Imishini eyengeziwe ifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokweseka ezibalulekile nemishini yesibili evumela ukwakhiwa kwezindlela zokumba ezisekelwa yi-slurry ekwakhiweni kwesizinda esijulile. Kuzicelo zokuhlanza amanzi nokuqhuba imifantu yokunqamula, lezi zingxenye zibaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imizila yokumba ihlala ibhekene nezimo ezimeni eziqinile, ukuphatha izakhiwo ze-drilling fluid, nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokusebenza. Esikhundleni sokwenza imisebenzi eyinhloko yokumba, imishini eyengeziwe iphathe ukulungiselela i-slurry, ukujikeleza, ukwelashwa, nokulahla—imisebenzi ethinta ngqo ubuqotho besakhiwo kanye nezezimali zokwakha izithiyo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ekukhwalweni kwemithwalo ye-diaphragm, ukufakwa kwemifantu yokunqamula, ukuphela kwemivimbo ye-pile ye-secant kanye ne-tangent, kanye nezinhlelo ze-jet grouting, izinhlelo zemishini eyengeziwe zigcina ibhalansi ebucayi yokucindezela kwe-hydrostatic ye-slurry, ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, kanye ne-rheology yefluid edingekayo ukuvimbela ukuwa kwezimbobo nokuguquguquka komhlaba. Lezi zicelo zidinga ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-slurry, njengoba imithombo ye-fluid isebenza ngasikhathi sinye njengethuluzi lokumba, isiphethu sokucindezela, kanye nesithako sokuqala se-filter cake. Ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo, imishini eyinhloko ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokuqiniseka, futhi imithwalo eyakhiwe ibhekene nezinkinga zekhwalithi ezihlanganisa ukwehluka kokuthambekela, ukuvinjwa okuphansi, kanye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo okuphuliwe. Izinqubo zokusebenza zigxile kumajele okuphakela i-slurry: i-bentonite noma i-polymer slurry ixutshwa phezulu, iphushwa phansi nge-kelly/casing, ibuyela igcwele ngezikamu ezikhiphayo, bese idlula ekwelashweni ngaphambi kokuphakela kabusha. Imishini eyengeziwe iphatha zonke izigaba. Izitshalo ze-slurry zilungiselela ifluid kumthamo obekiwe (ngokuvamile 1.1–1.3 t/m³ ye-bentonite) kanye ne-viscosity. Ama-centrifuges noma ama-hydrocyclone cascades ahlukanisa futhi asuse izikamu ezincane zokumba ezinciphisa izakhiwo ze-slurry. Izinsiza ze-desanding zigcina ukusabalalisa usayizi wezinto phakathi kokuhlu okubekiwe (ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwezinto >10–15 μm). Izinsiza ze-slurry conditioning zilungisa i-pH, ukwakheka kwe-polymer, kanye ne-rheological parameters. Izinhlelo ze-tank zinikeza amandla okuphaka nokwakha izindawo zokuhlala. Amabhomyi okujikeleza agcina izinga lokugeleza elifunekayo; ama-vibrating screens ahlukanisa izinto ezinkulu. Izilungiselelo ezifanele zifaka phakathi: izitshalo ze-slurry ezihlanganisiwe (1–2 m³/min amandla okujikeleza), amasistimu okuhlukaniswa kwe-centrifuge (afanelekile emithonjeni ehlangene), ama-hydrocyclone cascades (kokumba umhlaba ophinki), izitokwe zomchamo ezinezimbobo nezinsalela, amaqhugwana okuhlinzeka kanye nezibambo zokuphuma, ama-manifolds nokuhlukaniswa kwezinsiza, izinhlelo zokulawula i-hopper kanye namakhono okusebenzisa amabala, nezinhlelo zokulawula ngokuzenzakalelayo ze-slurry parameters. Izilungiselelo zihluka ngokuya ngohlobo lomhlaba, ukuphakama kwezindonga, kanye nezinga lokukhiqiza. Izinhlu zokukhetha zifaka phakathi: umthamo wokujikeleza we-slurry odingekayo ngokohla kokuqukethwe; ukusabalalisa usayizi wezinsizakusebenza ezisemhlabeni kanye nezinga lokukhipha; ukujula nendawo yesikhumba (okuhlonza umthamo ophelele we-slurry); isikhala esitholakalayo sokufaka imishini; ukutholakala kwamandla kanye nokuthembeka kokuxhumeka; ukuhambisana nezindlela zokumba ezisemqoka (ama-hydromilling casing guides, ama-systems e-kelly); ukuzinza endaweni ethile yomhlaba nokuphuma komhlaba; kanye nokutholakala izingxenye ezikhubazekile. Izici zemvelo—izindlela zokulahla izikhutha ezihloliwe, imikhawulo yokukhala nokuqhuma, imithetho yokukh discharge—zithinta nezinketho zemishini. Izindinganiso ezihlobene zifaka i-EN 1538 (Imithwalo ye-diaphragm emihlathini eqinile kanye ne-rock soft), i-EN 12699 (Imithwalo yokudonsela), i-ISO 6892-1 (Ukuhlolwa kwezinto), kanye ne-API RP 65 (Imikhuba Erecommendileyo Yokunakekela Nokusebenzisa Amakhompiyutha eSubsea) lapho izinhlelo ze-umbilical zisebenza. Izinqubomgomo zethu ze-hydromilling nezimiso zokuvikelwa komhlaba ziphawulela ukusingathwa kwe-slurry. Imishini kufanele ihlangabezane nezikhombisi zemishini ezithile 2006/42/EC (i-CE marking) kanye nezindinganiso zempilo yokusebenza ngokukhala nokuhlakazeka kwamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokusingathwa kwe-slurry.
Imishini ye-slurry iyaziwa njengesistimu ehlelekile yokulungiselela, ukujikeleza, ukusiza, kanye nokuphatha izixhumi ze-bentonite kanye ne-drilling muds ekwakheni izisekelo ezijulile. Lezi zinto zisebenza njengezithuthukisi zesikhashana noma zokuqinisa ezizohlala, ukuzinzisa ama-boreholes nemingcele yokumba ngaphakathi, zigcina ubunjiniyela bokwakha ngesikhathi siphumelela ekwakheni. I-slurry igcina ibhalansi yok pressure ye-borehole, ivimbela ukuwa kwezingqimba, futhi ithuthukisa ukuxhumana phakathi komhlabathi nezinto ezibambekayo ezisebenza ezivimbeni. Le nkathazo yemishini isebenza ezinhlelweni eziningi ze-geotechnical. Imithombo ye-diaphragm (D-walls) ixhomeke ekujikelezeni kwe-slurry ukuze isekele imingcele yokumba yesikhashana ngesikhathi sokufaka ukujolisa nokuqhuba i-concrete. Ama-cutoff curtains—noma imingcele ye-bentonite yomhlaba noma i-cement-bentonite—asebenzisa ukwakha i-slurry ukuze enze izivimbela ze-hydraulic ezijulile ukuze kugcinwe ukungqubuzana nokulawula amanzi aphansi. Ama-secant kanye nama-tangent pile wall systems asebenzisa ukujikeleza kwe-slurry ukuze asekele umgibeli we-pile futhi agcine ukuzinza komhlaba ngesikhathi sokufaka. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-jet grouting zidinga ukuhanjiswa kwe-slurry okuphezulu okuhlanganiswe nokuphathwa kahle kwamanzi. Ukuxuba komhlabathi ne-cement kanye nomhlabathi ne-lime futhi kusekelwe ezinhlelweni zokuphatha i-slurry ukuze kufinyelelwe ekuxubeni okufanayo kokubopha komhlaba nokuphathwa kwedensiti. Ngokusebenza, inqubo iqala ngokulungiselela i-slurry: uthuli lwe-bentonite noma i-slurry ethuthuke ngaphambili ifakwa emithini yokuxuba lapho amandla okuxova namanzi enza ukuxubana okufanayo okuphilayo kokufanele nezinga lokucindezela. Izinhlelo zokugeleza—ivamise ukuba izipumpu ze-centrifugal noma ezi-positive-displacement—zithumele i-slurry phansi futhi ngokwejwayelekile zinezikeddy ezilawulwayo kanye nezinga le-pressure. Ngesikhathi sokujikeleza, i-slurry ibhekana nezithako nezinto ezibangela ukwehla kokusebenza kwayo. Izinhlelo zokuphila ezihlala zisebenza zigubungela ama-desanders (ama-hydrocyclones) kanye nama-desilters akhipha uthuli neziteshi, kuyilapho ama-centrifuge angakwazi ukubuyisa izinto eziqinile ukuze zisetshenziswe kabusha noma zisebenziswe. Izinsiza zokuhlola (ama-viscometers aphendukayo, ama-densimeters, ama-testers okuqukethwe komhlabathi, ama-meters e-pH) ziqinisekisa ukuthi izici zokukhipha i-slurry zihlala zingaphakathi kwemigomo yokusebenza phakathi nokwakha. Ukumisa kwemishini kuhamba phakathi kwezinhlaka zokuxuba eziphathekayo ukuze kuphumelele emaphrojeni amancane ngaphakathi kokwakhiwa okukhulu kwemboni eneziqhamuka eziningi zokwelashwa kwezisekelo ezinkulu. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zifaka phakathi ama-mixers e-colloidal yokuhlanza okusheshayo kwe-bentonite, ama-mixers aphezulu e-shear wokuhlanganiswa kwezithako, izipumpu ezisizayo ezikhalweni ezicashile, imishini yokulawula izinto eziqinile (shale shakers, centrifuges), kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezenzakalayo. Izindlela zokukhetha zixhomeke ezintweni ezidingekayo ze-slurry, ukuphakama kwe-borehole, izimo zomhlabathi, ukuqagela umthwalo wezinto ezifanele, imikhawulo yemvelo, kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza. Abahlinzeki badinga ukuhlinzeka amandla emishini ukuze avumelane nezinga lokumba, bahlele izinhlelo zokwelashwa ukuze bagcine ukujula nokucindezeleka, futhi bakhe izinqubo zokuphathwa kwezwa ezihambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo zomdabu. Izindinganiso zemboni ezibhekelela imishini ye-slurry nezindlela zifaka phakathi i-EN 1538 (imithombo ye-diaphragm), i-EN ISO 14688 (ukuhlukaniswa komhlabathi kwezinhlelo zomhlabathi), i-API 13A kanye ne-API 13B (izinhlobo zomoya zokuhumusha), i-DIN 4014 (ukuhlinzeka ngomhlaba), kanye ne-EN 1997 (ukwakhiwa kwe-geotechnical). Lezi zindinganiso zichaza izici ezamukelekayo ze-slurry, izikhathi zokuhlola, izidingo zedokhumenti, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphuma kwendalo ezibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulandela izinqubo zobuchwepheshe nezimfuneko zokwakha.
Izisetshenziswa zokumisa umhlaba ziwumkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe owakhiwe ngezinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukwakhiwa nokufakwa kwezingqimba zezindonga zomhlaba eziphansi nezakhiwo zokuzinzisa umhlaba emisebenzini yokwakha ezinkulu. Lezi zifaka imisebenzi ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuvuza kwamanzi, kulawuleni ukuhamba kwamanzi aphansi, nakwakhiweni kwemikhawulo yezakhiwo ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, amakhophi okukhipha, nezinye izinhlelo zokugcina umhlaba ngaphansi. Izisetshenziswa zokumisa umhlaba ziwumkhiqizo obalulekile emaphrojeni adinga ukuqina kwestruquisi nekhwalithi yokusebenza emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithintekayo, ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokugcinwa kwamanzi, nasekuvuleni izikhala ezijulile. Izisetshenziswa zokumisa umhlaba zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi zokwakha ezijulile, kuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm (izindonga zokumba ezisekelwe ku-slurry), amakhophi okukhipha amanzi abamba i-bentonite, izinhlelo ze-secant ne-tangent pile walls, kanye nezifakwa ze-jet grouting. Lezi zinhlelo ziphinde zibe nemfanelo ebalulekile ezinhlelweni ze-curtain ye-soil-cement-bentonite (SCB) kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindonga zokuhlanganiswa kwe-soil mixing (CSM). Lezi zisetshenziswa zibalulekile emiphakathini yasemadolobheni lapho izithiyo ezingezansi kufanele zivimbele ukuhamba kwezinto eziyingozi ngesikhathi ziqinisekisa ukuqina kwezakhiwo ngezimo ezinzima ze-hydrogeological. Ngokusebenza, izisetshenziswa zokumisa umhlaba zisebenza ngokuhlanganiswa kokusika okwenziwa ngogesi, ukususa umhlaba, nokwethulwa kwezinto ezibopha. Ekufakweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, uhlelo luhlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo kokuhamba kwe-slurry ukuze kuzizise ubuso bezindonga zokumba ngenkathi umshini osika ususa umhlaba nezinsila ngokuhamba kwemigqa ezinhlelweni. Ezinhlelweni zamakhophi okukhipha, ama-augers akhethekile noma ama-augers aqhubekayo (CFA) adlulela emgqeni womhlaba, ngezikhathi ezifanayo ehlukanisa umhlaba nokwethulwa kwe-slurry ye-bentonite yokuzinzisa noma izixazululo ezisekelwe ku-cement. Izisetshenziswa zibhakabhaka phakathi kokungena, ukungenisa izinto, nokukhipha okulawulwayo ukuze kwaqhamuka umkhawulo oqhubekayo, ongenamikhawulo emincane. Izisetshenziswa ezijwayelekile zokumisa umhlaba ziqukethe ama-mast ahlaliwe emotweni ye-crane enezinsiza zokubhoboza noma zokusika ezikhethekile, uhlelo lokuhamba kwe-slurry okubandakanya izishi ze-mixing kanye nezinsiza zokumpompa, amathobhu e-tremie wokubeka izinto, izinsiza zokuhlola ukuzinza, kanye nezinsiza eziyisizayo. Ukumiswa kuhluka ngokuya ngezimo zomhlaba, ubude bezithiyo, nokusebenza okulindelwe kwe-permeability, kusukela kuzinhlelo ezilula eziphathelene nama-auger ziye ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlakulela i-slurry. Izinkomba zokukhetha izisetshenziswa zokumisa umhlaba zifaka phakathi i-stratigraphy yomhlaba ongaphansi, i-permeability eyanele yokuthola isithiyo (imvamisa 10⁻⁷ kuya ku-10⁻⁹ cm/s), ubude nobubanzi bezithiyo, izimo zengcindezi ye-groundwater, ubukhona bokungezwani obudinga ukwelashwa, izinga lokukhiqiza elidingekayo, nezithiyo zokufinyelela. Abaphethuli kufanele bahlole amandla ezisetshenziswa ngokwejwayelekile kwe-diameter ye-borehole, ikhono lokuhlola ikhwalithi ye-slurry, kanye nokuhambisana nemisebenzi eceleni. Izindinganiso ezihlobene zokusebenza zifaka phakathi i-EN 1997-1:2004 (Eurocode 7: Ukuklama kweGeotechnical), i-ISO 14688 (Ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba), i-DIN 4126 (Ukwakha izindonga ze-sheet pile), kanye ne-API RP 2A (Izimiso zokwakhiwa okuzenzakalayo). Izichazamazwi zendawo zokwakha izindonga zokukhipha, kuhlanganisa nemikhawulo yokungena yemkhawulo ephezulu nezidingo zokwakha, zilawula ukukhetha kwezisetshenziswa kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza.
Amaphampu, emsebenzini yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kanye nezokuzinza komhlaba, amabamba e-auxiliary abalulekile sokulungisa indawo, ukuhlinzwa komhlabathi, ukusizana nokuphatha izinto, nokwenza izixazululo zobunjiniyela ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga zomhlaba kanye nezifundo zokuphonza, ama-excavator asebenza njengamathuluzi ayinhloko ukuze akhombise umhlaba, aphathe izinto ezivelelayo, abeke imishini eyingcweti, futhi agcine ukufinyelela okusebenza phakathi kohlelo lokwakha. Indima enkulu yama-excavator emaphrojekthi azisekelo ezijulile ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile: enza ukuhlinzwa kokuqala komhlabathi okudingekayo ukuze kuqaliswe izindawo zokusebenza; aphathe ukususa izinto ezitholiwe nokugcina izinto ezidingekayo ezikude nemingcele yokuhlinza; enze kube lula ukusethwa kwemitha ye-diaphragm wall, amakholomu e-secant pile, nemishini ye-jet grouting; aqinise futhi agcine izakhiwo zokuhola; futhi asekele uhlelo lokukhipha amanzi ngesikhathi sokugcina izinkundla zomsebenzi eziphephile, ezifinyeleleka ekujuleni. Ngezikhala zokuphonza—ngabe zifinyelelwa ngezindonga ze-diaphragm, amakholomu e-jet grouting, amakholomu e-soil-cement, noma amasistimu ama-sheet pile—ama-excavator anikeza amandla ayisisekelo ukuhlinza ipuleti lomhlaba, asethe izithasiselo zokulawula ezihorizontal nezenzakalayo, aphathe izimo zamanzi angaphansi, futhi abheke ukusetshenziswa kwezokwakha okuqhubekayo phansi kwezikhathi zephrojekthi ezinde. Ngokwenqubo, ama-excavator afinyelela lezi zisebenzi ngama-hydraulic bucket systems, anika amandla ukususa umhlabathi ngaphansi kwezindawo eziphakeme nezingafani zezimo zejoloji. Izinhlobo zamabhakede zikwazi ukugwema izimo zomhlaba okuthile futhi zigcine ingcindezi ephansi yomhlaba, okubalulekile uma usemkhatsini wezinhlelo ezithinta emhlabeni, izisekelo ezisemthethweni, noma izindonga zezimoto. Izinhlobo ezinamathayi zinikeza ukuhamba okuhle kakhulu ukuze kube nokuxhumana okusheshayo phakathi kwezindawo zokusebenza. Ukukhethwa kwamaqhekeza—amaqhekeza okugaya ajwayelekile, ama-dredging buckets, ama-buckets abheke phansi, noma ama-buckets akhethekile—akha umjikelezo we-excavator ukuze udlulele ezimfanelweni zomhlabathi ezithile nezidingo zokuphatha izinto ezitholakala ezikhumulweni eziphakeme ezinezingxenye zensimbi, umhlabathi, i-clay, ne-cobble. Ukumiswa kwemishini kuleli qembu kuvamise ukuhlanganisa ama-excavator ahlukaniswe nge-hydraulic kusuka kumathani angama-20 kuya kwama-100+, kanti ubude be-boom buphakathi kuka-6 kuya ku-12 metres ukuze bavumele ubukhulu bokusebenza ezimehlweni nezidingo zokufinyelela izinto. Izinhlobo ezinde zifinyelela ku-18-22 metres, zixazulula izinselelo zokuhlinza okujulile, izindawo ezinoshukela, nezindawo ezinqamulayo. Ukumiswa kwemishini eyengeziwe ye-dredging, eqhubeleka ngezindlela zokuzungezisa ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezinhlelo ze-drag-bucket, kusekela ukuhlinzwa okungaphansi noma ngaphansi kwethebhu yamanzi okuwumsebenzi obalulekile ekwakhiweni kwekhefu eliqinile okudingayo ukufakwa kwemithombo yamanzi eqhubekayo. Izimo zokukhetha zifaka phambili ukuzinza okuphezulu komhlaba ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yesizinda, ubude bokuhlinza obudingekayo kanye nenani eliphelele, ukuvumelana nezinsiza zomhlaba ezikhona, ukukwazi ukuphatha izinto okuhambelana nezikhala zokugcina, imikhawulo yokwakha nokudlidliza ezindaweni ezithinta izindawo zomphakathi okuhlupheka, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo nezinhlelo zokuhlinza amanzi. Ukufinyelela komphumela we-lateral kanye nezinga lokujula kuqhubekisela phambili ukucwaninga kwephrojekthi nokusebenza okuphephile. Izindinganiso zezimboni ezilawula ukusebenza kwama-excavator zikhumbuza i-EN ISO 6487 (izidingo zokuphepha zamathayi nezisekelo), i-EN 474-1 (isichazamalungu nemigomo yokusebenza), kanye nemigomo yokuphepha emsebenzini efuna ukuqinisekiswa komphakathi. Izidingo ezithile zephrojekthi zihlala zisebenzisa izindinganiso ze-DIN zomsebenzi wezokwakha ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nemihlahlandlela ye-API RP 2A yezenzo ezisemkhatsini lapho ama-excavator asekele khona izinqubo zokufaka ezisekhoneni.
Ama-backhoe loaders iyimishini yokumba nokulayisha enamandla, ehlanganisa ukusebenza kwethuluzi le-bucket etholakala phambili ne-arm yokumba ye-hydraulic efakwe naphakathi, okwenza kube imishini ewusizo ezinhlelweni zokwakha ezijulile. Le mishini isetshenziswa njengamathuluzi asebenzayo phakathi nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-diaphragm, ama-cutoff curtains, izinhlelo ze-secant pile, izindonga ze-sheet pile, kanye nemisebenzi eyodwa efana nebanga. Emikhakheni yeziqalo ezijulile, ama-backhoe loaders asebenza ikakhulu ukuze alungise indawo, aphathe izinto ezisemhlabathini, asuse udoti, abeke imishini, kanye nemisebenzi ejwayelekile eyisekela ukumba kanye nezinsiza ezikhethekile zokufaka izisekelo. Umgomo wokusebenza wama-backhoe loaders uncike ohlangothini lwe-hydraulic lwezinto ezimbili, i-bucket ye-loader yangaphambili ne-arm yokumba ye-hydraulic yangemuva, ephethwe ngomsebenzi wokusebenza. Le mishini inezinyawo ze-stabilizer ze-hydraulic ezivulekile ukuze inikeze ukuzinza ngakolunye uhlangothi ngesikhathi sokumba, ivimba ukuhamba phansi futhi iqinisekise ukuphatheka okuphephile. I-telescopic boom articulation ivumela ukuqonda okuphezulu kokujula nokufinyelela, ngokujula kwe-bucket evame ukungama phakathi kuka-3.5 no-4.5 metres kuye ngesigaba somshini. Umsebenzi we-loader ophambili uphathe ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto, ukuqoqwa, kanye nokuthutha, kanti i-arm yokumba yangemuva ikhipha imisebenzi yokumba ephephile ezindaweni ezinamahlazo lapho ama-excavators amakhulu engakwazi ukusebenza, okuyinzuzo ebalulekile emiphakathini yezisekelo ezijulile ezinezikhala. Ama-backhoe loaders ahlukaniswe ngokuya ngamandla okuhluza kanye nezinga le-powere, ukusuka kumamodeli amancane (0.4 kuya ku-0.6 cubic meter bucket capacity, 20 kuya ku-35 kW) afanele izindawo ezinokufinyelela okulinganiselwe, kuya kumamodeli ajwayelekile (0.75 kuya ku-1.0 cubic meter capacity, 40 kuya ku-65 kW), kuya kumakhono anzima (1.2 kuya ku-1.5 cubic meter capacity, 75 kuya ku-110 kW) kwemisebenzi yomhlaba enkulu. Abakhiqizi bemishini efana no-JCB, Caterpillar, Komatsu, kanye no-Volvo banikeza izilungiselelo ezihlukene ezinezakhamzimba ezahlukeneyo, imithwalo ye-hydraulic, kanye nezinga lokuhambisana kwezimoto. Ukukhetha ama-backhoe loaders afanele izinhlelo zezakhiwo ezijulile kudinga ukuhlolwa kwamandla e-bucket ngokwevolumu yokumba ehleliwe, izidingo zokujula nokufinyelela ezihambisana ne-geometri yesikhathi, ingcindezi ye-hydraulic ephezulu kanye nezinga lokugeleza elifanele ama-tool wokubambisana (ama-augers, ama-quick couplers, izimbiza ezikhethekile), kanye ne-radius yokujikijela nobubanzi be-granule obuhambisana ne-topography yesikhathi kanye nezindlela zokufinyelela. Isisindo sokusebenza kanye nengcindezi ye-granule kumele kuhambisane nezimo zamanje zesikhathi kanye nezidingo zokuzinza, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezinhlaka ezithambile noma ezimanzi. Ama-backhoe loaders asebenza ngaphansi kwemigomo ye-ISO 6165 yokuhlukaniswa kwemishini yokuhambisa umhlaba, ahambisana nezidingo zokuphepha ze-EN 474 zokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwemishini yokuhambisa umhlaba, futhi ahambisana ne-ISO 13001 ngendlela yokuhlola ukuzinza kwemishini ye-loader-type. Izinyathelo zesistimu ye-hydraulic zihlangabezana nezidingo ze-ISO 4413 zamaworking fluid power systems. Imishini kumele ibonise imibhalo eqinisekisiwe yokuphakanyiswa kanye nezitifiketi zokuzinza ngaphansi kwamazinga kazwelonke afanele ngaphambi kokwethulwa emikhakheni yeziqalo ezijulile. Ukuhlola kokuthathu njalo kanye nokugcinwa ngokwezincazelo zomkhiqizi kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza nokwethembeka kwemishini phakathi nokuphothulwa kwephrojekthi.
Izakhiwo zokuphakamisa zingama-ejenti abalulekile emkhakheni wezokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, zisebenza njengemishini eyinhloko yokubeka, ukufaka, nokuphatha amathuluzi nezinye izinto ezikhethekile ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwemindeni yomhlaba, ama-cutoff curtains, nezinhlelo ezihlobene zema-barrier ezingaphansi komhlaba. Emsebenzinwini wezisekelo ezijulile, izakhiwo zokuphakamisa zikhombisa amandla omshini okukwazi ukuphatha ukufakwa ngendlela enembile kwamathuluzi okumba akhulu, izinhlelo zokufaka, ama-tremie pipes, izigxobo ezithatha, kanye nezinsiza zokuzizwela ukuhamba kwegazi ezijulile, ziqinisekisa ukuhamba okufanele nokufakwa okuphephile ezindaweni ezinzima nezimfushane ezingaphansi komhlaba. Imikhawulo yokusebenza yezakhiwo zokuphakamisa ibhalelwe emkhakheni eminingi yezindlela zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile. Ekwakheni kwemindeni ye-diaphragm, izakhiwo zokuphakamisa zifaka futhi zehlise imihlangano yokuguqula, zikhumbula ama-clamshell nama-hydrofraise izigxobo ezithatha ezindaweni ezithile, futhi zifaka ama-tremie pipes ukuze kufakwe ikhonkrithi. Ku-installations ye-cutoff curtain esebenzisa izindlela zokugadla kwe-secant nodoli, izakhiwo zokuphakamisa zilawula ukuhamba kwezakhiwo zokumba futhi zifaka ama-auger heads, ama-tube okusebenza, nezinhlelo zokufaka. Ezemisebenzi ye-jet grouting, izakhiwo zokuphakamisa zisimamisa futhi zisebenzisa ama-jet pipes kanye nezinhloli ezindaweni ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanganiswa okulinganayo nokuzinza komhlabathi. Ukwakha imindeni ye-soil-cement-bentonite (SCB) nakho kuxhomeke ezakhiweni zokuphakamisa ngenxa yokubeka imishini yokuhlanganisa kanye nokulawula ukuvumelanisa kwe-slurry ngesikhathi sokufaka. Imindeni ye-slurry trench cutoff isebenzisa izakhiwo zokuphakamisa ukuphatha izinsiza zokufaka nokuhlola, kanti izinhlelo ze-secant pile kanye nezinhlelo ze-sheet pile zixhomeke ezakhiweni zokuphakamisa ukuze ziqinisekise ukuma kokumba nokushaya kwemishini ngephutha eliphezulu. Ngokubhekiselele emkhakheni wasebenza, izakhiwo zokuphakamisa zisebenza njengezindlela zokubeka ezinembile kunokuba kube izinsiza ezilula zokuhambisa. Isidingo esiyinhloko asikho kuphela emandleni okuphakamisa, kodwa kunalokho amandla okuzuza ukuhamba okuvamile, okuphathwa ngendlela enembile kwe-vertical ngosizo lwezindleko ezincane, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wama-borehole lapho imishini kufanele idlule ezihlanganweni noma igcine ukulungiswa okuqinile. Izakhiwo zokuphakamisa zanamuhla zifaka izinkomba zomthwalo, izinhlelo zokuvimbela ukuhamba, kanye nezinsiza zokuhlola ubude ukuze zifeze ukuhamba ku-centimeter okuphoqelelwe kugcizelelo lwezidingo zezisekelo ezijulile. Umsebenzi wendawo uqhubeka nokuxhumana ngokuqhubekayo nabantu basemhlabeni besebenzisa amasistimu okukhombisa ajwayelekile noma ukuxhumana ngeradiyo ukuze bagcine ukulawulwa kokuma ngesikhathi sokufaka nasekukhishweni. Izikhiye zomshini zihluke kakhulu ngokwendlela ezithathelwa khona. Izinketho ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-lattice boom ngefomethi ethile, izakhiwo zokuphakamisa ezizungezayo ezinikeza ukufuduka nokuzibeka ngokwakho, kanye nezinhlelo ze-derrick ezinikwe indawo yokwakha ehlelekile yokusebenza okuphezulu. Umthwalo uhlala phakathi kuka-25 kuya ku-200 metric tons, kuye ngemisela yokuphatha edlalwe nemisebe yokusebenza. I-configurations ingabandakanya ama-hook blocks akhethekile ane-bar zokwabela umthwalo, ama-shackles okusebenza ahlonywe ukuze aphathe kakhudlwana, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ubude ezihlanganiswe nemiphakathi yemikhono. Izikhetho zokukhetha izakhiwo zokuphakamisa zigxile kumapharamitha ambalwa abalulekile: umthwalo okrequired ophakamisa ku-parts eyodwa engama-hey kumelela ezindaweni zokusebenza, ibanga lokuphakela ukusuka endaweni yokuphakamisa ukuya emkhatsini we-borehole, ukuphakanyiswa oku zingalungiseka endaweni, ukujula kwansuku zalesimo, izinga lokwehla okuceliwe futhi nokwaziswa kokuma, kanye nokuhambisana ne layout yendawo esivele ikhona kanye nezindawo zokubeka izinto. Abakhi kufanele baqinisekise amarekhodi e-sertification, imibhalo yokuhlola umthwalo, kanye nezinhlelo zokugwema izinkinga ngokuhambisana nemithetho yendawo nezimfuneko zephrojekthi. Ukukhetha imishini kube i-references EN 13000 (izidingo eziyimpoqo zezakhiwo zokuphakamisa ezihambayo), EN 14439 (izakhiwo ze-derrick), kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha ezithile zephrojekthi ezivame ukuhlangana ne-DNV, IMCA, noma iziqondiso ezifanele zomkhakha wezisekelo ezijulile. Izibalo zomthwalo kufanele zihlonze izinto zokuphikisana, ama-coefficient we-impact, kanye nezimo zokuphika ezingaphansi komhlaba ezithintayo ku-tension ye-wire rope nokulawula ukuma.
Ama-trailer aphansi, azknownwa nangokuthi ama-lowboy noma ama-drop-deck trailers, ayizindawo zakho ezikhethekile zokuhamba ezinzima eziklanyelwe ukuhweba imishini enkulu, enzima, kanye neyesikhumbuzo seziqalo ezinzulu. Njengemishini eyisisekelo esiza ekwakheni izisekelo, ama-trailer aphansi asebenza njengoxhumano olubalulekile phakathi kwezakhiwo zokukhiqiza imishini, izindawo zephrojekthi, nezindawo zemishini. Umsebenzi wabo omkhulu uwukuhambisa ngokuphumelelayo izinjini zokubhoboza, ama-vibratory pile drivers, ama-hydraulic hammers, izinhlelo ze-casing, izinsiza zokubhoboza ezimaphakathi necrane, kanye nezinye izinsiza ezikhethekile zokwakha izisekelo ezedlula usayizi ojwayelekile wokuhamba kwezimoto nezinsizakusebenza. Ukuphakama kwe-deck ephansi—ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-1.2 no-1.5 metara ukusuka ezingeni lomhlaba—kwenza kube lula ukufinyelela imishini emide ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhlonishwa kwesisindo se-axle esivumelekile nokuhlonishwa kokuphakama komthwalo ezindaweni zomgwaqo zomphakathi. Ama-trailer aphansi asetshenziswa kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo ezinzulu, kuhlanganisa imiklamo yokufaka odongeni be-diaphragm, ukwakhiwa kwe-secant piles, odongeni be-sheet piles, izinhlelo zokugrouta ze-jet, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezingxenye zomhlaba-nomphako-bentonite (SCB). Ukuguquguquka kwabo kubalulekile kakhulu ekuhambiseni ama-kelly stems anzima, ama-heads okubhoboza, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqhuba ezihlobene nezinsika ezinkulu. Ama-trailer akwazi ukuthwala izimo zemishini ezithunyelwe ngokwawo noma ezihanjiswa, anezikhala ze-kingpin ezilungisekayo nezinhlelo zokuhambisa umthwalo ezilungiselelwe imithwalo engalingani noma engahlukanisiwe. Ngokwenziwa, ama-trailer aphansi asebenza njengezindawo zokuthwala umthwalo asebenzisa izimo ze-multi-axle—ngokuvamile kusuka kwama-2 kuya kwama-5 axles—anezinhlelo zokuphakela ezihambisana ne-hydraulic eziklanywe ukuze kudambiswe amandla adlulayo ngesikhathi sokuhamba phezu kwemithambo eyahlukeneyo. Izinhlelo ze-air suspension noma ze-mechanical suspension zihlukanisa imithwalo yemithwalo ngokulinganayo phakathi kwama-axles ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza ngesikhathi sokwandisa, ukuphumula, kanye nezinguquko zom方向. Ukuphakama kwe-deck okungashintshashintshi kumamodeli athile kungahlangabezana nemishini enezikhala ezahlukene zomhlaba, kanti ama-axles aphakanyisiwe noma ama-tag-axles kumakhalipha amakhulu kukhuphula ikhono eliphezulu lokuthwala ku-40–60 tonnes naphakade. I-structure ye-trailer ifaka ama-I-beam athuthukisiwe noma ama-frame ebhokisi akwazi ukumelana nemithwalo egxilile eyenziwa ngamaphuzu-okuthinta aphezulu ezinsikeni zokubhoboza nezifakwe zamahhashi. Izimo ezijwayelekile zama-trailer aphansi zifaka amamodeli aphansi anokuvumelana kokuphindaphindwa kwemishini, ama-gooseneck design anikeza ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ezindaweni ezinzima ezibhakabhakayo noma ezicindezelwe, kanye namamodeli anokuphakama kwe-deck okungashintshashintshi okwenza kube lula ukusebenza kokulayisha nokukhulula ngaphandle kwe-cranes zangaphandle. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zifaka izinhlelo ze-hydraulic ezilawulwa kude, izinhlelo zamasondo ezihlanganisiwe zokuphepha zamafashini okumbhoboza, kanye nezinhlobo ze-axle ze-tandem-wheel noma ze-dual-wheel ukuze kutholakale ukuhlukaniswa komthwalo okujabulisayo ezifakwe ngempela ezindaweni ezithambile eduze kwezindawo zephrojekthi. Izindlela zokukhetha ama-trailer aphansi zifaka izilinganiso ezinkulu zokuhlola isisindo sezimoto (GVWR) mayelana nezikhumbuzo zemishini ethwalwayo, ubude nobubanzi be-deck obuhambisana nemiphumela yemishini, ukuhlonishwa kokuhlukaniswa kwesikhumbuzo sokuxhumana nemithetho yezokumisa yesifunda, uhlobo lwe-suspension oluhambelana nezimo ze-terrain, kanye nezithiyo zokuhamba ngaphakathi kwezigaba zokufinyelela. I-geometry ye-trailer, kuhlanganise nezinga lokungena nokuhamba, isikhala se-kingpin, kanye namandla okuzihambela kufanele kuhlangabezane nezindawo ezijwayelekile zokwakha izisekelo ezinamathuba aphansi nezindlela zokungena ezilinganiselwe. Izindinganiso ezithinta ukuklama, ukukhiqiza, nokusebenza kwama-trailer aphansi zifaka i-ISO 3691-4 (Ithrekhi zezimboni—ukuphepha) ngenxa yokuzinza kokuphathwa komthwalo, i-EN 12642 (Ukuphepha kwemishini yokuhambisa) ngenxa yokwakheka okubumbene, i-DIN 70020 (Usayizi wezithuthi namathweku) ukuze kuhlonishwe imithetho yomgwaqo waseJalimane, kanye nezindinganiso ze-API 2A zemisebenzi ze-offshore. Ukuhlonishwa kwemithetho ye zikhangiso zomphakathi mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwezithuthi zomgwaqo, ubude bezezimoto jikelele, kanye nemikhawulo yobubanzi kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ukuhamba kwemishini eduze kwemingcele eYurophu.
Imishini yezakhiwo zomshini wephepha zikhombisa isigaba esikhethekile semishini nezinsizakusebenza eziklanyelwe ukufaka, ukudala, nokuhlanganisa ingca embozwe emphakathini ophakeme kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umhlabathi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisekelwa yizifunda ezifana nezindonga ze-diaphragm, izimpawu zokuhlukanisa, kanye nezinhlelo ezihlobene nezivimbela. Le mishini ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusabalalisa kahle ingca nokucindezela ezimeni eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlala lapho ukufinyelela kube kuncane futhi ukunemba kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bokwakhiwa kanye nokusebenza kwemvelo. Imishini ye-concrete isetshenziswa ezinqubweni eziningi zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kubandakanya ukwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, lapho kufanele ukufakwa ingca ngaphakathi kwezifunda ze-bentonite slurry ukuze kugcinwe izinduku ezizinzile ngesikhathi sokumba. Kubalulekile futhi ekufakweni kwezimpawu zokuhlukanisa, kudala izivimbela ezingangeni emanzini noma ezinokungena okuphansi ukuze kulawulwe ukuhamba kwamanzi nemigudu yokungcoliswa. Le mishini isekela ukwakhiwa kwe-secant pile, lapho ama-pile aphindwe ngokuhlanganiswa noma i-jet grouting akha izinhlelo zodonga eziqhubekayo, kanye nezinhlelo ze-sheet pile lapho i-jet grouting ithuthukisa ukusebenza kokwakhiwa kanye nokuhamba kwamanzi. Izinhlelo zokufaka ingca zibalulekile ezisebenzelana nezinhlelo zokuxuba umhlabathi kuhlanganisa i-deep soil mixing (DSM) ne-jet grouting, lapho imishini kumele ibambisane nezilinganiso ezikhethekile zokuxuba futhi ilethe i-grout slurry ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokucindezela. Izinqubo zokusebenza ziqhakambisa ukulethwa okukalwe, okulawulwa kwengca noma izixubhu zemathiriyeli ukuya phezulu, ngokuvamile ngokumelene nengcindezi enkulu ye-hydrostatic kanye ngaphakathi eziphuzweni ezinzima. Izinhlelo ze-tremie pipe zimelela ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo, okuhlanganisa amatikiti aqinile noma angathathi zindawo okwehlisa khona ingca phansi nokuqhuba ukwehlukaniswa kokuphakela. Ingca iyakhululwa kancane ukuze kuvinjezelwe ukuhlukaniswa nokungcola, kanti i-tremie ihanjiswa njengoba ingca iphakama. Ezinhlelweni ezisebenzelayo, izinhlelo zokumpompa ingca ziletha imathiriyeli ngokuqhubekayo ngaphansi kokucindezela okulawulwayo, kanti i-viscosity kanye ne-aggregate gradation kulungiswa ngokuqapha ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa nokuhlinzeka ukusabalala okufanayo. Izinhlelo zokuphinda zisebenzise i-slurry nezokwelashwa ziphatha ikhwalithi nekhono lemiyalo yokufaka. Izinhlobo ezibalulekile zemishini zifaka ama-mixers e-concrete (kusukela kumayunithi e-drum aphethe kuze kube sezinhlelweni ezinkulu zangempela), ama-pump e-concrete (angama-trailer kanye nama-truck enezikhala ezihlukahlukene), izinhlelo ze-tremie pipe ezihlanganisa imishini yokuphakamisa, amadivayisi okulinganisa ukuhamba kwe-concrete, izinhlelo zokwelapha i-slurry kanye nezokukhipha amanzi, kanye nemishini yokufanisa izengezo zokulawula i-viscosity kanye nesikhathi sokusetha. Amadivayisi okucindezela imivande abalulekile ezinhlelweni ezithile. Izinkomba zokukhetha zigxila kumthamo wokuletha, ukuhambelana kokusebenza kwe-concrete neziphuzo zokwesekela, ingcindezi ephezulu yokusebenza, kanye nokunemba kokulawula ukuhamba. Abakhi bahlola umthamo wesixubhu mayelana nesikhathi sokufaka, ukwethenjwa kwepump ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhungathekayo, ukuhambelana kwe-tremie ne-geometry ye-borehole, kanye nemithamo ye-slurry. Izimo zemvelo ezifaka imithelela yokushisa ekuphathweni kwe-concrete nasekuzinzilekeni kwe-slurry zibonakalisa kahle ukucaciswa kwemishini. Izinga elihlobene lifaka phakathi i-EN 1538 (Ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile—izindonga ze-diaphragm), i-EN 12716 (I-jet grouting—ijubane lokusebenza), kanye ne-DIN 4128 (izinkombandlela zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba). Ukwamukela kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-concrete kanye ne-grout, ukuhlanganiswa okufanele, kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside kwezakhiwo zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba.
Ama-compressor omoya ayindawo ebalulekile kumishini eyengeziwe ekwakheni izisekelo ezijulile, anikeza umoya ophumayo ophakanyisiwe kumasistimu apneumatic abalulekile ekuzinziseni komhlabathi, ukufakwa kwezindonga zokugcina, kanye nemisebenzi yokushintsha umhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo zifaka umoya ophansi ophumelelayo ukuze kukhanyiswe imishini, amathuluzi, kanye nezinqubo ezibalulekile ekwakheni izisekelo ezijulile zanamuhla, ikakhulu ezicini ezihlobene nezindonga zediyafram, amabha ahlukanisiwe, izindonga zokuphuma, kanye nemisebenzi ye-jet grouting. Indima eyinhloko yezinhlelo zokucindezela umoya emsebenzini wezisekelo ezijulile ihlanganisa izindawo eziningi zokusebenza. Ama-hammer apneumatic nama-breakers asetshenziswa durante ekwakhiweni kwezindonga zokugcina kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlanganisa umhlabathi-ne-cement, angadinga ngokuphelele umoya ophumelelayo ophakanyisiwe. Ukwengeza, ama-compressor omoya asebenza njengezinsiza zokucindezela kumasistimu okukhuthaza asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile ze-grouting, ukunciphisa uthuli ngesikhathi sokuv drilling, kanye nezindlela zokwenza kube lula kumasokisi asetshenziswa ekwakheni izindonga zediyafram. Emtakeni wokuhlanganisa (MIP) nasezinhlelweni zokuhlanganisa umhlaba oguqugquzayo (DSM), umoya ophakanyisiwe uphakamisa imoto ye-pneumatic esebenza kumathuluzi okuhlanganisa futhi u facilitating izinqubo zokushintsha umhlaba ezidinga ukuhlinzekwa okwandisiwe okuphezulu. Izicelo ezikhethekile emaphahleni e-jet grouting nasezindongeni zokugcina umhlaba ne-bentonite zincika kumkhawulo ocacile wokucindezela komoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yokwelapha evamile ezindaweni ezahlukene zokujula. Ngokwenziwa, izinhlelo zokucindezela umoya zisebenza ngokuhamba noma izindlela zokucindezela eziphilayo. Ama-compressor e-reciprocating piston, uhlobo olujwayelekile emsebenzini wezisekelo, acindezela umoya ngokomchanjiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlinzeka nokukhishwa, enikeza ucindezelo oluvamile olukhuluma phakathi kuka-7 no-25 bar kuye ngezidingo zohlelo. Ama-compressor e-rotary screw anikeza ukuhamba okuqhubekayo ngokuphumelela okuphezulu kwezokusebenza okuqhubekayo, okujwayelekile ekwakhiweni kokuhlola okuphezulu kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlanganisa. Ama-compressor e-centrifugal, asetshenziswa kancane emsebenzini wezisekelo, anikeza umthamo omkhulu wezicelo ezikhethekile. Zonke izinhlelo zifaka ukuhlinzwa kwamanzi, ukuhluza, kanye nokulawulwa kocindezelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila kwemishini nokuphumelela kokusebenza. Izingxenye zokugcina ezibambene zigcina umoya ophakanyisiwe, ziqinisa ukuhlinzeka futhi zikhoshe izincazelo ezivela ekusebenzeni kwamathuluzi apneumatic. Izimo zamadivayisi zihluka ngokuya ngecala lokusebenza. Ama-compressor kagesi aphathekayo (200–600 CFM) afanelekile emisebenzini ephathekayo kanye nezindawo ezinomkhawulo emishini. Izinsiza ezihamba ngogesi (800–2000+ CFM) zisebenza njengezinhlelo eziyinhloko zezimayini ezinkulu. Ama-compressor amabili ahlukanisiwe athuthukisa ukusebenza ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuqhubekayo okudingeka ucindezelo oluqhubekayo. Izingxenye zokuhlukanisa amanzi kanye nezihlungi zemikhiqizo zimele izinhlaka ezibalulekile ezivikela imishini ephasi futhi ziqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ezinhlelweni zokuhlanganisa eziqhubekayo. Izinkomba zokukhetha ama-compressor omoya zifaka ucindezelo oludingekayo (bar), umthamo wokuhamba (CFM/m³/min), ukutholakala komthombo wamandla, izinkinga zokuhamba ezindaweni, kanye nezidingo zecyclus yezenzo. Abakhi bahlola izindleko zodumo, kuhlanganiswe nezindleko zokuphishekela, izikhathi zokunakekelwa, kanye nokuphindaphindeka kwemishini ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile. Ukucabangela kwemvelo kuphinde kuthinte ukukhethwa kokuhamba edolobheni kwemishini kagesi noma izinhlelo ezinezikhawuzo zokukhishwa. Ukuthembeka nokutholakala kwezinsiza ezindaweni zephrojekthi kuthinta izinqumo zokuhlanza imishini. Izindinganiso ezihlobene ezilawulayo izinhlelo zomoya ophakanyisiwe zifaka i-ISO 8573-1 (ukuhlukaniswa kokuhlanzeka komoya ophakanyisiwe), i-EN 60204-32 (ukuphepha kwamagajethi apneumatic), kanye ne-PED 2014/68/EU (umhlahlandlela wezinsiza zocindezelo). Ukuhlolwa kwemishini ngokwemigomo ye-EN 12622 yokuphepha kwezizinda ezipneumatic kanye nokuhambisana nezikhombisi ze-ATEX (zezimpathe zomoya ezivunguza) kukhombisa lokho okungaba yisixhaso sokuhlanganyela okubalulekile kumphakeli wemishini yezisekelo ezisebenza emakethe ezilawulwayo.
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