Ukugxila emhlabeni ukuze uqinise izintaba kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa umhlaba esetshenziswa ukuze kuqinise izintaba ezikhona noma ezintsha, kugweme ukuqhekeka, imvula yendawo, kanye nokunyakaza komhlaba ngezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-geotechnical. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukufaka izinto zokwakha zensimbi, ngokuvamile izinhlu zensimbi ezincane noma izintambo, emgqeni wezindawo zomhlaba ngama-intervals ajwayelekile nezimo, kudala indawo eqinisiwe efaka amandla okuphuka nezinguquko ze-intaba. Izikhonkwane ziba ziduziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kubambisene ngokuphelele nezwe elizungezile, kushintshe izintaba eziyingozi zibe yizakhiwo ezakhiwe ezingakwazi ukuxhasa izithuthi nokumelana nezikhala zokwehluleka. Le ndlela ikakhulukazi ibalulekile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho izithiyo zendawo, ukujula kwemisebenzi yezakhiwo ezikhona, noma izimo zemvelo ezibucayi kwenza imva yokugcina yendabuko ingaba yingozi. Ukugxila emhlabeni kudinga imishini ethile yokubhola, amasistimu okungena u-grout, kanye nokuhlelwa kokufakwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izikhonkwane zitholakala kahle, ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwano, kanye nokusebenza okuvamile kohlelo. Inqubo yokufaka iqala ngokubhola ngendlela ehleliwe ukuze kuhlolwe izikhonkwane ezindaweni ezithile nezimo zokuhambisana, ngokuvamile zisuka ku-10 kuya ku-30 degrees ngaphansi kokuphakama. Imishini yokubhola enekhono eliphakeme, imishini yokubhola ye-rotary, kanye nezinsiza zokubhola zokuqinisa zibalulekile ekugxileni ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zomhlaba kanye nezigodi. Uma sebulwe, izikhonkwane zithola ukuqina—ngokuvamile izinsika zensimbi ezinomjikelezo, izinsika eziyingozi zokufaka u-grout, noma izintambo ezipreshi—eziboshwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo nezwe elizungezile. Uhlobo lwezikhonkwane ezikhethiwe kanye nendlela yokubhodla kuye ngokwakheka komhlaba, izimo zamanzi emhlabeni, kanye nezidingo zokwakha. Ukuxazulula izintaba okuthe xaxa, ngokuvamile ezimfushane noma eziseduze kwemifantu yokuphakama eyisikulu, kuqhubeka kancane njengoba umugqa wezikhonkwane uthuthukisa ikhono laso lokwakha, nge-geotechnical monitoring iqinisekisa ubunjalo ngesikhathi sokwakha. Ukugxila emhlabeni kutholakala kakhulu ekugcineni izintaba zomgwaqo kanye nezitimela, ukwakhiwa kwe-cuts zokudiliza izindawo zokugcina, ukuqina kwezingcindezeli ezikhona, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinhlangothi ezikhaliphile ezimweni ezimibalabala nasemathunjini aphukile. Kubalulekile ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomhlaba eziqukethe izinto ezihlanganisiwe, ubumba, kanye nezimfihlo ezishubi lapho izindlela zokuvikela izintaba zendabuko zingase zibe nezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu noma zingakabi khona. Le ndlela ilungele izimo zomhlaba-netstone lapho i-rock bolting yendabuko yodwa inganelekile, futhi ikhuluma kahle emiphakathini ephezulu lapho ukuqina kwezintaba kufanele kugcinwe eduze kwezinsiza, imisebenzi, kanye nezinsiza. Impumelelo yokugxila emhlabeni iyancika ocwaningweni lwegeotechnical oluhle ukuze luqondise izigaba zomhlaba, kuthuthukiswe izimo eziyingozi, kanye nokukhomba izimo zamanzi emhlabeni. Impumelelo iphinde idinge ababhalile bokusebenza abaqeqeshile, ababhodlayo abanolwazi, kanye nokulawulwa kwemithombo ebufakazini ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Nezinhlelo ezihilela izintaba eziphakeme, ukwakha okunamandla, noma izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zaphansi komhlaba, ukugxila emhlabeni kuvame ukuba yisisombululo esihamba phambili sokugcina umhlaba, kuphinde kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwendawo ye-intaba ngesikhathi sinciphisa umthelela wemvelo nokuphazamiseka kokwakhiwa uma kuqhathaniswa nemisebenzi enjengezokwakha.
Amarhasi wokumba anje ngendlela yokuhamba ngendlela yokumba phezulu akhiwa ngamaqoqo akhethekile okwenza izinto ngaphambili ukuze enze umsebenzi wokumba obucayi ezindaweni ezibuhlungu nendawo engazinzile, futhi akhiqiza ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bezicelo zokuhlanganiswa komhlabathi kanye nezinhlelo zokukhipha izintaba. La marhasi ahlanganisa amandla okumba amakhulu nokuhamba kahle nokuqina kwezimo zomhlaba ezinzima, okwenzela abaqashi ukufaka izinto zokusebenza ezifana nezintambo zempilo, izinsika, kanye nezinhlelo zokwenza umhlaba lapho imishini ejwayelekile yokumba ingasebenzi khona ngokuphepha noma ngempumelelo. Uhlelo lokusebenza lunqunywa ngaphakathi komkhakha obanzi wezokuhlanganiswa komhlabathi ukuze kuqinise izintaba, amagajethi wokumba ahanjiswa phambili amele ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile emsebenzini wezizinda ezijulile, ukuvikela izintaba, kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zomjikelezo. Ukwakheka komshini nothango kakhonkolo kule mashi kudala umthwalo ophakeme ohlelekile, kuveza ukusebenza okuqinile ezintabeni ezidlangile ezingama-45 degrees ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhamba okuphelele nokuphepha okuphezulu okudingekayo ezinhlelweni zokuxhaswa kwezakhiwo. Indlela yokusebenza yokumba ezindaweni ezinjengalezi ihlanganisa ukusungula amapulani aqinile ezindaweni eziphezulu, okwenza izimbobo ezisukuma kahle ezibophisile ngokujulile nakwezikhala ezikhethiwe, futhi ikha indawo yokuhlala yezintambo zempilo, izinsika zamat rocks, noma ezinye izinto zokwakha umhlaba. Izinqubo zokumba zishintsha ngokuya ngezimo ezahlukene zomhlaba nezinsalela ezitholakala ngesikhathi sephrojekthi yokuvuselela izintaba, kuhlanganisa umhlaba oqinile, izinto ezigxilile, amatshe aphukile, kanye nezimo ezisemqoka zamat rocks. Abashayeli balungisa izinga lokumba kanjani, imiphumela yokujikeleza, nezinga lokuphuma koketshezi ukuze kuhlangabezane nezimo zejoloji ezehlukene, kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yemiphumela nokuqina kokufaka. Amarhasi wokumba anamakhono aphezulu anemishini yokulawula kude, ubuchwepheshe bokuhambisana ngesikhathi sokumba, kanye nezinhlelo ezizenzekelayo ezivumela ukuthola i-orientation ne-stringering ezinhle kakhulu. Izinhlelo ze-hydraulic zipha amandla kokubili okuhamba kwezinzuzo zokumba nokuphatha imishini, kuvumela ukusebenza okuphakathi kwezinto eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuthathelwa ezindleleni zemvelo ezifana nokwehliswa komsindo, ukunciphisa uthuli ngamakhorali amanzi, nokuphazanyiswa okuncane komhlaba kwehlisa imishini efana ne-crawler slope drilling rigs yamukelekile ezindaweni ezibucayi zebhizinisi ezihlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala ezisondelene nezicathulo zomhlaba. Amarhasi wokumba anje ahlinzeka ngezixazululo ezikhaliphile ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zomjikelezo ezifaka ezindaweni ezihlaselwa ukuphefumula, izintaba eziphakeme ezidala ngesikhathi sokuqhuba ukuhweba, izindawo zekhanda lemvelo, kanye nezintaba ezithintekayo ngemicabango ye-seismic noma imithombo yamanzi engaphansi. Imishini ifakazela izinhlelo zokuvikela izintaba zamabhayisikidi, izikhumulo zezindiza, izikebhe, izinkanyezi, kanye neziphakamiso zokuthuthukisa izindawo ezakhiwe ezindaweni eziguquguqukayo. Izinhlelo zokuhlanganiswa komhlabathi ezihlinzekiwe yizihambela zomjikelezo zibonelela ngokuqinisa izintaba zempilo njalo nangesikhathi esifanele, ukudlulisa umqondo wokuqinisa wezintaba emhlabathini ozinzile ngokuqhathaniswa kwezintambo zemhlabathi kanye nokusebenzisana komshini. Izicelo zihlanganisa ukunciphisa izinkanyezi, ukuthuthukiswa kokungaguquguquki kwezintaba, ukugcina umhlaba uphansi, ukuvikela imvelo, nezinhlelo zokulungiselela izakhiwo ezakhiwe ezindaweni eziphakeme. Amandla ayingxenye, amandla okumba anemininingwane ka-crawler slope drilling rigs akhombisa ukufakwa kwezintambo zempilo kuhlangabezana nezifiso zokukhishwa kwezakhiwo, izidingo zamathuluzi nezindinganiso zokuhlangabezana nakho kwezinhlelo zokwakha ezizanza phakathi kwezakhiwo ezikhanyayo, eqinisekisa izixazululo eziphephile nezithokozisayo zokwakha izinqola.
Izinto zokuphonsa ezintabeni zithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzinza komhlaba obuphezulu bokwakhiwa kwezobunjiniyela, obuhloselwe ukuqina nokuqinisekisa izintaba zomhlaba ngokumelene nezingozi zokuphuma nokuqhekeka. Le ndlela yokuphonsa umhlaba ibandakanya ukufaka izikhonkwane zensimbi, izixhumi, kanye nezinto zokunxenxa ezindaweni zezimba ukuze kudluliselwe izinsizakusebenza ezibekwe emhlabeni ozinzile. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinsiza, ekuwakhiweni kwezindlela, ezinkulumeni zokuhamba ngezitimela, emisebenzini yokumba, kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha ezisemadolobheni lapho izintaba ezivamile noma ezikhululiwe zidinga ukuzinza okukhulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezinzima zokugcina. Ukuhlangana komhlaba okuphonswayo kunikeza enye indlela engabizi kunodonga olujolile lwamatshe olwakudala nezinhlelo ze-pile ezifika, okwenza kube yisisombululo esikhethiweyo emkhakheni wezisekelo ezijulile nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba. Le ndlela isebenza ngokuhlanganisa amandla okuphahlazeka kwezindawo ezizungezile kubhuthi yokuxhama, okwandisa ukuzinza kwentaba futhi ivimbele izindlela zokuphuma ezilandelanayo ezingase zinqandakke izakhiwo ezikufuphi nokuphepha kokwakha. Ukufakwa kwezinto zokuphonsa entabeni kudinga imishini ekhethekile yokubhoboza kanye ne-anchoring ehambelana nomfanekiso ophuzi, i-geometry yesibhakabhaka, nezidingo zokwakha zohlobo ngalunye. Abakhi ngokuvamile basebenzisa imishini yokubhoboza ye-rotary, imishini yokubhoboza yokuhlasela, noma imishini yokuphonsa ekhethekile ukuze bakhe imigaqo ngezikhathi ezithile nezimo, ezigoqwe ngemuva ngensimbi zokuphonsa ezibekiwe futhi ziqinisiwe ngohlelo lokudlula. Isigaba sokuklama kwezobuchwepheshe sinezinto ezibalulekile ezibandakanya ubude bezikhonkwane, ukusatshalaliswa kokufakwa, amakhefu okuphakanyiswa, amandla wokukhuphula, kanye nesithako sedoti ukuze kuqinisekiswe uhlu olufanele phakathi kwezikhonkwane nomanyolo ozungezile. Izinhlinzeko zeziqinisekiso zikhombisa ukuthola ukuthola okukhishwa, ukumiswa kokuphakela, kanye nezibukeli ezibukhali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi konke okufakiwe kuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-specification futhi kunikela ngokuphumelelayo ohlelweni lonke lokuqinisa izintaba. Izicelo zokuphonsa umhlaba ziqhakambisa izimo ezahlukene ze-geotechnical, ukusuka ekuzinziseni izintaba zemvelo ezibhekene nokuphazamiseka nokuhamba kwemikhiqizo ukuze kuqinise izindawo zokumba ezithakazelisayo noma eziphezulu ezimweni zomhlaba ezihlukene. Le ndlela ibonisa ukusebenza kahle ezicutshini, kumathafa, kumajikijolo, kanye nezimo zomhlabathi ezihlanganisiwe lapho amandla okuphikisana afanele angavulwa esivumelwaneni sezikhonkwane zomhlaba. Abaklami basebenzisa ukuphonsa izintaba ekuthuthukiseni iziqwenga, ukusika kwezindlela, ukulungiswa kwemifula, izindonga zamaquarry, ukusekelwa kokumba phansi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimo zomhlaba ezikhona. Izinhlelo zamanje zokuphonsa umhlaba zihlanganisa nezobuchwepheshe zokubuka ezihlanganisa ama-inclinometers, ama-extensometers, kanye namapiezometers ukuze kulandele ukushintsha komhlaba futhi kuqinisekiswe izibikezelo zokusebenza phakathi kokuphumelela kwephrojekthi nempilo yesevisi yokufakwa. Umkhakha wezisekelo ezijulile nokuzinza komhlaba uqhubeka uthola ukwamukela ukuphonsa umhlaba njengesisombululo esiyisisekelo esiyinhloso yokuphatha izingozi zezimba kanye nokwenza kube nokwakha ezindaweni ezinzima. Ngokuhlanganisa izimiso ezivumelekile zokuqonda ze-geotechnical nobuchwepheshe obuphambili bokubhoboza kanye nezindlela zokulawula ikhwalithi, izinto zokuphonsa izintaba ziye zanikela okuphephile okuphakeme kokuzinza komhlaba, isikhathi sokuphothula iphrojekthi esiphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezokwakha ezijwayelekile, kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifanele zokufaka. Abakhiqizi bemishini kanye nabakhi bezisekelo abakhangela ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba baqhubeka bethuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuphonsa, ukwakhiwa kwezidoti, nemigomo yokufaka ukuze babhekane nezinselelo ezinzima zokwakha izintaba ezihlukile ezitholakala ezimweni ze-geological, ze-hydrological, nezemvula ezitholakala ekuthuthukisweni kwezinsiza zanamuhla.
Amakhasi wempahla, aziswa njengezikhwele, abhaliwe kuba izici ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuhlinzekwa komhlabathi ezisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zezinye ezintathu. Lawa makhasi ensimbi asebenza ndawonye namakhasi omlilo ukwabelana ngama-load acacile avela ezikhwelweni ze-nail phezu kwendawo enkulu yomhlabathi ogciniwe, avimbela ama-nail ekudlulisweni emhlabathini futhi aqinisekisa ubuqiniso bokwakha bokugcina. Ezinhlelweni zokuhlinzekwa komhlaba, amakhasi wempahla asebenza njengezinto ezibambekayo ezidlulisa amandla okusakaza kusuka kumakhasi omhlabathi kuya emhlabathini ngendlela ephelele. Ukukhethwa nokwakhiwa kwamakhasi wempahla kuncike osayizi bezikhwele, imithwalo elindelekile, izici zomhlaba, kanye nemvelo ye-slope ethuthukiswayo. Amakhasi wempahla avame ukuhlinzekwa ngosimbi futhi kumele aklanywe ukuze akwazi ukumelana namandla adluliselwa ngesikhathi sokufaka kanye nezimo zokusebenza zesikhathi eside. Ukufakwa kwamakhasi wempahla kudinga ukuhlela kahle endaweni ye-nail, kuhlanganiswe nezindlela ezifanele zokuhlanza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane phakathi komnqamuleli, ukugrouta, kanye nemhlabathi. Ezinhliziyweni zokuhlinzeka komhlabathi zokuthuthukiswa kwesikhala, amakhasi wempahla kumele ahambisane nezindlela zokufaka izikhwele ezithile, noma ngabe usebenzisa ubhucunga, ukuchoboza, noma ezinye izindlela zokukhomba. Ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlelwa kwamakhasi wempahla phezu kwesikhala kufaka phakathi umklamo wokufaka izikhwele, okukhishwa ngocwaningo lwezokwakha okuhamba nohlelo lwezigaba, izici zomhlaba, izimo zokuhamba kwamanzi, nezidingo zokuphepha. Izinsiza ezisetshenziswa ukuze kufakwe amakhasi wempahla zihlanganisa izinsiza zokuhlola umhlaba ezinokukwazi ukufaka izikhwele, izinhlelo zokugrouta ukuze kutholakale ukugrouta okwanele, kanye nezinsiza zokuchoboza ezifanele izimo zomhlaba nezinye izinsiza ezibhekene nezinkinga zokwakhiwa. Usayizi wamakhasi wempahla kumele ahluke ezimweni ezihlukene zomhlaba, kusukela kulokho okukhona okunjengokuhlala ngaphandle noma komhlaba ukuya emhlabathini onamathiselwe kuhlanganisa isihlabathi negravel, ngokulungiswa okwenziwe ngenxa yokuhluka kwemithwalo yomhlaba nokuqedwa. Amakhasi wempahla athola izicelo eziningi emisebenzini yokwakha yezenhlalakahle ethinta ukuphuculwa kwesikhala, ukwakhiwa kwezindonga zokugcina, kanye nokusekela kwekhefu emkhakheni wezokwakha nezokwakha. Lezi zici zibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuwa kwezikhala, ukuphathwa kwezindawo ezithintekayo ngenxa yobufakazi bezinhlekelele, futhi zihlinzeka ngokuqinisekiswa kwembumbulu isikhathi esikhulu noma eside ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, izitimela, izitimela, nezinhlaka eziphansi. Ezimweni zendawo ezinzima lapho izindonga zokugcina ezivamile zingadingeki noma zingatholakali kahle kubuchwepheshe, ukuhlinzeka komhlaba nge-systems ezifanelekile zamakhasi wempahla kuhlinzeka ngesisombululo esiphumelelayo nezobuchwepheshe. Ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuhlinzekwa komhlaba kuncike kakhulu ekwakhiweni nasekufakweni kwawo amakhasi wempahla, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini ogcwele noma ezindaweni ezinezincwadi eziningi zamanzi. Abaphathi bezinsiza ezikhethekile kanye nabahloli bezokwakha kumele bahlanganise ukukhethwa nokuhlelwa kwamakhasi wempahla ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlinzekwa komhlaba kusebenze njengokuklanywa, nezikhwele zikhululeke kahle ukuze zihlukanise imithwalo nokwamukela ukuhamba noma ukuhlehla kokuphuma kwesikhala.
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