Ishotcrete, noma okhiye ozoshaywa, kuyindlela ethile yokusebenza yokuletha ikhonkrithi ngezemishini ezisebenza ngengcindezi noma zisebenzisa amanzi ngokweqile emathini nasemashalofini, edala ukusimama okuphezulu nokwesekwa kwesakhiwo emaphaketheni ajulile nezinhlelo ze-geotechnical engineering. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukuphoqa ingxube ye-concrete esheshayo ebusweni bezwe obukhona, kumafaka omhlaba, noma ezakhiweni ukuze kwakhiwe ungqimba lokuvikela nelokuthwala imithwalo. Ngokwalesi simo sokuhamba phambili nokwakhiwa kwemifantu, ishotcrete inezinhloso eziningi ezibalulekile: iyasuswa amasiko angalungile, iqinisa amafomu e-geological aqinile, ikhiqiza imithwalo emihle noma emalungwini emigedeni, futhi ihlinzeka ngokulungiswa kwembonakalo emhlabeni ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-pile foundation. Le ndlela ibalulekile kakhulu ezindaweni ze-geotechnical ezinzima lapho izindlela zokwakhiwa kanye nezindlela zokusekela umhlaba zikhombisa ukuba zingasebenzi, ezingasebenzi kahle, noma zibe sezingeni eliphezulu, okuwenza uhlelo oluphumelelayo kwezokwakha amapulangwe ajulile. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa ishotcrete ezisetshenziswa kwezokwakha izisekelo zifaka phakathi ukuhluza umswakama, lapho i-cement nezigaba zixutshwa endaweni yokuphakela ngamanzi, kanye ne-wet-mix spraying, lapho ikhonkrithi esheshayo iphefumulwa endaweni yokuphakela futhi iphonswe ngejubane eliphezulu. Ochwepheshe bezisekelo ejulile bavame ukusebenzisa ishotcrete ukuxhasa odongeni bemikhondo ngesikhathi sokubhoboza nokushaya amaphostela, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka noma emhlabeni onamanzi lapho i-casing ejwayelekile ingasebenza kahle noma ibiza kakhulu. Ukukhetha imishini kuxhomeke ezimo ezithile zephrojekthi: abashisi nomshini wokuhluza uphuhlisela ikhonkrithi, kuyilapho izindawo zokuphakela ziqondisa ubunjiniyela bokuhluza nezikhala. Iziqinisekiso zomhlaba ezidinga ukuhunyushwa kwe-sprayed concrete zihlala zisukela emhlabathini ophezulu ophuphuma, kuya emanzini alahlekile odongeni oludinga usizo, kuya emsamo wezigaba ez混合 ezihlangana phakathi nokuqhubeka kokumba okujulile. Le ndlela ibalulekile ezinqubweni zokwakha, lapho izisekelo ezikhona zidinga ukuqiniswa noma ukuncishiswa, nasezinhlelweni zokwakha eziphansi ezihlanganisa ukwesekwa kwe-diaphragm wall nokulungiswa kwesikhathi eside ngaphambi kokufakwa kwezinto ezimnyama. Izicelo emaphaketheni ajulile zifaka phakathi ukusimama kwezintaba ezithintekayo ukuze kwakhiwe izisekelo, ukuqinisa izindawo ezithambile eziseduze ne-piles enkulu noma amahube, nokwakha ama-layers ama-permeable noma ayi-impermeable ukuze kulawulwe ukungena kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezisekelo. Ishotcrete ivame ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokufaka i-grouting nezindlela zokwakha umhlabathi ezifana nokunamathisela umhlabathi nokufakwa kwe-micropile, ukudala izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umhlaba ezihlanganisiwe ezifeza amandla okufaka afanele nokulawulwa kwe-zbokuphumula. Isivinini sokusebenzisa, ukuhamba kahle kokuhambisana nezimo zomhlaba ezishintshashintshayo, kanye nekhono lokufinyelela ekunciphiseni kwesurface yesikhathi eside kahle kwenza ishotcrete ibe yinhle kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zezakhiwo ezibhuntsha isikhathi. Abasebenzi abanolwazi, ukuhlinzekwa kwemishini okufanele, kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokugcwalisa ikhonkrithi esheshayo kanye nokuqina kubalulekile ekufezeni izindinganiso zokwakha, ikakhulu lapho i-shotcrete iba yingxenye ewumgangatho wesekelo sokwesekwa kwezakhiwo. Uma kucatshangelwa kahle futhi kufezwa kahle ngokuhlola emhlabeni futhi ukwakhiwa, ishotcrete imelele isixazululo esifanelekile sokuxhasa izimo ezinzima ze-geotechnical nekuphuthuma kokwakhiwa kwezindonga ezijulile ezindaweni ezinzima zomhlaba.
Ishotcrete ye-dry-mix iyiteknoloji yokufaka ikhonkrithi eshayiwe ebalulekile ekuzinzeni komhlaba, ukuvuselelwa, nokwakhiwa phakathi kwezakhiwo ezijulile nezingozi zomhlaba. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukuphonswa kwephepha kwemix ehlanganisiwe ye-cement neziqukathi ngesikhumulo esilungiselelwe, lapho amanzi engezwa emaphaketheni ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ngokungafani ne-wet-mix shotcrete, inqubo ye-dry-mix inikeza ukulawula okungcono phezu komgwamanda we-cement namanzi kanye nezici zokuphola, okwenza ibaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezitholakala ekuphothuleni, ukusiza ukuvuka, nokuqinisa izisekelo. Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka be-dry-mix buphakathi kokusebenzisa ukuvuselelwa kwemigqa, ukwakhiwa phansi, ukusiza kwezimayini, nokuvuselela izakhiwo zomhlaba eziyingozi lapho ukufakwa kwekonkrithi okujwayelekile kungakhombisi kahle. Izinsiza ze-dry-mix shotcrete zifaka izinhlelo zokupompa ezikhethekile ezisebenzisa umoya, ama-compressor, ama-nozzle, kanye nezakhi sikamabhubesi eziklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokukhuliswa okucacile emkhakheni wezinto ezinzima. Izinsiza ezivamile zifaka ama-compressor anamandla akwazi ukukhiqiza ingcindezi ye-6-12 bar, ama-pumps e-dry-mix volumetric akala ngokufanele i-cement nezithako, ama-hose wokulethwa anomklamo ohlukile we-nozzle, kanye nezinhlelo ezihlobene ze-manifold zokungeza amanzi nokufaka okusheshayo. Inqubo yokufaka idinga abantu abaqeqeshiwe abaqondisa ukushaywa ezilungelo zokumba, izikhumbuzo zomhlaba, nezikhumbuzo zokuxhasa ngezikhathi ezithile nezindlela ezichanekileyo. Ukukhetha izinsiza kuncike enanini lephrojekthi, izimo zomhlaba, ukufinyelela okujolile nokuzenzakalelayo, kanye nezici ezidingekayo zokukhuluma nokuqinisa ze-shootcrete. Izicelo ze-dry-mix shotcrete ku-engineering yeziqalo ezijulile zifaka ukuvuselela izakhiwo zokweseka zokuqhuba ezikhona nezinsuku eziphakeme, ukuqinisekisa umhlabathi ozungezile emashalofini aphakeme, ukuwusiza ukulahleka komhlaba nokuvuselela izikhala, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngama-barriers emanzini angangeni emakhala nasemithonjeni evulekile. Le teknoloji ibaluleke kakhulu ekwenziweni kwezinyika, lapho i-shotcrete ifakwa ezindleleni ezilungiselelwe ze-borehole ukuze kudalwe okuhlangene phakathi kokuqinisa kwe-steel nomhlabathi noma itshe elizungezile. Emsebenzini wokuthuthukisa umhlaba nase-jet grouting, i-dry-mix shotcrete iyinhlobonhlobo yokufaka izinhlelo ngokuvuselela izigaba ezibhekilayo nokuqinisekisa ukuhamba komhlaba. Le materyali ibonisa ukuheha okuhle ezimweni zomhlaba nakwasemathwaleni, izimfanelo ezisheshayo zokukhulisa amandla, kanye nokuhlala okuhle ezimweni ezibucayi zamanzi aphakeme nezinye izinto ezimbi ezijwayelekile emsebenzini weziqalo. Ishotcrete ye-dry-mix ikakhulukazi iyasebenza emhlabeni ongenamqondo, izikhala zomhlaba ezinamandla, nasezinyakaza ezihlukahlukene lapho izinhlelo zokwesekwa okwakhiwe noma ukufakwa kwekonkrithi okujwayelekile kubonisa izithiyo zobuchwepheshe noma zomnotho. Le ndlela inikeza ukulawula okubuyela emuva, ukuchitha okuncane kwempahla, kanye ne-covering enenzuzo uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela eziyingxenye zokuvuselela. Ukuhlanganiswa nezithandani ezisheshayo kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kokukhula okuhola phambili kumaphrojekthi ezisekelo ezijulile. Ukuhamba kwezinsiza, ukuvumelanisa nezindawo ezingajwayelekile, nokukwazi ukuqinisekisa izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwenza ubuchwepheshe be-dry-mix shotcrete buhle kakhulu kubabhali abenza umsebenzi obucayi bezisekelo ezilungiswayo, ukuvuselelwa komhlaba, kanye nokuzinzelekela kwezomnotho emkhakheni wokwakha, izimayini, kanye nezinhlaka zezimali.
Imishini ye-wet-mix shotcrete imele ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile emisebenzini yokumisa umhlaba kanye nezokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, ikwazi ukusabalalisa ngokushesha i-concrete efakwe nge-spray ukuze kuqinisiwe umhlaba, kusekelwe ekuphathweni kokukhipha, kanye nokumiswa kwesakhiwo. Ngokwehlukana nezindlela ze-dry-mix, i-wet-mix shotcrete iletha i-concrete ekhethiwe ngaphambili ngezimishini ezikhethekile ze-spray, inikeza ukuvumelana okungcono, ukuhweba okuncane kwe-dust, nokwandiswa kokuxhuma kwezindawo ze-substrate. Le ndlela ibalulekile emaphrojekthini we-geotechnical ahlanganisa ukusebenza kokumbiwa phansi, ukwakha amahhashi, ukuthuthukisa izindawo ezinjenge-grooves, izicelo zokugcina zidonga, kanye nezinhlelo zokusekela izimbobo ezijulile. Inqubo ye-wet-mix ihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Portland cement, ama-aggregates aphakathi nendawo nezinkulu, namanzi ngaphambi kokuthi impahla ifinyelele kwi-nozzle, lapho izisheshisi kanye nezinto zokuxhuma zingase zengezwe ukuze zithuthukise isikhathi sokumiswa nokusebenza kwesakhiwo. Imishini kuleli qembu ifaka phakathi amapompo e-shotcrete, izandla ze-robotic zokuphakamisa, ama-nozzles okuphatha, ama-compressors, nezinhlelo zokuphehla ezihlanganisiwe ezakhiwe ukuze ziqhube ukusetyenziswa kwe-concrete elawulwa ngezinga ezehlukene lokPressure nezimo zokuvunguza. Ukufakwa kwe-wet-mix shotcrete kwanamuhla kusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlola ezithuthukisiwe ukuze ziqaphe ukwakheka kwemithamo, ibanga lokuphaka, kanye nobubanzi bokufaka, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi efanayo ezikhungweni zokumba kanye nezindawo ezinzile zomhlaba. Imishini kumele ikwazi ukujabulisa izimo zezakhiwo ezahlukene, ukusuka ezindaweni ezinqamulelayo zokungaphansi ezinemikhawulo yoyisa ukuya emaphrojekthini amakhulu okuthuthukiswa kwezindawo, ngenkathi igcina ukufakwa kwemathiriyeli ngokunembile ukuze kufinyelelwe amandla okucindezela ahlukanisiwe nezici zokubambisana. Izinhlelo ze-pneumatic, kufaka phakathi ama-compressors, amasimu okuletha, nezinsiza zokuhlukanisa ezenzakalelayo, zisebenza ngokubambisana ukuze zifinyelele ukusebenza okulungile futhi zinciphise ukulahleka kwe-rebound okunciphisa ukusebenza kwemathiriyeli. Izicelo ze-wet-mix shotcrete zidlula ezifundeni eziningi ze-geotechnical kufaka phakathi ukumiswa okungakanani komhlaba ukuze kusekwe izisekelo ezijulile, ukuxhasa okwesikhashana kokhonkolo emsebenzini wezindonga ezihambisana nezimbobo, kanye nokuxhaswa kokwakha okuqhubekayo ezindaweni zezigodi nezizinda ezijulile. Le ndlela yokuphaka i-concrete iqinisekile ikhethwa lapho kubhekwa izimo ezinzima zomhlaba ezihlanganisa i-clay ethambile, amaloka anegciwane, kanye nezakhiwo zomhlaba eziguqukayo lapho ukuxhasa okujwayelekile kunganele noma kungathengi. Le ndlela inikeza ukwazi ukuhamba okusheshayo okubalulekile emaphrojekthini ezisekelo ezibucayi, ukuvuselela ama-tunnel, kanye nokulungisa izigodi eziphuthumayo ngemuva kokwehluleka komhlaba. Izici zokubambisana eziphakeme, zihlanganiswe nethuba lokuhambisana nezindawo zokumba ezinzima nokuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokuxhasa ne-fiber composites, zenza i-wet-mix shotcrete ibe yisixazululo esiphakanyiswe ngokwengeziwe kubaklami abaphetha izinkinga ezinzima ze-geotechnical. Ukukhetha nokucaciswa kwemishini ye-wet-mix shotcrete kuncike kakhulu kumkhakha wephrojekthi, izithiyo zokufinyelela endaweni, amandla adingekayo okucindezela, isikhathi sokuhlinzeka, nezimo zemvelo. Abakhi abaphakathi kwezimboni zezakhiwo ezijulile nezokwakha umhlaba badinga imishini enikeza ukuhamba elukuhlinzeki - noma ngabe kuqinisekiswe ama-material angalungile, kukhishwa ukuxhaswa kwtemporary kokumba okujulile, noma kudalwe izithiyo ezinqamulelayo ze-concrete ezithinta okuqhubekayo. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kumkhiqizi we-wet-mix shotcrete ocacile kuholela ezinzuzweni ezicacile ezifaka izinhlelo ezenzakalayo zempumelelo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuphepha kwabantu ngokuqeda ukufaka imibhoshongo ngesandla, ukusebenza okwenziwe ngempela kokwakhiwa komkhiqizo ozimele, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindleko ngokunciphisa ukuchithwa kwemathiriyeli nezindlela zokusebenzisa ezithakazelisayo ezidinga uthando lwesandla. Ukuqina kwemishini kanye nezinga lemisebenzi abaqashi bahlala kuhlobene ngokuqondile nemiphumela yekhwalithi kanye nokuphumelela kwephrojekthi emikhakheni yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezihlomile.
Izinhlelo zokufaka umjikelezo wokuqhuba izinto ezishisayo zikaphalaphala zimele indawo ebalulekile ezinhlelweni ezisemodern zokuhambisa ukhonkolo okhethwe ngaphezulu kumaphrojekthi wokwakha izisekelo ezijule kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo ezikhethekile zilawulwa ukubeka kahle izithako zamakhemikhali ezishisayo kumix yokuhambisa, kuvumela ukusungulwa okusheshayo nokuqina kwangaphambili okubalulekile kumabhodi aphakanyisiwe, eziteshini, kanye nezokwakha ezingaphansi komhlaba. Izikhwama ezishisayo zisebenza ngokuguqula ngenhloso inqubo yokuhlanza i-cement, kuvumela ukhonkolo oluhanjiswe ngemijikelezo ukuthi lube yinsukwini ezisheshayo kunendlela ejwayelekile yokufaka ukhonkolo. Le msebenzi yokushesha ibalulekile kumasevisi adinga ukuvikeleka kwezindawo ngokushesha, ukunciphisa izinga lokubuyela, nokukwazi ukwenza amahlaka aphezulu ngaphandle kwezikhathi ezinde zokulinda. Izinhlelo zokufaka kufanele zilethe izishayo ngokunembile, njengoba ukufaka okungalungile kungathinta ukuqina kukakhonkolo, ukusinda, noma kudale ukungavikeleki komhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo zibalulekile emsebenzini wezisekelo ezijulile kuhlanganise nokwakha izindonga ze-diaphragm, ukufakwa kwezikhwama zamasoldiers, ukwesekwa kokumba kwe-micropile, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemigudu ye-caisson lapho izidingo zokweseka umhlaba zidinga ukufaka ukhonkolo osheshayo. Izincazelo zobuchwepheshe zempahla yokufaka izishayo ziqukethe ukulawula ukunyakaza, abakhethi bok pressures, kanye namapompo okuhlola abhalwe kumakhemikhali athile. Izinhlelo zakamuva zixhuma nezinsiza zokuhambisa ukhonkolo ukuze zisebenze kahle isikhathi sokufaka izishayo nezifinyela ukhonkolo, ziqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kuwo wonke umjikelezo. Abasebenzi kumele balawule izigaba eziningi kuhlanganise nemigomo ye-water-cement, ukwakheka kwezishayo, ibanga lokuhambisa, kanye nephuzu lokufaka ukuze bathuthukise ukufaka ukhonkolo ezimweni ezinzima ze-geotechnical. Izimo zembewu nezemvelo zihlola izinqubo zokufaka—izimbewu ezihlwabusayo, izikhala ezingezinhle, nezinga eliphakeme lamanzi emhlabeni kudinga amaqondo okushesha ahlukile kunemigomo ewusizo, akwazi ukubamba izakhi. Izinhlelo kumele zisebenze ngokuthembekile ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba ezinzima kuhlanganise nemisebenzi ye-tunneling ethokozisayo, izimo zokuthola eziphakeme, nezindawo ezingazezile ezinokukhanya okuncane lapho ukuphindela kwemishini nokwakhiwa kuhlala kubalulekile ekuphumeleleni kwephrojekthi. Izicelo zikhula emva kokubuka ezihlukene ezixhumanayo ezokwakhiwa kwesisekelo lapho ushazi lunikeza ukwesekela komhlaba okwesikhashana kanye nasekugcineni. Ekwakheni amagatsha ajulile, izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ushazi zenza ukuvikeleka okusheshayo kwezindawo ezihlwabusayo, zigcina ukuqina kokuqina ngesikhathi sokwakha izikhumba zamadoli kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwama-basement. Iphrojekthi yama-tunneling ebhizinisini ibhalela lezi zinhlelo ukusizo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwendawo ye-tunnel, unciphisa ukuguquka nokugcina ukuphepha kokumba ezimayini ezinamahloni. Ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba okubandakanya i-jet grouting, ukuhlinzwa kwembewu, kanye nezimo zokwakha zokuxhumana kuvame ukufaka izishayo ze-shotcrete ukuze kufezwe izinto ezilula. Ukwakha ama-micropile kanye ne-mini-pile sekuphinde kubalulekile ukufaka isikhumba esisheshayo sokusebenza kokuqina kokuhambisa. Izicelo zezimoto zasemanzini nezizindeni zidinga izishayo eziphakanyisiwe zokumelana namanzi anysawini nendawo eziphakeme. Ukukhetha izinhlelo ezifanele zokufaka kuncike ezidingweni ezithile zephrojekthi kuhlanganise nezinga lokufaka, isikhathi sokwandisa ukuqina kukakhonkolo, izithiyo zemvelo, kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho yokwakha kanye nezindinganiso zemboni eziphakanyisiwe zokuqhuba izinhlelo zokwakha.
Ukukhishwa kwefibre yensimbi kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenzisa i-shotcrete okwandisa ukuvikeleka kwestructure futhi kuhlinzeka ngokuqina kwekhonkrithi efakwe ku-deep foundation nasezinhlelweni ze-geotechnical engineering. Le nqubo ekhethekile ifaka phakathi ukulinganisa okuqondile kanye nokwengeza amafibre ensimbi kumxube we-shotcrete, kungaba esigabeni sokuhlunga noma ngqo emsamo we-spray phakathi kokusetshenziswa. Ukukhishwa kwefibre yensimbi kuvama ukuphakama kusuka ku-15 kuya ku-60 amakilojoule ngemitha cube yeconcrete, ngokuya ngezincazelo zephrojekthi nezimo zomhlaba. Amafibre ensimbi ahlinzeka nge-tensile strength, ukulawula ama-crack, kanye nokumelana nomthelela ku-shotcrete, okwenza kube kubalulekile kumasiko okumba, ukwakha ngaphansi komhlaba, kanye nemisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo lapho ukuhlobisa okujwayelekile kungasebenzi kahle noma kunganele. Imishini nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ekukhishweni kwefibre yensimbi zihluka ngokuya ngezidingo zephrojekthi kanye nezithiyo zokufinyelela. Izinhlelo ze-dry shotcrete zivame ukufaka iminyango yokukhishwa kwefibre ezilinganisa futhi zifeze amafibre emoyeni ngaphambi kokuba i-spray nozzle, kanti izinhlelo ze-wet-mix shotcrete zingase zixube amafibre ku-khonkhinithi ngaphambi kokupompa. Ukulinganiswa nokulawulwa kwe-quantity ye-fibre kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusabalalisa okufanayo nokusebenza okuhle kwe-shotcrete eqinile. Imishini yokukhishwa ekhethekile nemithombo yokudla ekhanyisiwe igcina ukuvumelana ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zokuzinza komhlaba. Abasebenzi bemishini kumele bahlale behlole okuqukethwe kwefibre ukuze bagweme ukuvinjelwa noma ukujula okungafani okungase kube yingozi ekusebenzeni okubalulekile kwechweba elihlinzekwayo. Ukukhishwa kwefibre yensimbi kubalulekile ikakhulukazi ezimweni zembewu kanye nezimo zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibangelwa yiningi lokucindezela kwamanzi, umhlaba ophelele, amajoka aphukile, kanye nezindawo ezingazinzile. Izicelo zihlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwemigudu ezinhlelweni zejoka ezingenamandla, ukwesekwa kokukhipha ngaphansi komhlaba emsebenzini wokumba kanye nakwezemidlalo, ukuzinza komhlaba opholile ekwakheni ezidolobheni, kanye nokuhlobisa odongeni bepit yeziqalo. Le nqubo isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni kwe-micropile, ukujula kwezikhuva, nokuzinza kwamangqamuzana lapho izinhlelo zensimbi ezijwayelekile noma izinhlelo ze-bolt-and-mesh ziqinile ukufaka. Emsebenzini we-deep foundation, i-shotcrete eqinile ifinyezisa ingozi yokuphela kokuphazamiseka ezindaweni eziphukile noma ezithambile zemakhathalogu ma, futhi inika eminye imikhawulo yokuphepha ezakhiweni ezingaphansi komhlaba zesikhashana nezokuhlala. Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhishwa kwefibre yensimbi ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo ezibanzi zokuzinza komhlaba kanye nezinhlelo ze-shotcrete kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwephrojekthi futhi kwehlisa izindleko zok maintenance isikhathi eside. Amafibre axhuma ama-microcracks, alawula ukujula okubangelwa ukuvikela, futhi athuthukisa ukusabalalisa komthwalo kumahlamvu e-concrete aqinile. Kubahlinzeki bemishini kanye nabakhiqizi, ubuchwepheshe bokukhishwa kwefibre bumele insizakalo enenani ehlanganisa imishini yokusakaza ejwayelekile futhi kuthuthukisa amandla okuletha izixazululo ze-shotcrete eziphumelelayo ezimeni ze-geotechnical eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinqubo zokukhishwa ezikahle, ezihlanganiswe nabantu abaqeqeshiwe kanye nezindlela zokulawulwa kwekhwalithi, ziqinisekisa ukulethwa okuqhubekayo kwe-shotcrete eqinile ehambisana nezincazelo ze-injini kanye nezidingo zokuphepha ezifanele eziphakeme ze-deep foundation kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba.
Amathuluzi okuphakamisa ikhonkrithi ye-shotcrete ayingxenye ebalulekile yokuzinza komhlaba nosthuthunyana ezindaweni zomhlaba ezinzima, evumela ukuhlinzekwa kahle nokufakwa kwamakhonkrithi agxilile ezimweni ezinzima eziphansi. Lezi zinhlelo zokuphakela ezikhethekile zibalulekile ekwenzeni imisebenzi ye-shotcrete eqinisa umhlabathi nezindonga zedwala, ivimbele ukwehliswa kwemithambo, futhi ihlinzeke ngenkxaso ethile noma engapheli emsebenzini wokwakha izisekelo. I-shotcrete, eyaziwa nangokuthi ikhonkrithi efakwe ngesiphehela noma i-gunite, ifakwa ngengcindezi ephakeme kumasurface, idala ungqimba oluqinile noluhlangene oluthuthukisa ukuzinza komhlaba kanye namandla okuphela. Amathuluzi okuphakamisa ikhonkrithi akhelwe ikakhulukazi ukufaka izicelo ze-shotcrete kufanele akwazi ukuphatha izidingo ezikhethekile zalesi siginali, kuhlanganise nokulawula ngokunembile ukuhamba kwamafutha, ukuvuseleka kokucindezela, kanye nokulethwa kwemathiriyeli kokubili emizini yeziqukathi nasezindaweni eziphezulu. Amathuluzi nezindlela ezihilelekile kokuphakela i-shotcrete ahluka kuye ngokuqhamuka kwezimo zendawo kanye nezidingo zephrojekthi. Izinhlelo ze-wet-mix shotcrete zisebenzisa amaphumelo ekhonkrithi akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngenkonzo ye-pre-mixed concrete ngama-hose aqinile noma aqinile ukuze ablaziwe, lapho umoya ophakanyisiwe ungene ukuze aphefumule umkhiqizo kumasubstrate. Izinhlelo ze-dry-mix zisebenzisa amaphumelo akhethekile noma ama-conveyors ukuze athuthe izithako ezomile ezindaweni zokuhlakulela ukuze zixubane namanzi endaweni yokufaka. Lezi zinhlelo zokuphakela zisebenza ngaphakathi kwezimo zokucindezela ezilawulwayo, ngokuvamile zifika phakathi kuka-20 no-60 bar, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlinzekwa kwesikhumba okufanele ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwemathiriyeli. Ukukhethwa kwemodeli yokuphakela ikhonkrithi kuncike ezintweni ezifana nokufinyelela endaweni yokuhlaviya, isilinganiso sokufaka esidingekayo, ibanga lokuphakela, kanye nezakhiwo ezithile ze-geotechnical zomhlabathi noma idwala eliphathwayo. Izicelo ezivamile zifaka ukuqiniswa kwamathambo omhlaba aphukile, ukuzinza kwemikhawulo yokuhlakulela, ukubuyiselwa kweziqhuqhuva, kanye nokuxhaswa kwemisebenzi ye-foundation underpinning ezindaweni zasedolobheni lapho ukuphakanyiswa kwempahla ejwayelekile kungasebenzi. I-shotcrete eqinisiwe nge-fiber noma i-mesh iba yisici esisemqoka sokuphatha umthwalo kuhlelo lwezisekelo ezijulile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinzima ezikahle ngokuphuka kwedwala, umhlabathi opholile, noma izimo zamanzi angazinzile. Le teknoloji isetshenziswa kakhulu emisebenzini yokumba emathunjini, ekuhlakuleleni amathunhu, ekwakhiweni kwemibhoshongo, nasekuguquleni izakhiwo ezikhona lapho kuthuthukiswa umhlaba ngaphambi kokufakwa kweziqukathi. Amathuluzi okuphakamisa ikhonkrithi ye-shotcrete avumela ukuba kuhlanjululwe izindawo ezinkulu zendawo, ehla ngesikhathi sokwakha ngenkathi ithuthukisa ukuphepha kwabantu ngokunciphisa ukufakwa kokukhonkolo ngesandla. Le ndlela inikeza ukusebenzisana okuhle komhlaba nezakhiwo, njengoba ikhonkrithi efakwe ngesiphehela ifaka ngokunembile ezindaweni eziphukile futhi igcwalise izikhala phakathi kwezimvu zomhlaba, idala indawo eyindlunkulu ehlangene. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle, kudingeka abayikhulisayo abanolwazi, imiklamo yokuxubana efanele enomkhiqizo ofanele we-cement kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezithako, kanye nokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwezimo zokuphilisa ezihlukene zomswakama. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza kwe-shotcrete uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokufaka ikhonkrithi zendabuko, kuhlanganiswe nokusebenza kwezimakethe zomhlaba okuhle, sekuphakanyiswe i-shotcrete ephezulu njengesu elibalulekile emkhakheni wezobunjiniyela bezindawo zomhlaba nezisekelo ezijulile emhlabeni wonke ezingafani nezimo zomhlaba nezimo zokwakha.
Ama-compressor omoya wokuphosa i-shotcrete ayimishini ebalulekile ekuzinziseni umhlaba nasemkhakheni wobunjiniyela bezisekelo ze-geotechnical zanamuhla. I-shotcrete, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-sprayed concrete noma i-gunite, iyindlela yokufaka i-concrete ethunyelwa ngama-pneumatics ethumela i-concrete enezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza ezindaweni ezinzima ukufinyelela, ezakhiweni eziphansi, nasezimo ze-geo ezinzima. Ama-compressor omoya anikeza umoya ophoqelelwe odingekayo ukuze adlule izixazululo ze-concrete noma ze-mortar ngezinhlaka zokuhambisa kanye ne-nozzles emaphusheni wokumba, ezindaweni ezisemathuneni, ezindaweni zokusebenza, nasemphakathini omhlaba. Lezi zikhompuyutha kufanele zilethe umoya ophoqelelwe ongamkhawulo, okujwayelekile phakathi kuka-6 no-8 bar kuhlelo lwe-shotcrete lwe-wet-mix kanye no-pressure ephezulu kuma-dry-mix processes—kuqinisekisa umthamo we-concrete ophumelelayo, ukuhlanganiswa, nokwakheka okuqinile kwephezulu efakwe. Ikhono le-compressor, elilinganiselwa ngamamitha cubic ngehora noma i-CFM, libeka ngqo impilo yokufaka i-shotcrete nemisebenzi yokuzinzisa umhlaba. Ezindaweni eziphakeme zokwakha izisekelo kanye nezinsiza zomgodi, izinhlelo ze-shotcrete zibhekana nezinselelo ezibalulekile ze-geotechnical, kufaka phakathi ukuzinza komhlabathi emashalofini amaphayili, ukwakhiwa kwemikhono, ukuqiniswa kwezindonga ze-diaphgram, nokuhlanganiswa kwezikhala emhlabathini ophukile noma we-karstic. Uma bekhula amaphayili, ama-drilling rigs, noma benza imisebenzi yokwenza amasango, osomabhizinisi bavame ukufika ezimweni ezingenakuzinza zomhlabathi, ukufafaza kwamanzi, noma ukwakhiwa kwama-geological oguquguqukayo kudinga ukuzinza okuphuthumayo. I-shotcrete efakwe ngama-compressor omoya anjengama-gesi neziphumo ipha ukweseka ngokushesha, ivale izingxenye ezinezimpande, futhi yehlisa ukungena kwesikhukhukazi emkhakheni wezisekelo. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni ohlanganisiwe, lapho ukufakwa kwendabuko kwe-concrete kungase kube nzima ngenxa yezinkinga zokufinyelela, izimo zamanzi, noma isidingo sokufakwa kwe-concrete okuhamba phambili, okwenziwa ngaphandle kokubeka kakhulu imiyalo. Ukukhethwa kwemishini yokucindezela umoya ukuze usebenze ku-shotcrete kuncike emkhakheni wephrojekthi, isikhathi, nezimo ze-geological. Ama-compressor akhishwe nge-diesel ashintshashintshayo ajwayelekile emsebenzini wokuzinzisisa wesikhashana noma owenzelwa indawo ethile, kanti ama-compressor anamandla amakhulu asekelwa imikhankaso yokwakha ejulile. Osomabhizinisi kufanele bacabangele izidingo zokuhlanzeka komoya—ama-compressor angena kufakazela ukuthi kuphumelelwe i-shotcrete—futhi izinhlelo zokulawula ingcindezi eziqinisekisa ukufana kokufaka. Usayizi wemishini uhambelana ngqo nezinga lokuhambisa i-concrete; ama-compressor amancane akhiqiza ukuveliswa kwe-application nokukhulisa amaphuzu angaphelele, kanti ama-uniti amakhulu akhuphula izindleko zokusebenza. Izimo zomhlaba ezifana ne-clay, i-silt, udaka oluphukile, noma umhlabathi ogcwele amanzi zisebenza kokubili idizayini ye-shotcrete mix kanye nezidingo zomoya ukuze kuzuzwe ukufakwa okukhulu nokusebenza kahle kwezakhiwo. I-shotcrete enezinhlelo zokucindezela umoya ifakwe kakhulu ezimweni zokwakha eziphakeme kufaka phakathi ukwakha izakhiwo ezikhona, ukwakhiwa kwe-caisson enkulu, ukweseka ukumba bhasamabhaso, ukuqinisa ama-tunnel boring, kanye nokwakha izindonga ezindaweni ezingazinzi. Le ndlela ibeka ezinye izicelo zokwakha kwezakhiwo ezinhle nezokulungisa okuphuthumayo, lapho ukweseka komhlaba okuphuthumayo kuyadingeka ukuvikela ukuwa noma ukuphuka kwezinto. Izinzuzo zemvelo nezokusebenza zifaka phakathi izidingo zokunciphisa izikhwama, izikhathi zokwakha ezisheshayo, nokuhambisana nezimo ezinzima. Ubuchwepheshe be-compressor bamuhla obuhlanganiswe nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwe-shotcrete bubonisa ikhono eliyisisekelo kumakhontileka ezakhiwo abaphatha izinselelo ze-geotechnical ezinzima ngaphakathi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba nezind rocks.
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