Izinsimbi zepilingi eziqinile zezesekeli zensimbi ezinezigaba ezinhle ziyinqwaba yokwakha okuhloswe ngayo izinhlelo ezinzima zokwakha ezijulile eziphekelwe ezinhlelweni zokuqonda umhlaba. Lezi zimpawu eziphekiwe zensimbi zifaka isakhiwo sesikwele esinezinsiza zensimbi ezinjengezincibilikisi eziklanyiweyo ukuze kudluliselwe izigaba ezakhiweni ezivela ezakhiweni eziphezulu ngezakhiwo ezithambile zaphansi ukuya kuzinhla ezisebenza kahle. Ukwakhiwa okuqinile, ngokuphambene nezakhiwo ezingenalutho noma ezihlungi, kususa izikhala futhi kunikeza umthamo omkhulu wocwecwe ukuze kudluliswe umthwalo, okwenza lezi zimpawu zibe ezifaneleka kakhulu kumsebenzi wezisekelo eziphakeme lapho amandla okuphuka nokuhamba kwama-moments kunamandla. Ukwakheka kwezinsimbi eziqinile ezinoshizi ezinjene zibandakanya iPortland cement concrete yekhwalithi ephezulu enezinto ezilungile nezilinganiso ezichwepheshile zamanzi-ukhonkolo ukuze kufezekiswe amandla abhalwe phansi ahlukaniswe phakathi kukaC40 noC60. I-cage yensimbi yokufaka, ehlukaniswe ngamabhakabhaka ansuku zonke namabha ambalwa, ibekwa ngendlela yokwakha ukungaguquguquki ngesikhathi sokwakha, ukuhamba, nokufakwa. Izindlela zokukhiqiza zanamuhla zisebenzisa izinqubo zokuvibrating zensimbi ezihlanzekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulingana okukhulu kwazo zonke izithako zezimpawu, kunciphisa iziphakamiso futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwezakhiwo. Isimo sesikwele uqobo sikhombisa izinzuzo ezindaweni ezilungiselelwe lapho izimpawu ezijikelezayo zingafaneleki, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wezisekelo zamadolobha lapho izithiyo ezifanelekileyo nezakhiwo ezikhipha zidinga izindlela ezijulile. Ezinhlelweni zokwakha ezijulile, izinsimbi eziqinile ezinoshizi zinekhono elikhulu ezinhlelweni zezakhiwo ezihambisana nezakhiwo eziningi, izixhumanisi, izikhungo zezimboni, nezakhiwo zasolwandle. Zisebenza kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuphakanyiswa komhlaba lapho umthwalo ophezulu nokuhlola okuncane kubalulekile. Ukugcina endaweni kuvamise ukufaka noma ukujolisa ngokuqondile ezisekelweni ezivundlile noma ezinqumayo ezivuselelwa ngemithombo yensimbi ukuze kuvinjezelwe ukuhlala okungahluka nokunciphisa ukunciphisa komthwalo wokukhathala. Ukufakwa kwenzeka ngeziqhamuka zomsindo noma izibhamu eziqina eziqina impuli kakhulu ngenxa yokuvivinya amandla wokwakha ngokuhlola umzamo we-dynamic load noma ukuhlola i-statik pile load ngesikhathi sokuqinisekisa. Izinhlobo ezisemqoka zifaka phakathi izigaba ezijwayelekile ezineziqu eziphumelelayo, izinsimbi ezinde eziqine ezithile ukuze zihlangane nezicelo eziqondile-zomthelela, kanye nezinhlu ezibhalwe ngaphansi eziklanyelwe ukusekelwa kwekhaya emaphethelweni wokuhlanganisa lokhu. Izicelo zihluka kakhulu ngokuya ngesisekelo sendawo yokwakha: umhlaba ongenalutho udinga izinsimbi ezinezinhlayiya eziphakeme, kanti amakhasi abopha umgxobho wessay sisiqedela ukubala. Abadizayineli bahlongoze izinsimbi eziqinile zezingxenye ezilindelekile ngokwekhono lokuhamba okuphezulu nemithwalo, imikhawulo yokuhlola ezinhlelweni zomsebenzi, izidingo zokuphelelwa okwokubamba ukwakhiwa okukhombisa ukufaneleka kwendaweni ezichumayo, kanye nezithiyo zokwakha okubandakanya ikhono le-crane nokufinyelelwa kohlaka. Ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba kuqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa kokwakha kokuthengwa nokufakwa. I-European Standard EN 12794 ibeka izidingo zokwakheka kwe-precast concrete, kuyilapho i-EN 1536 ilawula izindlela zokwakha ezibhalwa lapho lezi zimpawu zisebenza njengokuphakanyiswa kwezinto zokwakha. I-ASTM D6951-21 inikeza izidingo zokwakha ezichaziwe zamaMelika zeziqhamuka. I-ISO 2394 ibeka izimiso ezijwayelekile zokuphepha nokusebenza kwezinhlelo, eziphathelene nazo zonke izisekelo ezisekelwa ngezinsimbi. Lezi zindinganiso ziyalawula ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla okukhula ngokuphuma kufanele, ukuqinisekisa ushizi nowokwakha izinsimbi, kanye nemikhawulo yokuhlola ukuthi iqinisekisa ukusebenza isikhathi eside kwezinhlelo ezinzima. Ukukhetha izinsimbi eziqinile ezinoshizi kuphinde kube ngokuqondile endaweni yokuhlola koqobo, imithwalo emikhiqizweni ezizimele, ukuchazwa okwenziwayo, nobuchwepheshe bamaphrojekthi. Abadizayineli bavivinya izindleko zokuqala zempahla nezokusebenza ngokuphindaphindiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezidingo zokuqina okude, ukusebenza kokuhlola, kanye nekhono lokuthwala umthwalo ukuze kuhanjiswe izixazululo zezakhiwo ezilungiselelwe ngendlela yokwehlisa izindleko ezizimele ezihlukahlukene ezihlangene nezinye izimo zemvelo nezomnotho.
Izinsimbi zepilingi eziqinile zezesekeli zensimbi ezinezigaba ezinhle ziyinqwaba yokwakha okuhloswe ngayo izinhlelo ezinzima zokwakha ezijulile eziphekelwe ezinhlelweni zokuqonda umhlaba. Lezi zimpawu eziphekiwe zensimbi zifaka isakhiwo sesikwele esinezinsiza zensimbi ezinjengezincibilikisi eziklanyiweyo ukuze kudluliselwe izigaba ezakhiweni ezivela ezakhiweni eziphezulu ngezakhiwo ezithambile zaphansi ukuya kuzinhla ezisebenza kahle. Ukwakhiwa okuqinile, ngokuphambene nezakhiwo ezingenalutho noma ezihlungi, kususa izikhala futhi kunikeza umthamo omkhulu wocwecwe ukuze kudluliswe umthwalo, okwenza lezi zimpawu zibe ezifaneleka kakhulu kumsebenzi wezisekelo eziphakeme lapho amandla okuphuka nokuhamba kwama-moments kunamandla. Ukwakheka kwezinsimbi eziqinile ezinoshizi ezinjene zibandakanya iPortland cement concrete yekhwalithi ephezulu enezinto ezilungile nezilinganiso ezichwepheshile zamanzi-ukhonkolo ukuze kufezekiswe amandla abhalwe phansi ahlukaniswe phakathi kukaC40 noC60. I-cage yensimbi yokufaka, ehlukaniswe ngamabhakabhaka ansuku zonke namabha ambalwa, ibekwa ngendlela yokwakha ukungaguquguquki ngesikhathi sokwakha, ukuhamba, nokufakwa. Izindlela zokukhiqiza zanamuhla zisebenzisa izinqubo zokuvibrating zensimbi ezihlanzekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulingana okukhulu kwazo zonke izithako zezimpawu, kunciphisa iziphakamiso futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwezakhiwo. Isimo sesikwele uqobo sikhombisa izinzuzo ezindaweni ezilungiselelwe lapho izimpawu ezijikelezayo zingafaneleki, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wezisekelo zamadolobha lapho izithiyo ezifanelekileyo nezakhiwo ezikhipha zidinga izindlela ezijulile. Ezinhlelweni zokwakha ezijulile, izinsimbi eziqinile ezinoshizi zinekhono elikhulu ezinhlelweni zezakhiwo ezihambisana nezakhiwo eziningi, izixhumanisi, izikhungo zezimboni, nezakhiwo zasolwandle. Zisebenza kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuphakanyiswa komhlaba lapho umthwalo ophezulu nokuhlola okuncane kubalulekile. Ukugcina endaweni kuvamise ukufaka noma ukujolisa ngokuqondile ezisekelweni ezivundlile noma ezinqumayo ezivuselelwa ngemithombo yensimbi ukuze kuvinjezelwe ukuhlala okungahluka nokunciphisa ukunciphisa komthwalo wokukhathala. Ukufakwa kwenzeka ngeziqhamuka zomsindo noma izibhamu eziqina eziqina impuli kakhulu ngenxa yokuvivinya amandla wokwakha ngokuhlola umzamo we-dynamic load noma ukuhlola i-statik pile load ngesikhathi sokuqinisekisa. Izinhlobo ezisemqoka zifaka phakathi izigaba ezijwayelekile ezineziqu eziphumelelayo, izinsimbi ezinde eziqine ezithile ukuze zihlangane nezicelo eziqondile-zomthelela, kanye nezinhlu ezibhalwe ngaphansi eziklanyelwe ukusekelwa kwekhaya emaphethelweni wokuhlanganisa lokhu. Izicelo zihluka kakhulu ngokuya ngesisekelo sendawo yokwakha: umhlaba ongenalutho udinga izinsimbi ezinezinhlayiya eziphakeme, kanti amakhasi abopha umgxobho wessay sisiqedela ukubala. Abadizayineli bahlongoze izinsimbi eziqinile zezingxenye ezilindelekile ngokwekhono lokuhamba okuphezulu nemithwalo, imikhawulo yokuhlola ezinhlelweni zomsebenzi, izidingo zokuphelelwa okwokubamba ukwakhiwa okukhombisa ukufaneleka kwendaweni ezichumayo, kanye nezithiyo zokwakha okubandakanya ikhono le-crane nokufinyelelwa kohlaka. Ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba kuqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa kokwakha kokuthengwa nokufakwa. I-European Standard EN 12794 ibeka izidingo zokwakheka kwe-precast concrete, kuyilapho i-EN 1536 ilawula izindlela zokwakha ezibhalwa lapho lezi zimpawu zisebenza njengokuphakanyiswa kwezinto zokwakha. I-ASTM D6951-21 inikeza izidingo zokwakha ezichaziwe zamaMelika zeziqhamuka. I-ISO 2394 ibeka izimiso ezijwayelekile zokuphepha nokusebenza kwezinhlelo, eziphathelene nazo zonke izisekelo ezisekelwa ngezinsimbi. Lezi zindinganiso ziyalawula ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla okukhula ngokuphuma kufanele, ukuqinisekisa ushizi nowokwakha izinsimbi, kanye nemikhawulo yokuhlola ukuthi iqinisekisa ukusebenza isikhathi eside kwezinhlelo ezinzima. Ukukhetha izinsimbi eziqinile ezinoshizi kuphinde kube ngokuqondile endaweni yokuhlola koqobo, imithwalo emikhiqizweni ezizimele, ukuchazwa okwenziwayo, nobuchwepheshe bamaphrojekthi. Abadizayineli bavivinya izindleko zokuqala zempahla nezokusebenza ngokuphindaphindiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezidingo zokuqina okude, ukusebenza kokuhlola, kanye nekhono lokuthwala umthwalo ukuze kuhanjiswe izixazululo zezakhiwo ezilungiselelwe ngendlela yokwehlisa izindleko ezizimele ezihlukahlukene ezihlangene nezinye izimo zemvelo nezomnotho.