo ngalunye lwezinsiza luhlangabezana nezinkinga zezinqubo zomhlabathi, kusuka ku-clay eqinile kanye nezindawo ezihlobene nezindawo ezithambile, ama-sand athambile, kanye nezinsalela ezihlukahlukene ezitholakala ekwenzeni umuzi. Izimo zomhlaba zihlala zinemithetho yokukhetha imishini kanye nezinqubo zokufaka. Izinga eliphansi lomhlaba elinezinga eliphezulu lamanzi lidinga imithambo yokukhipha amanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha ze-diaphragm, kuyilapho izigaba ezijulile eziphumelelayo zixhasa ama-pali ashayiwe avamile. Umhlaba ophukile udinga imishini ethize yokubhoboza eneziqu eziphukile, kanti izimo ezijolile zidla izinhlelo eziguquguqukayo ezikwazi ukushintsha phakathi kwezinqubo. Igeology yendawo, izinqumo ze-seismic, kanye nemithetho yokuhlonza imvelo kuthonya izinhlelo zokufaka imishini emisebenzini yokwakha. Idatha yokuhlola umhlaba evela ezihloleni ze-geotechnical inikeza insika yobuchwepheshe yokuchaza imishini efanelekile nemigqa yokufaka. Imisebenzi yesimanje yokwakha imizimbeni engaphansi komhlaba idinga imishini enikeza ukuphumelela, ukwethembeka, nokuhambisana nemvelo kanye namandla raw kanye nokusebenza. Izinhlelo zokuhlola dijithali, ukushebha okuguquguqukayo, kanye nezobuchwepheshe zokwehlisa umsindo ezihlanganisiwe emishinini yokushaya ama-pali nezokubhoboza zihlukanisa izindinganiso zokwakha eziphakeme ezingxenyeni zasemadolobheni. Izinqubo zokukhetha imishini zidinga ukuvumelana phakathi kwabaqondisi bezobuchwepheshe, abathengisi bokwakha, kanye nochwepheshe bemishini ukuze kuzuze ukusebenza kwepali ngenkathi kuphathwa isikhathi nokuhlupheka kwemali. Umkhakha wemishini yokwakha uqhubeka nokukhula ngeziphakamiso ezintsha zokwakhiwa, ukuhlola kwezimali ngesikhathi sangempela, kanye nezindlela zokwakha ezizinzile, ukwenzela ukuthi kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezikhulayo zokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje kwemigwaqo ehlukene ye-geological nezemvelo.
Izinhlelo zomoya opholile ziyisisekelo semisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nezobunjiniyela bendawo, zinikeza amandla athembekile kumadivayisi apholile ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zomhlabathi nezimo zokwakha ezinselele. Amakhompiyutha omoya ahlinzeka ngengcindezi eqhubekayo, elawulwayo edingekayo emisebenzini yokushaya izikhangiso, emithini yokubhola ye-rotary, nakwezinye izindlela ezikhethekile zokwakha ezindaweni eziyahlukahlukene zejoloji. Ekuhleleni izisekelo, umoya opholile usebenza njengomthombo wamandla onobuchule opholisha ama-pile hammers, amathuluzi avibrating, kanye nezinsiza zokubhola ezenzakalayo, ngesikhathi esifanayo supporting izinqubo ezincane ezihlanganisa ukususa amanzi, ukuqinisa umhlabathi, nokuhlola umhlaba ongaphansi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenzisa ama-pile aboshiwe, ama-pile agijimayo, ama-diagram walls, noma izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umhlabathi, abakhiqizi bethembele ezinsizeni zokucindezela umoya ezikhethiwe ukuze bagcine ukusebenza kahle futhi bahlangabezane nezikhathi eziqinile zokwakha ezimeni ezinzima zomhlabathi. Ukukhetha nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha omoya emisebenzini yezezakhiwo ezijulile kudinga ukucatshangelwa kokucindezela okudingekayo, umthamo ophumayo, ama-cycles omsebenzi, nezinkinga ezithile zendawo. Izicelo zokushaya ama-pile apholile zidinga amakhompiyutha omoya anezinga eliphezulu, elikhululekile okwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ezindaweni zokugaya umhlabathi, ezinhlelweni zokubeka izikhumba, nasekufakelweni kwamapile amancane. Imisebenzi yokubhola ye-rotary isebenzisa umoya opholile ekuhlanzweni komkhondo, ezinqubweni zokuhambisa amafluids wokuhlola umhlaba, kanye nezinsiza zokupholisa kumadwala aphukile nasezinhlakeni zomhlabathi eziqinile. Izimfuno zomkhiqizi kufanele zicatshangelwe ukuze zikhuphule ukusebenza, zibe nomthelela ezingeni lokushisa kumoya, ukuphathwa kokuphuma kwamanzi ngezinhlelo zokukhupha ezifanele, kunye nezinhlelo zokuphindaphinda zokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokusebenza emaphrojekthi aphuthumayo ezisekelweni. Ukushintsha phakathi kwezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha eziphakanyisiwe nezizimele kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka kumaphrojekthi ama-pile aboshiwe anebanga elikhulu adinga iziteshi zomoya ezihlukene kuya ezichithweni zokubhola ezidinga amathuluzi apholile, anempumelelo ephezulu. Ubuchwepheshe bokucindezela umoya buhlanganisa izindlela zokwakha ezibanzi ezibhekelele izinkinga ezinzima ze-geotechnical ezihlanganisa izendlalelo eziyinqwaba, amafekthri acohesive, kanye nezimo ezixubile ezidinga izindlela zokwakha eziguqukayo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zomoya opholile zehlisa ukudluliswa kokuvuvukala uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezisebenzisa idizili, ezinikeza izinzuzo zemvelo ezindaweni ezibucayi zomphakathi lapho umsindo wokushaya izikhangiso nokuvuvukala komhlaba kudinga ukunciphisa okusemthethweni. Amakhompiyutha omoya amanje anezinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlunga, ukulawula ingcindezi, nezinhlelo zokumisa ezenzakalayo ezivikela amathuluzi apholile abiza kakhulu ekungezweni kwamanzi nakweziphakamiso zengcindezi. Ukubambisana nezinhlelo zokubheka kuvumela ukulandela ngalesi sikhathi ingcindezi yomoya, izinga lokugeleza, nokusebenza kwemvelo, kusekela izinqumo eziphathelene nokusebenza kwekhasi okuyi-datadriven nemigomo yokuphumelele izisekelo. Kubakhiqizi bezisekelo ezijulile abaphatha amaphrojekthi anzima ahlanganisa izinhlelo eziningi zokuphehla, ama-diagram walls, i-jet grouting, kanye nama-columns alungisa umhlabathi, umthamo omuhle wokucindezela umoya uqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokusebenza futhi usekela amathuluzi apholile adingekile ekwakheni izisekelo eziphumelelayo nezisebenzayo emhlabathini ehlukene nezifiso zamaphrojekthi.
Ukuhlangana kokuphakamisa i-concrete kuyinsizakalo ebalulekile esezingeni elijulile yokwakha kanye nobunjiniyela be-geotechnical, evumela ukufakwa kwe-concrete ngokunembile ezimweni ezinzima zomhlaba lapho izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuphakamisa zingasebenzi noma zingakwazi. Ezenzakalweni zokuphilayo ezijulile, izinhlelo zokuphakamisa i-concrete ziletha i-concrete enamandla okuphezulu ngokuqondile ezikhumulweni ze-pile, ezikhethiwe, nakuwoyili aboshelwe, ngezinga lokuhamba elilawulwayo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuncane, kuqinisekisa ukuzanisa kwe-concrete okufanele kuwo wonke amele omhlaba. Le ndlela ibalulekile kakhulu kwi-piles ezinezinyosi ezinkulu, i-secant piles, kanye nokuqanjwa komnyama lapho ukufakwa kwe-concrete okwenziwa ngesisu kuzokwakha izikhala, kunciphise ukuvikeleka kwesakhiwo, futhi kushintshise amandla wokuthwala. Abakhi bethembele ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile zokuphakamisa i-tremie, izindlela zokuphakamisa nokubeka, kanye nezixubho ze-concrete eziphansi ezikhethelwe izimo zomhlaba ukuze bagweme ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic, ukungena kwamanzi, kanye nezinkinga zokuzinza komhlaba ezihambisana nezikhala ezijulile nomsebenzi wezokwakha emanzini. Inqubo yokuphakamisa i-concrete ekuhlinzekeni izisekelo ihlanganisa ukuhlela kwemishini okuhlakaniphile okuhlanganisa amathrekhi aphezulu okuphakamisa i-concrete, am pipe e-tremie, izinhlelo ze-hopper, kanye nokuhlola ingcindezi okwenziwa endaweni ukuze kugcinwe ukubonwa kwe-real-time kwamazinga e-concrete nentuthuko yokufakwa. Ezisekelweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi, ukwakhiwa kwe-submarine caisson, kanye nezicelo ze-tidal zone, ukuphakamisa i-concrete nge-tremie tubes kugwema ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngenkathi kugcinwa amandla wokwakha nokuqina kwe-concrete. Abakhi kumele bacabangele isikhathi sokulethwa kwe-concrete, izinga lokuhamba, izidingo zokuphonswa, kanye nezinga lempilo ye-vertical elihlukile ngokuya ngDepth ye-pile, izimo zamanzi omhlabathi, kanye namandla okuthwala omhlaba. Izindlela advanced ezifana ne-self-consolidating concrete (SCC) pumping, i-controlled low-strength material (CLSM) placement, kanye ne-post-grouting operations zengeza ezinhlelweni zokufakwa kwe-concrete eziyisisekelo futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza komhlaba ezimweni zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi okuhlanganisa i-clays ethambile, silts, kanye nemsand. Iprojekthi ezijulile zokuqasha izinsizakalo zokuphakamisa i-concrete zihlanganisa i-auger cast piles, i-continuous flight auger (CFA) installations, i-rotary bored piles, i-mini-piles enokuhlanganiswa kwe-grout, izenzakalo zokuphakamisa, kanye nezicelo ezikhethekile ezifana ne-micropile head caps kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-cap ye-pile ezingeni lomhlaba. Abakhi bakhetha ukuphakamisa i-concrete njengendlela yokulethwa lapho baphatha ukufakwa okujolile okuphezulu, kunciphisa ukuvezwa kwe-concrete emanzini omhlaba, kuthuthukisa umsindo nokudlidliza ezindaweni zedolobha, noma ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yokwakha ebanzi. Imithetho yezobuchwepheshe yokuphakamisa i-concrete—kufaka phakathi ukuphakama kwe-concrete, ukusikhipha kwe-aggregate, ubudlelwano bamanzi ne-cement, ukukhetha kwezengezo, kanye namandla okuphuma—kuphawula ngokuqondile ikhwalithi ye-foundation, izici zokuhamba, kanye nokuphepha kwesakhiwo kwesikhathi eside. Ukuqashwa kwemishini, ubuchwepheshe bemishini, kanye nezinhlaka ezihambisanayo nabakhi bezikhala kanye nabakhi bezakhiwo ziyizici ezibalulekile zokuqhuba kahle kokulethwa kwezisekelo ezijulile, okwenza izinsizakalo zokuphakamisa i-concrete kube isisekelo sabakhi abachwepheshile be-piling kanye nezakhiwo ze-geotechnical eziqhuba emhlabeni ohlukahlukene futhi kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene.
Ama-excavator amelela isigaba esiyisisekelo semishini yokuhambisa umhlaba ebalulekile kwezobunjiniyela bezisekelo nasemaphakathini okwakha aphansi. Ngokwezimiso zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nezobunjiniyela bezinto zomhlaba, ama-excavator anikeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile phakathi kwempilo yephrojekthi, ukusuka ekuhlinzekeni indawo yokuqala kuya ekuhlinzekeni izimbobo zezakhiwo nokuphathwa kwezinto. Le mishini ehlukeneyo ibaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni imvelo yokusebenza edingekayo ngaphambi kokwethula imishini ethile yokwakha izisekelo efana namapile drivers, ama-drilling rigs, kanye nama-vibratory hammers. Ukukhetha nokwethula ama-excavator afanele kukhomba ngqo emlengeni wempilo yephrojekthi, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko, kanye nezinga lokulungiswa komhlaba okwakha ukufakwa kwezakhiwo okuphumelelayo. Ukuhlinzeka ngezimfuno zezakhiwo kudinga ukuqonda kahle izimo zomhlaba, ukuzinza komhlaba, kanye nokwakhiwa kwengcindezi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ama-excavator ahlangabezana nezimo zejografi ezithile. Ama-hydraulic excavator, atholakala ngezilinganiso ezahlukene kusuka kumishini encane kuya kwimodeli enekhono elikhulu, anika abakhi ithuba lokulungisa amandla abo okuhamba komhlaba kumathayili ehlukene ahlukene kusukela kwi-clay ethambile ne-silt kuya kwi-bedrock eqinile kanye nomhlaba opholile. Phakathi kwephrojekthi yezisekelo ezijulile, ama-excavator aphatha ukususa izinto ezibalulekile, ukwenza izimbobo zezisekelo ngesikhombisa esiqondile nezidingo zokuphakama, kanye nokuphatha izibi ezikhiphayo. Isigaba sokufaka izimbobo sithuthukisa izimo zomhlaba ezinhle zokusebenza ezilandelayo zokubhoboza, ukufakwa kwamapile, kanye nezindlela zokuthuthukisa umhlaba. Indlela efanele yokufaka izimbobo inciphisa ingozi yokungazinzisi komhlaba, ukungena kwamanzi, kanye nezimo ngaphansi komhlaba ezingalindelekile ezingenza ukuphepha kwezikhetho kube sengozini. Ngaphandle kokuhlinzeka ngezimfuno zezakhiwo, ama-excavator adlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini yokulungisa umhlaba nokuhlinzeka ngempumelelo evusa amandla wokwakhiwa kanye namandla omhlaba. Asetshenziswa emisebenzini yokusimama komhlaba, kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezithako zamakhemikhali, ukususwa kwezinto ezingafanele, kanye nokucubungula amaphuzu ezisekelo. Ezimeni ezinzima ze-geotechnical eziqukethe izimo zomhlaba ezehlukene, ama-excavator asebenzisana nemishini yokuthuthukisa umhlaba ukuze athole izimo zomhlaba ezidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwesekwa kwezakhiwo okuqinile. Ukuhamba nokunembile kwabo kuvumela abakhi ukuba baphendule ngokuqhubekayo ezimweni zomhlaba ezitholwe ngesikhathi sokufaka izimbobo, behlukanisa ukuphakama, amabhakede, nokuhlela amasu okususa izinto ukuze baphathe izinguquko zejografi. Ukukhethwa kwezincazelo zama-excavator—ukwakheka kwempahla, ukuphakama kokuhlanza, amandla okuphula, kanye ne-radius yokusebenza—kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo zephrojekthi, izimo zomhlaba, kanye nenjongo ejwayelekile yokwakha izisekelo. Ukukhethwa kwemishini kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ezifundeni ezinamakhaya abucayi, izimo zomhlaba ezingazinzile, noma kumaphrojekthi adinga ukuhlinzekwa ngokuhlangana nezinhlelo zokunciphisa amanzi kanye nokwesekwa komhlaba kwesikhashana. Abahlinzeki bemishini ye-TerraForce banikeza uhla olubanzi lwezixazululo zama-excavator ezihlosiwe ukuze zihlangane kahle nemishini ethile yokwakha izisekelo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi abakhi bangahlanganisa amaphakheji aphelele, avumelanayo nezimo, ukuze bafeze amaphrojekthi amahle obunjiniyela bezisekelo kulezo zindawo ezahlukene zejografi neminyaka ehlukene yephrojekthi.
Imishini ye-slurry iyingxenye ebalulekile ngaphakathi kokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezijulile kanye naphakathi, ifaka phakathi imishini eyenziwe ngokukhethekile kanye nezinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukufaka nokugcina imikhono ye-slurry kanye nezakhiwo ze-diagram wall. Lezi zixazululo ezakhiwe ngokucophelela zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlala kwezindonga ezikhuhla, ukulawula amanzi angaphakathi, nokuxhasa imisebenzi emikhulu yokwakha ezimeni ze-geological ezinzima. Ubuchwepheshe be-slurry wall buvumela abakhiqizi ukuba baphumeze kahle ngaphansi kwezinga lamathafa amanzi, bagcine izihlahla ezingaqinile, futhi bakhe imikhono edinga umthwalo eqinile ngesisekelo esisodwa esihlanganisiwe. Le nqubo ixhomeke kumagagasi e-bentonite slurries noma ama-polymers okuphilayo ukuphatha ubuqotho bomkhandlu wezikhukhula ngenkathi imisebenzi yokushaya amabhakede, ukudonsa, nokuhlanza iqhubeka. Ezindaweni ezinzima zomphakathi lapho izikhala nezakhiwo ezisondelene zithinta izindlela ezivulekile zomsebenzi, imishini ye-slurry ihlinzeka ngenketho ebhedayo, engafakiwe kakhulu evikela ucwaningo oluzungezile futhi igcine izindinganiso eziqinile zokuhambisana nemvelo. Ukufaka izikhukhula ze-slurry kanye nezinhlelo ze-diagram wall kudinga imishini ekhethekile okubalwa kuyo izinhlelo ze-slurry plant ezixubanisa futhi zikhulise i-bentonite, amabhakede aphatha noma amaphaneli e-diagram wall awafakazela ngezikhukhula ngenkathi egcina ukweseka kwe-slurry, ama-desanding units ahlukanisa impahla edliwayo kusuka ku-slurry ukuze isetshenziswe futhi iphinde ibuyiselwe, kanye nezinhlelo ze-tremie zikhona eziqinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwekhonkrithi ngaphansi kwekhola ye-slurry. Lezi zinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe izithiyo zemigudu eziphakathi nendawo noma eziphakeme ezibangela imisebenzi ebalulekile kumaphrojekthi ezakhiwo ezijulile, izikhukhula ze-basin, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo esezansi. I-slurry igcina umfutho we-hydrostatic emkhakha wokubamba, ivimba ukuwa komhlabathi, futhi ihlunga ama-particulates amancane ngenkathi isekela isisindo somhlaba nezamanzi ezizungezile. Imishini ye-slurry yanamuhla ifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokuqapha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezilandelela izici ze-slurry ezifana nohlaka, i-viscosity, okuqukethwe okukhona, kanye ne-pH ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokwakha nokugcina izincazelo ezithile zokusebenza kwesakhiwo isikhathi eside. Imishini ye-slurry isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene ze-geotechnical okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezindonga eziphethe izigaba eziningi, izindonga ezikhipha amanzi ukuze kulawulwe amanzi angaphakathi ezindaweni ezichayekiwe, izinto eziphakeme ezidingekayo ezifana namabhakede wezindonga ze-diagram asetshenziselwa emaphrojeni ekuphakamiseni okujule, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhasa eziphakathi nendawo zokuthamba nezinsiza ezingaphansi. Izimo zomhlaba ezihlukene kusuka kumathafa amsandayo nakwamasahane, naziphathiswa kanye nezindawo ezinzima nobuhlungu bobukhosi bakwenza kube namathuba ahlukeneyo kanti imishini ye-slurry ibhekana nalezi zinkinga ngempumelelo. Lobu buchwepheshe bunenani elikhulu ezindaweni lapho amanzi angaphakeme, ama-plasti ommese, noma imhlabathi engabiphithikayo ukuze ezinjalo zomoya zingabi khona. Kubakhiqizi bezizinda nez specialist ze-geotechnical, imishini ye-slurry imelela indlela eqinisekisiwe, ethembekile yokufinyelela ezikhukhulweni eziqinile, ezithambile eziphakeme ezivumela ukwakhiwa okusebenza kahle kokuhlanza nezinhlelo zokwakha. Ukutshalwa kwemali kumasistimu e-slurry asezingeni eliphezulu, kuhlanganiswe nemisebenzi ye-operathor enekhono nelisizayo, kulethela izinzuzo ezibalulekile kumphakathi, ukuhamba kwesikhathi, kanye nezindleko zokwakha ezithandekayo emsebenzini owudlulele ophakeme.
Imishini yokuhlangana ibonisa isigaba esibalulekile sokusebenza phakathi kokwakhiwa kwamaphakhamisi ajulile kanye nezinhlelo ze-geotechnical, ifaka phakathi imishini ethile nezinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukuxhuma, ukukhiqiza, nokuhlanganisa izingxenye zensimbi eyisisekelo ezibalulekile kumaphrojekthi wokufaka ama-pile nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba. Emkhakheni wokwakhiwa kwezisekelo, ukuhluza kusebenza njengenqubo eyisisekelo yokwakha ukuze kuhlanganiswe ama-pile ensimbi, kukhuthazwe ama-casing ama-pile, futhi kuhlanganyelwe izingxenye zezingxenye zokubhoboza ezidinga ukumelana nezinsiza ezinkulu kanye nezimo zokusebenza. Uhlukahluka kwemishini yokuhlangana kuhlanganisa ama-unit wokuhluza abekwa phezulu ayafaneleka emsebenzini wokuxhuma ama-pile endaweni, kuya kumasistimu athuthukile awenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo aklanyelwe ukukhiqiza kahle amathuluzi okubhoboza, ama-augur flights, kanye nezixhumanisi zokubhoboza ezikhethekile. Lezi zinhlelo zibalulekile kubakhi abaphatha ukufaka ama-pile abhubhayo, ukusebenza kwamapile adonswayo, nezindlela zokufaka umhlaba lapho izinto zensimbi zidinga ukuxhumana okuphephile, okuyithwala umthwalo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezincazelo eziqinile zokwakha kanye nezinga elifanele lokwakha. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlangana phakathi kwamaphakhamisi ajulile kufaka phakathi uchungechunge lwezindlela zezezimali ezihlelwe ukuze kuhambisane nezimo zomhlaba ezithile, ububanzi bama-pile, nezinselelo ze-geotechnical. Abathuthukisi baphakathi badla ngokusebenzisa ukuhluza kwe-metal arc okukhanyayo, ukuhluza kwe-gas tungsten arc, kanye nezinqubo zokuhluza ezihlanganisiwe zokuxhunywa ngokuya ngohlangothi lwezinto zensimbi, ukujula kokufakwa, nezimo zomhlaba ezihlanganisa i-clay eyodwa kuya emhlabeni okhanyayo. Abasebenzi bemishini yokuhlangana kumele baphathe izinqubo ezifana nezidingo zokungena ukuze kudlule umthwalo, ukumelana nokugqwala ezimweni zomhlaba ezigcwele, nokwakha ubukhulu be-structural ngaphansi kwamandla adaluliwe yizinsimbi ezinyakazayo noma izinhlelo zokushaya. Imishini ethile ifaka phakathi imithombo yokuhlangana enamandla enobuchwepheshe obuphakeme bezinga lokuhamba, abadlulisela intambo bezinqubo eziqhubekayo, namathuluzi wokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokuhlanganiswa nge-ultrasonic noma ukuhlolwa kwe-radiographic - konke okubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa okuphilayo kumavathanga ensimbi, izinhlelo zokushiya ezibhakabhakayo, neziqeshana eziphakanyisiwe zihlale ziqhubeka ngokwakhiwa kahle phakathi kokuphila kwazo kokusebenza. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamakhono okuhlangana nokusebenza kahle komkhiqizo wezakhiwo akukwazi ukweqiswa, njengoba ukuhamba phambili kokukhiqiza insimbi nokuhlangenwe nakho endaweni kubalulekile kwikhasi lephrojekthi ezimeni eziyinkimbinkimbi zomhlaba. Imishini yokuhlangana yesimanje ivele yaphelela ukungena kwezixazululo ezihamba phambili ezivumela abakhiqizi ukuba benze izinguquko zendawo, balungise izingxenye ze-pile ezilimele, futhi bakhiqize izixhumanisi zokubhoboza ezikhethekile ngaphandle kokucela ukuhamba okukhulu ezindaweni zokukhiqiza eziphakathi. Kubamabhizinisi aphatha imishini yokubhoboza, izinsimbi ezinyakazayo, nezinsiza zokufaka umhlaba, ukusungulwa kwemishini yokuhlangana yokusebenza ekhaya noma ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zokuhlangana ezithembekile kuqinisekisa ukusabelana okusheshayo kokugcinwa kwemishini, ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zokusebenza kokubhoboza okukhethekile, nokwakhiwa kwezixazululo ezikhethekile zezinselelo ezinzima ze-geotechnical. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi ubhekene nezinhlelo zezakhiwo ezijulile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinomkhawulo, uphumelele izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umhlaba ezimweni ezigcwele noma ezingazinzile, noma uphathe izinhlelo zokumba ezinokuphazamiseka, imishini yokuhlangana inikeza isisekelo sobuchwepheshe sokwakha imikhondo yensimbi eqinile, ekwakhiwe kahle eqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yesimanje nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-subsurface across izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-geological nezemvelo.
Imishini yokuhlola amahhashi idlala indima ebalulekile embonini yokwakhiwa kwezisekelo ezijulile kanye nentuthuko yomhlaba ngokuhlinzeka ngokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, ubuqotho, nokusebenza kwesakhiwo sama-pile afakwe ezimweni ezahlukene zomhlabathi nezindawo. Nokho, uma kwenziwa imisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo ezindlini eziphakeme, emadlalweni, ezikhungweni zezimboni, noma ezinkundleni ze-offshore, abakhiqizi kanyenochwepheshe bezokuhlola umhlaba bacabanga ngokuhlola amahhashi ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi amahhashi afakiwe ahlangabezana nezincazelo zokwakha futhi angakhathalela ngokuphumelelayo umthwalo oyifunayo. Le nkcathegi ibandakanya uchungechunge olubanzi lwemishini nezinsiza ezisetshenziswayo phakathi kwesikhathi sokuphila kwama-pile, kusukela ekuhloleni ngaphambi kokwakha kuze kube ukuhlola ngemva kokufakwa, kuhlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nokuqedwa kwezingozi kumaphrojekthi wokwakha izisekelo. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuhlola amahhashi ezisetshenziswa ezobunjiniyela bezokuhlola umhlaba zihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kok carga okungaguquguquki, okuhlinzeka ngama-load akhuphukayo kancane ukuze kuqashelwe ukwehla kwe-pile kanye nekhono lokukhwabanisa; ukuhlolwa kok carga okunyakazayo, okuwasebenzisa amandla okuphonswa ukuze kuhlolwe ukumelana kwe-pile kanye nokuphendula komhlabathi ngesikhathi sangempela; kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ezingalimazi ezifana nokuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-pile (PIT) nokwakhiwa kwezikhala zomsindo (CHSL) okuhlola ikhwalithi yomshini wekhonkrithi nobuqotho besakhiwo ngaphandle kokuthinta ubuqotho be-pile. Ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela ye-strain ephansi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwam موجة stress sekuphenduke okukhula lapho kudingeka emsebenzini wokwakha izisekelo, kuvumela ochwepheshe ukuba bahlale behlola ama-pile amaningi emaphrojekthini amakhulu ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka nokuchithwa kwemali okuhlekisayo okuhambisana nokuhlolwa kwemithwalo evamile. Lezi zindlela ezahlukahlukene zibhekana nezidingo ezahlukene zamaphrojekthi, kusukela ekuhloleni kokuphambukisa kudlule esakhiweni sokuhweba kuya ekuhambeni nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ezilawula izisekelo ezijulile nezinhlelo ze-piled raft. Imishini ekhethekile edingekayo ukuze kukhishwa amahhashi ihlanganisa ama-load cell anembile, ama-transducer wokuhlukahluka, ama-strain gauge, ama-accelerometers, kanye nezinhlelo zokutholwa kwedatha zedijithali ezithola izilinganiso ngesikhathi sangempela ngesikhathi sokuhlola. Ukuze kuhlolwe okunyakazayo, ama-reaction piles, ukuphonswa kwemathiriyeli, noma izinhlelo ze-servo-hydraulic zinikeza amandla okuphonswa akhawulelwe, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa okungalimazi kusebenzisa abathumeli be-ultrasonic, abamukeli, kanye nezinsiza ezikhethekile zokwakha umsindo nokuhlaziywa kokuphonswa. Izimo zomhlaba nezici ze-pile—njengophahla lwe-pile, ubude, ikhono lokukhwabanisa emhlabathini, kanye nokwakheka okuvela ezicini ezithambile zepulazi ukuya ezinsimulweni ezisindayo nezitezi zokukhwabanisa—zithonya ngqo ukukhethwa kwemishini nezindlela zokuhlola. Izicelo ziqukethe ukwakhiwa kwezindlu nezenzakalo, ukuthuthukiswa kwesisekelo kuhlanganisa ukuthuthuka nokuthola izinsiza, ubunjiniyela bezisekelo ne-offshore, izikhungo zezokusebenza nezimboni, kanye nezinhlelo ezikhethekile ezidinga izinqubomgomo zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe ezifana nezinhlelo ze-nuclear kanye nezakhiwo zezigaba ezide. Ukuhlolwa kahle kwama-pile kukhombisa ukuhambisana nezincazelo zokwakha, kuqinisekisa izinkinga ezingase zivele ngaphambi kokuba kuthinte ubuqotho besakhiwo, futhi kuhlinzeka ngophenyo lwemibhalo yokuthola imvume yokusebenza kanye nokwakhiwa kwephrojekthi. Abaconsi be-geotechnical, abakhiqizi bezisekelo, kanye nochwepheshe bemishini basebenzisana phakathi nenqubo yokuhlola ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi imiphumela ihlangabezana nezixhumanisi ezihambelanayo nezindinganiso ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izikhawu zamaphrojekthi nezindleko. Ukufinyelela ezixazululweni eziphelele zokuhlola amahhashi kanye nomhlinzeki wesevisi onolwazi kubalulekile kubakhiqizi kanye nochwepheshe abafuna ukuholela ezinhlelweni zokwakha ezijulile eziphephile, zihlala ziqinile ezihlangabezana nezincazelo zobunjiniyela nezidingo zomthetho ngesikhathi futhi ngaphakathi kweshumi.
Amathuluzi okumba kanye namathuluzi okukha aphawuleka njengezinto ezibalulekile kwi-injiniyering ye-geotechnical kanye nomsebenzi wezisekelo ezijulile, enza isixhumanisi esiyinhloko phakathi kwemishini yokumba nezinto zomhlaba ezingaphansi. Ku-injiniyering yezakhiwo, lawa mathuluzi avumela abakhiqizi ukuba baphande ngezimo zomhlabathi nophuphu, bafake izingxenye zezakhiwo, futhi benze imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umhlaba eyakha isisekelo sokuzinza kwesakhiwo. Nokho, lapho besebenza ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho ukunemba kubalulekile noma ezindaweni ezikude lapho ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo kunzima, amathuluzi okumba namathuluzi okukha abeka imiphumela, ukunemba, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezimali kwemisebenzi engaphansi komhlaba. Ukukhethwa kwamathuluzi okumba afanele kudinga uhlobo lomhlabathi, izidingo zokujula, izpecifici zobubanzi bebohle, kanye nezinhloso ezithile zenja yoproject ngayinye. Izindlela zokumba ezivundlile zisebenzisa ukujola okuqhubekayo kuhlanganiswe nengcindezi ehamba phansi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ezitabhini ezahlukahlukene zomhlabathi nophuphu, kanti imikhiqizi ehlukene yokukha ibhalwe kahle ukuze ihlangabezane nezinhlekelele ze-clay, sand, gravel, noma izici zophuphu. Ukumba kwe-percussion kanye nemishini yokumba ye-cable kuhlala kubalulekile ngezimo ze-geological ezithile nezidingo ze-project, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinobudlelwano obuphakeme bemibhalo engavikelekile noma lapho kutholakala izithombe ezivela kwi-strata ethile. Izinhlelo zokumba ze-auger, kuhlanganise nama-auger alula aqhubekayo kanye nama-auger anedwala, asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelo zokumba ezibanzi nezeluleko ezihamba phambili ekuhloliseni izisekelo nasekufakeni ama-micropile. Imishini yokumba ye-core enama-diamond noma ama-bits afakwe ifaka amandla kubachwepheshe bezokwakha ukuthola izithombe eziqinile zephuphu eziveza izimpawu zokwakha ezibalulekile ekwakheni izisekelo. Amathuluzi akhethekile afana nama-drag bits, ama-roller cone bits, kanye nama-PDC (polycrystalline diamond compact) bits angasebenza kahle kakhulu ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile engaphansi, nokuqokwa kubalulekile ekuphumeleleni kwesikhathi se-project naku-bhajethi. Amathuluzi okumba namathuluzi okukha kumele adlule ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokuhlola indawo nasenkobeni yesakhiwo. Umhlabathi ohlangene okuhlanganisa i-clays kanye ne-silts udinga ukusebenza okuhlukile uma kuqhathaniswa nomhlabathi we-granular ofana nezihlabathi ne-gravel, kanti ukuguquguquka phakathi kwezimo zomhlabathi nezitezi zephuphu ezikhanyayo kuveza izinselelo eziphakathi. Izindlela zokwandisa ezifana ne-bentonite slurry noma amasistimu e-casing avikela ama-boreholes ekudluleleni emvelweni ethulwe noma enwetshiwe, okuhlinzeka ngempilo yokusebenza nempumelelo yomathuluzi okumba. Izicelo zifaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zezinhlelo zokwakha, ukuma kwemishini yokushaya, izinhlelo zokwalozi zomhlaba, ukufakwa kwemithombo ejulile, ukuhlolwa kokuhlupheka, kanye nentuthuko yemithombo ye-geothermal. Izigaba ezinkulu zokwakha okufana nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhaya aphakeme, ubunjineli bezindawo ezihamba phezulu, izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba, izikhungo zezikhumulo, kanye nezinhlelo zezimboni zonke zixhomeke kumathuluzi okumba enembile namathuluzi okukha ukuze kuqinisekiswe idatha ethulwe emhlabathini edingekayo yokwakha izisekelo eziphephile nezixubile. Uk maintenance kanye nokufaka esikhundleni kwamathuluzi okumba kuveza izindleko ezinkulu zokusebenza, okwenza ukwakheka, isayensi yezinto, kanye nokuphuculwa kokwakhiwa kube yizinto ezibalulekile kubakhiqizi abaphatha izinqola zemishini nezinhlelo ze-project.
Imishini yokweseka represents izinhlelo ezibalulekile zokuxhasa nezinsiza ezivumela ukwenziwa kahle kwemisebenzi yokwakha ezinzulu nasezobunjiniyela be-geotechnical. Nakuba imishini eyinhloko yokubhola nezinsiza ezifakwe ziqala zibe yisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwezinhlaka, imishini yokweseka iqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi eyakhelwe njenge ukuphathwa kwe-slurry, ukukhiqizwa kwengcindezi, ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla, futhi ukuphathwa kwezinto. Lezi zinhlelo zokusekela zibalulekile ezifundeni zonke ezinkulu zezinhlaka ezinzulu, okuhlanganisa i-bored piling, ukuhlinzeka nge-diaphragm wall, i-micropiling, kanye nezindlela zokuphucula umhlaba. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini yokweseka echazwe kahle kuthinta ngqo isikhathi sephrojekthi, ukunembile kokubhola, kanye nekhwalithi yokwakha yonke ezimweni zomhlabathi eziyinkinga kanye nezakhiwo ze-geological eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinhlelo zokwelapha i-slurry nokuhamba zimi yinoma yisiphi sezigaba ezibalulekile zemishini yokweseka ekwakhiweni kwezinhlaka. I-bentonite slurry isetshenziswa njalo ekwakheni i-bored piling nase-diaphragm wall ukuze ibambeleze izithiyo, ixhase odongeni lwemiphato, futhi ithuthukise ukususa iziqhumane ezivela ezinzulwini. Izitshalo zokuhlukanisa i-slurry, okuhlanganisa nezikhumbuzo ze-decanter, ama-skrini aphumayo, kanye nezitsha zokuhlala, ziqinisekisa ukuphinda kusetshenziswe nokuvuselelwa kweziqukathi zokubhola, kwehlisa izindleko zokusebenza ngenkathi kugcinwa ukusebenza kokubhola. Imiphumpu ye-grouting nokuhlanza iletha ingcindezi ye-hydraulic ngemisebenzi ye-tremie grouting, ukuvuselela imiphato, kanye nokuhlanza izindawo ezingcolile, nezincazelo ezihluka ngokuya ngezinga le-slurry, ukujula kwemikhondo, kanye nezimo ze-geological. Ngokufanayo, imiphumpu yokufaka ingcindezi ephezulu isekela ukuvuselelwa komhlaba, ukujolisa komhlaba, kanye nezicelo ze-fracture grouting ezindaweni ezilukhuni noma eziphukile. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla nezinhlelo ze-pneumatic zidala i-backbone yokusebenza kwemishini endaweni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude noma lapho ukuxhumana kwe-grid kukhawulelwe. Ama-generator e-diesel ahlinzeka amandla kagesi aphelele wokusebenza kwemishini yokubhola, ukukhanyisa, kanye nezinye izinsiza, kanti ama-compressor ama-rotary ahlinzeka ngempahla ye-compressed air yemishini ye-pneumatic, amathuluzi okuphula, nezindlela zokubhola ze-air-lift. Imishini yokususa amanzi, okuhlanganisa imiphumpu ephuma emanzini nezinhlelo ze-wellpoint, iphathe ukulawula amanzi angaphansi emhlabathini ogcwele futhi igcine izimo zokusebenza ezizinzile ezindaweni zokumba. Lezi zinhlelo zibalulekile emisebenzini yokubhola ezindleleni ezine-matle, ezindaweni ze-aquifer, nasezindaweni ezinezizinda eziphezulu zokuphuma amanzi ezivame ukufakwa emigqonyeni, emhlabathini aluvumelani, nasezinhlakeni ze-coastal. Imishini yokweseka ifaka futhi imishini yokuphatha kanye nokulungiselela izinto ezibalulekile kwi-logistics ye-structural. Izitshalo zokuhlanganisa zishaya futhi zixuba izixazululo ze-cementitious grout ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezincazelo ezithile zokuvuselelwa kwezinhlaka kanye nokugroutu ye-pile base. Ama-conveyor e-aggregate nezinhlelo zokuphuma zithutha iziqhumane zokubhola ezindaweni ezintula ukuhamba, zigcine indawo ihlanzekile futhi ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle. Iziqhamo ze-mast, ama-rotary heads, nemathuluzi okuphula zenza imishini yokubhola eyinhloko ihambisane nezindlela ezikhululekile zokwakha ezinjengeziqhamo ezizenzekelayo, ukubhola kwe-hollow-stem auger, kanye nezindlela zokubhola ze-cable percussion. Ukukhetha okufanele nokuhlanganiswa kwemishini yokweseka kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezincazelo ze-geotechnical design, imithetho evikela imvelo, kanye nezindinganiso zokwakha ezinzulu kumafinyo ahlukahlukene nezimo zomhlaba.
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