Izingxenye ezihambisanayo ekwakhiweni kwezimbiwa ezisezingeni elijulile zimele ibanga elibanzi lezinsiza, izinto, nezinhlelo ezibalulekile ekufezeni ngempumelelo imisebenzi yokwakha udonga lwe-diaphragm kanye nezimbobo ezisemaphakathini. Lezi zinto zokweseka zenza ingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lwezimpande ezijulile, ukusebenza ngokuhlanganyela nemishini yokuhlanganisa nokuqhubeka kokumba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikelwa kwesakhiwo, ukusebenza okwanelisayo, nokuhambisana nezidingo zokwakhiwa kwe-geotechnical. Izingxenye ezihambisanayo zisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izigaba zokwakhiwa kwezimbobo ezisemaphakathini kanye nodonga lwe-diaphragm, kusukela ekulungiselelweni kokuqala kwesiza nokufakwa kwesakhiwo sokguidi, kudlulela emubeni wezimbobo, ukuphathwa kwe-slurry, ukuhlelwa kwezimbiwa, nasekupheleni kokwakhiwa kodonga. Ezikhaleni ezisemaphakathini, izingxenye ezihambisanayo zenza kube lula ukuhlela kahle ukufakwa kwezimbiwa eziyinhloko nezizimele, kuvumele ukuhlangana kahle kwembobo nezakhiwo ezifanayo, kusekele ukuhamba kwe-slurry nezinhlelo zokubuyisela, futhi kuhlinzeke ngokuqiniswa okwemuva phakathi nesikhathi sokuqala sokuphilisa. Zibalulekile kwazulu nodonga lwe-diaphragm, izindonga zokusika, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa umhlabathi, lapho izinhlelo zokguidi, izinto zokuphatha i-slurry, nezinsiza zokuhlela ukujolisa zibalulekile ekufezeni izici zokwakhiwa. Umsebenzi wezokusebenza kwezingxenye ezihambisanayo uhilela imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile. Odongeni bokuhola nezinhlelo zokudlala zigcina ukujolisa kwesikhumbuzo nesikhumbuzo sokumba kuyacindezela kumandla oku? njenge- slurry kanye nomhlabathi ozungezile. Izinhlelo zokucubungula i-slurry—okuhlanganisa imithombo, ama-centrifuge, nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa—ziphatha ukujula kwegazi lokumba, ubunzima, nokwakheka kwegazi ukuze zigcine ukujula kokukhukhula futhi kube lula ukwehlukanisa iziphambeko. Izikhala zokuhlukanisa, ama-centralizers, nezinhlelo zokuphatha ama-reinforcement cage ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimbobo zifakwe kahle kanye nemibono efanele phakathi kwezimbiwa eziyinhloko nezizimele. Imishini yokuhlola nezinsiza zokuhlola ilandelela izimo ze-slurry, ukuhlelwa kwezimbiwa, nokuthuthuka kokuhlala kwangaphambili ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulandelana kokwakha. Izigaba zomshini ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kwezingxenye ezihambisanayo zifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokuhola ezimechanical nezihlikihlekile, izitshalo zokucubungula i-bentonite slurry ezinokugeleza okuhlukeneyo, izinhlelo zokuhlola nge-ultrasonic nezemoto ukuze kube nokuhamba kwezimbiwa, ama-tremie pipelines nezinsiza zokuhlola ukuze kube nokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi, izinhlelo zokusebenzisa izigaba zefom zempahla, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakamisa noma izinhlelo zokuqinisa ezizindlini ezedlula izindonga ezijwayelekile. Imishini yokuhlola isikhathi sokuphilisa—esebenzisa ama-ultrasonic pulse velocity noma ukukala okushisa—ivumela izinqumo ezisekelwe kwisayensi mayelana nesikhathi sokufakwa kwezimbiwa, yehlisa izikhathi zokwenza ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo. Izikhalazo zokukhetha izinhlelo ezihambisanayo zinqunywa ubukhulu bedonga, ububanzi bezimbobo, ubude bedonga obudingekayo, izimo zomhlabathi ne-surface water, izincazelo zengilazi, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Umklamo wedonga wokuhola kufanele uhambisane nezinhlelo eziphezulu zokucindezela kumazinga aphakeme wokuqhamuka. Ukuhlola kokuhlanza i-slurry kumele kuhambisane nezinga lokumba ngenkathi kugcinwa ubukhulu obubhalisiwe ne-viscosity. Izinhlelo zokuhlela kufanele ziqinisekise ukujolisa okuhambisana nezidingo zokudlulisa umthwalo wesakhiwo, ngokuvamile ±50 mm phezulu kwedonga. Izinga elihambisana nemigomo elawulayo ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwezingxenye ezihambisanayo lifaka phakathi i-EN 1538 (odonga lwe-diaphragm), i-ISO 6930 (izakhiwo ze-slurry), i-DIN 1045 (ukungaguquki kwe-concrete), kanye ne-API RP 65 (imisebenzi yenkundla). Izindinganiso ze-European ne-ISO zimisela izincazelo ezincane zomklamo we-slurry, ukujolisa kwesakhiwo sodonga lokuhola, izinqubo zokuhlanganiswa kwe-tremie, nezinhlelo zokuhlola ikhwalithi phakathi nezinyathelo zokwakha ezisekelwayo.
Iziqhingi zokwakha ezakhiwe ngama-excavator ephakela emayini omhlaba kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindonga zokumisa zisebenza njengenhlangano ebalulekile yokweseka izindlela eziyingqayizivele zokwakha amafuthwa ajulile okuhlanganisa izindonga ze-diaphragm, izindonga zokumisa, ama-piles e-secant, izindonga ze-sheet pile, kanye nezisebenzi zokuhlanganisa umhlaba. Le mishini isebenza ngaphezu kokuhanjiswa komhlaba okwakudala; inikeza ukwakhiwa komhlaba okuncane, ukulawula ukuhamba kokukhwabanisa, nokususwa kwe-cuttings okuwumsebenzi obalulekile ekugcineni ukuzinza ezindaweni ezinamathuba amanzi nasemagumbini asezansi komhlaba. Abakwa-excavator kuleli qembu ngokuvamile basebenza ngokuhlanganyela nezinsiza zokubhoboza, izinhlelo zokwelapha ukukhwabanisa, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhwabanisa i-tremie, zakha umsebenzi oqondile lapho ukuma kwe-excavator, ukuqina kwenqana, kanye namandla e-hydraulic kuthonya ngqo impumelelo yokufakwa kwezindonga zokumisa kanye nokuzinza komhlaba. Umqondo wokusebenza ugxila ekususweni kwemhlaba ophume ngaphandle ngenkathi kuqhutshwa ukubalwa kwamanzi aphakathi kanye nokuhamba kwezinto ezimele emanzini. Ekubhalweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm ngokwe-EN 1536, ama-excavator asusa ama-cuttings aqukethe i-bentonite ezindongeni zomhlahlandlela kanye nezinhlelo zokwesekela. I-sequencing ifezwa ngokubambisana nezinsiza zokubhoboza izindonga ukuze kusungulwe izimo ze-planar panel ezine ±500 mm yokubekezelelana okujoliswe horizontal. Ezindaweni zokusebenza zokumisa, ama-excavator aphatha ukususwa kwe-spoil okuvela emigibeni ye-auger kanye nezinhlelo zokujika, kubalulekile ekugcineni i-hydrostatic equilibrium ezindaweni ezijulile. Emsebenzini we-jet grouting, ama-excavator asusa izinsika ezihlanganiswe nemhlabathi-cement kanye nezinsalela ezinkulu ezingequkiwe yizinsiza zokubhoboza, ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ekuthatheni izindlu ezilandelayo nezindawo zokubeka izindonga. Izicelo zokuhlanganisa umhlaba zisebenzisa ama-bucket ama-excavator anama-paddles akhethekile wokuhlanganisa ukuze kulungiswe i-strata ethambile noma izinto ezikhiphayo ngaphambi kokuphinda zisetshenziswe ezindaweni zokuphakamisa noma ezinhlelweni zokukhwabanisa. Izicwangciso zezimoto zihluka ngokusukuma kokufaka nezinga lomhlaba. Ama-excavator e-backhoe ajwayelekile (CAT 320, Komatsu PC200) asebenza ezindaweni ezifinyelela ku-15 m futhi anezikhono ze-bucket hydraulic ezingu-0.8–1.2 m³, ezifanele ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokuhambisa izindonga zomhlahlandlela kanye nezindonga eziphezulu. Izinhlobo ze-longreach ezine-11–14 m booms ezithuthukisiwe zisebenza ezindongeni ze-diaphragm ezijulile (25–50 m ukujula) ngaphandle kosizo lwephayinari lokunyakaza. Ama-excavator ama-amphibious anciphisa ukuhamba kwendawo nokufinyelela ezindaweni ezivimbelwe ngezisekeli zomgwaqo zethunithi. Amathuluzi akhethekile afaka ama-high-flow hydraulic quick couplers (ISO 16028), ama-bucket agqokiswe kakhulu ahlonziwe ngamasizeni aqinile aklanyelwe umhlaba onobuhlungu lapho i-SPT N-values idlula ku-50, kanye nama-buckets aklanyelwe ukuhamba kokukhwabanisa okungaphantsi ngaphandle kokufakwa komoya. Izinkomba zokukhetha ziphinde zibe nesidingo sokushintsha kumjikelezo wokufaka, usayizi we-borehole, ukuhlukaniswa kwemhlabathi (ISO 14688), izidingo zokuphakela ukukhwabanisa, kanye nezimo zokufinyelela endaweni. Isisindo semishini kanye namandla okuthwala komhlaba (ngokuvamile 60–80 kPa ngamathuluzi wesikhashana) sithinta ukuthi imiyalo yokuhamba kwe-tracked noma wheeled ifanele izimo zendawo. Izinga lokugeleza kwe-hydraulic ye-excavator kudinga ukuhambisana nezinga lokuphuma kwemiphumela ye-drilling rig mud pump ukuze kuvinjezelwe izinga lokukhwabanisa elingadluli ±500 mm, ngokwe-ISO 22476-12 imiyalelo yequality control yokwakha ukufika kwabafuthwa. Ulwazi lwe-operator ngokuqinisa iziteshi zokuhlanza umhlaba, i-slurry rheology, kanye nokuphatha i-cuttings gradation kuhlukanisa imiphumela yokusebenza ezindaweni ezinamakhaya amancane noma ezinhlelweni ezidlayo zomhlaba. Izinga elifanele liqukethe i-EN 1536 (ukwenza imisebenzi ye-geotechnical ethile—izindonga ze-diaphragm), i-DIN 4126 (ukubekezelelana kwe-diaphragm wall), i-ISO 14688 (ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical), i-ISO 22476-12 (ikhwalithi yezinto ezixubene emabhalweni okugubha), kanye ne-API RP 2A (izicwangciso zokwakha ukwaziswa kwezinsiza). Ukuhambisana nalezi zinga kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-excavator kuhambisana nezinga lokuzinza komhlaba, ukwakhiwa kwe-slurry, kanye nezinhlelo zokususa i-cuttings ezimiswe abagibeli bezinhloso zokwakha kanye nezikhungo ezilawulayo.
Izingxenye zokwakha ezikhokhelwayo zihlala ziqinile, ezihanjiswayo noma ezinqamulelayo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhamba komhlaba ezihlanganisa amandla wokulayisha ibhaki elibekwe ngaphambili nezinsimbi zokuhlola ezibekwe ngemuva, zisebenza njengesidingo esibalulekile emisebenzini yokwakha ezinjezehlile nezinye izinhlelo zokuqapha umhlaba. Ezemisebenzi ethile njengemifantu ye-diaphragm, ama-curtain cut-off, izindonga ze-secant pile, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokufaka ama-sheet piles, izikhala zokwakha zihlala ziqinile futhi zikala ukukhulisa amathuba okugcina izinto, ukusekela ukuhamba, nemibandela yokulungiselela umhlaba ezenzakalayo ezivumela ukufezekiswa okuhle kwemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zikhala ziphakathi kokukhipha phakathi kwemishini ye-pile driving eqondile nemishini yokuhamba emikhulu, ezinika ukuhamba okungcono ezindaweni ezixinile zasemadolobheni nakwimihlangano yokwakha ethile lapho izinsiza zomhlaba noma izindlela zokwakha ezigxile zidinga impendulo, ezisebenziseka kalula kwezemisebenzi yokuhamba komhlaba. Ekufakeni komdwebo we-diaphragm, izikhala zokwakha zenze ukususa umhlaba nolwazi oluqhamuka ezindaweni zokuhola ze-walls kanye nezindawo zokuhlola amahlelo, ziphathe izingxenye ze-bentonite slurry circulation, futhi ziqhube izinsiza ezisekelayo okufaka phakathi ama-tremie pipe assemblies nezikhumbuzo. Ukuze ube ukufaka ama-cutoff curtains—kukhona ama-jet grout, ama-soil-mixed, noma izakhiwo ze-secant pile—izikhala zokwakha ziphatha ukuhlinzekwa kokwakha izikhala, ukulungiswa kwemigqa ye-slurry nezobumba, ukususa izinto ezivela kumakholomu emhlabathi, nokulungiselela indawo yomhlaba. Ngesikhathi sokufaka izindonga ze-sheet piles, lezi zikhala ziza nosizo ekuhleleni imigwaqo yokufinyelela, ukulungiselela izinto, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokugcina imvelo. I-design yokusebenza kangcono ivumela ukuhamba okuqhubekayo kwezemisebenzi ngaphandle kokuphendula imishini: ibhaki le-frontend lihlinzeka ukucwaninga okuqondile kokuqala nokuhamba kwezinto ezinkulu, kanti insimbi yokuhlola ye-rear ihlinzeka umsebenzi omningi ezindaweni ezincane, izinhlelo zokuhlanzeka, nokulungisa umhlaba ngemininingwane. Izinqubo zokusebenza zisebenzisa amandla okwenziwa komshini ukuze ziqhube imijikelezo ezimele ngaphambili nasesikhathini, kuvumela ukusebenza kokulayisha nokuhlola ngesikhathi esifanayo noma ukuhamba komkhankaso nokulayisha okwenziwe kahle ukuze kuhambisane nezigaba zomsebenzi. Ukuqukethwe kwemishini kuhluka ngokuya ngomhlinzeki nemfuneko zohlelo: izinhlobo ezihanjiswayo (12–25 metric tonnes ezisebenzayo) ziphumelela ezimeni zomhlaba ezithambile nasekunciphiseni ukuphazamiseka kwezindawo, kanti amamodeli aqhubekayo anikeza ukuhamba okungaphezulu endleleni futhi abalulekile ukufaka phakathi izinhlelo zomsebenzi. Amandla okuthola izikhala zokwakha ngokujwayelekile ahlale phakathi kwe-5 no-7 amamitha, ngevolumu ye-bucket eyi-0.6 kuya ku-1.2 cubic metres, enziwe ukuze ihambisane nezinkinga ezijwayelekile zokuphatha izinto ezijulile. Ukuze kusebenze kangcono, izinkampani ziphinde zihlanganise izinhlelo ezisemkhatsini, imijikelezo ye-hydraulic yokusebenza kwe-slurry pumps, nezikhumbuzo zokuhlola ukuze kudluliselwe izikhala ezinembile. Izinketho zibalulekile zokukhetha zibeka phambili ukufinyelela okwakha, ivolumu ye-bucket, ukuhambisana nokukhiqiza umhlaba nezinsiza ze-hydraulic ezitholakalayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhala zokwazisa ezilindelwe nezindawo zemathuluzi. Emithanjeni enembile ye-clay efuna kusebenze kwe-slurry, ukuzinza kwemishini nokusebenza kwezimo kumele kubhekwe kakhulu; emithanjeni ye-granular efuna ukususa izinto ngokushesha, isikhathi sokujikeleza kwe-bucket kanye nezinga loku-optimisation ziba izinzuzo eziyinhloko. Izindinganiso ezihambisanayo zezimali ziba zikhona kusuka ku-ISO 7451 (nomenclature ye-backhoe loader performance), EN 459-1 (safety ye-hydraulic machinery), kanye nemibhalo ye-ISO 4413 (protocols ye-hydraulic safety). Ukuhlaziywa kwezimali ngokuhambisana ne-DIN 1600 kanye nezifundo zokukhiqiza ezithile njengokuhamba komhlaba nge-EN 1997-1 Design ye-Geotechnical kuthola ukumiswa kwemishini noshintsho lokusebenzisa phakathi kwemiphakathi ye-engineering ye-deep foundation.
Izincwajana zokuphakamisa ziwuhlelo oluthile lwezokuphakamisa olubaluleke kakhulu ekufakweni nasekuqondiseni ukusebenza kwemishini yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile esebenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo ye-diaphragm, ukufakwa kwemigqa yokuhlakulela, ukufakwa kwamapilisi we-secant, kanye nobuchwepheshe bemikhawulo engaphansi kokuphathwa. Njengemishini eyengeziwe ngaphakathi kwezigaba zemigudu yomhlaba, izincwajana zokuphakamisa zinikeza amandla emishini adingekayo ukuze ziphakamise, ziqondise, futhi zikhulule izinsiza ezinzima, izinhlelo zendawo, kanye nemishini yokubhola ezindaweni ezijulile ezivame ukudlula u-100 metres ngaphansi kwezinga lokuphila. Eprojekthini yemibhobho ye-diaphragm, izincwajana zokuphakamisa ziphatha ukufakwa kwezingxenye zensimbi zokuhola, amathube e-casing enziwe ngekhonkrithi aqinisiwe (evamile u-600–1,200 mm ububanzi), amabhakede wokubamba, amaphayiphu okuphuma kwe-tremie, kanye nohlanga lwezithombe ezikhethekile ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ukufakwa kwepanelo okuxhaswe ngama-slurry. Kuma-sistimu e-cutoff curtain—okuhlanganisa imibhobho ye-soil-cement-bentonite (SCB), amakholomu e-deep soil mixing (DSM), kanye nezinhlelo zokubhalisa ama-jet—lezi zinkwenkwezi ziphatha ukusatshalaliswa nokuhoxa kwemishini yokusika nokuhlanganisa ngaphansi kokulawula kwangempela okuqondile. Ekukhiqizeni ama-pile angama-secant kanye ne-tangent, imishini yokuphakamisa ibeka amathuluzi okuvula, ama-assemblies wesikhashana, kanye nezinhlelo zokufaka ikhonkrithi ngesikhathi sok امqoka izinhlelo zokuqhula ezithuthukisiwe. Principle yokusebenza isebenzisa ukudluliswa kwamandla kwemishini noma kwe-hydraulic ngezintambo noma amaketanga anetsebenziseka kalula, iphakamisa imishini ngokuqondile emakholweni ngenkathi igcina amazinga okwehla alawulwa abucayi kubuzinzi be-slurry kunye nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa imishini. Izinhlelo zesimanje zifaka izigubhu zokulawula yük, ama-anti-sway mechanisms, kanye nezinsiza zokulinganisa ukujula ukuze ziqinisekise ukufakwa okunembile ngaphakathi kwamabhanoyi okuvuma evamile ±50 mm kumazinga okusebenza. Ikreno kufanele ibhekele kokubili imithwalo esekelwe futhi amandla adalwa ngokuphikisa kwezinsiza, ukuwina kwamagquma ezinhlelweni, kanye nemijikelezo yokwenyuka/ukwehla eyenzeka kumsebenzi wokuphakamisa oqhubekayo. Izigaba zemishini ezifaka phakathi izincwajana zokuphakamisa ezihambahamba (50–300 tonne amandla) ezifakwe ezinkundleni ezithwanyayo noma ezinezimpahla, kuze kube yizinkanyezi ezibekwe endaweni ne-system integrated boom ezibekwe kumathraki okumbiwa kukadrako. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zifaka phakathi izincwajana zokuphakamisa ezisebenza olwandle zokusebenza kwamanzi ajulile, izincwajana zokuphakamisa ezihambayo zokusebenza phansi kwamanzi, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakamisa ezinokuhlinzeka komugqa owodwa noma emigqeni eminingi evumelanisa ukuhlinzeka kwemithwalo ethile nezindawo ezisebenzayo. Izinhlelo zokulawula zihlala zisuka kumasistimu wokulawula okwenziwa ngesandla kuya kumasistimu e-hydraulic agcwaliswayo ngekhono lokulawula ukuhamba okuthile. Izinkcukacha zokukhetha zifaka phakathi imithwalo ephakanyisiwe eside ephephile (i-accommodating for tool assembly mass, drilling fluid displacement, kanye nezinga lokuphepha eliphakeme), isivinini sokuphakamisa, ukufinyelela kweshubhu nokusebenzisa okulinganiselwe, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula, nokuhlangenwe nakho pH. Onjiniyela kumele baqinisekise imikhawulo yokwakha (ivamile u-4:1 isilinganiso sokuphepha okuncane kokusebenza kokuphakamisa), balinganisela amandla okuphikisa aphathelene nemishini engasetyenziswa, futhi baqinisekise ukugcinwa kwemvelo kwemfuno yezemvelo, i-permafrost, noma izinhlelo ezinamakhono ezikhaliphayo. Izindinganiso ezihlobene zifaka u-EN 14439 (ukuphepha kwemishini yokubhola), u-ISO 4413 (ukuphepha kwamasistimu e-hydraulic), u-API RP 54 (izindinganiso zokubhola emaphandleni), izindinganiso ze-DIN zezinto zokuphakamisa ezizenzakalelayo, nezimiso eziphephile zamanje ezibophezelekile ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi yesikhashana nezakhiwo ezisindayo. Ukulandela kuzokwenza ukwethembeka kwemishini, ukuphepha komsebenzi, futhi kuhlangane nezindlela zokwakha ezilungiselelwe izisekelo ezijulile.
Ama-trailer anama-low bed, aziwa nangokuthi ama-lowboy noma ama-drop deck trailer, yizinto ezikhethekile zokuhambisa eziklanyelwe ukuthwala loads ezinkulu nezinzima eziwumqoka, eziphumula emikhawulweni yobuningi noma ubukhulu bamabha omgwaqo ajwayelekile. Embonini yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, ama-trailer anama-low bed ayithuluzi elibalulekile lezokuhamba lokuhambisa imishini enkulu nezinkulu edingekayo endaweni, kuhlanganisa abakha odongeni be-shear, ama-drilling rigs, ama-casing tubes, ama-hammer ama-vibratory, ama-compressor, ama-generator, kanye nezinhlelo ezisizayo. Lawa ma-trailer avumela ukuhamba kahle kwemishini ye-fondation ukusuka ezindaweni zokwakha nezindawo zezimoto ukuya ezindaweni zomsebenzi, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezinamakhuba athintekayo lapho ukuhlola izindlela zokuhamba okujwayelekile kuncishisiwe. Umqondo wokusebenza wamathrafikhi anama-low bed ugxile phezulu kwendlela yokuphakama yama-deck, okujwayelekile ukufezwa ngemodeli ye-drop-frame noma i-step-frame eyenza indawo yokulayisha ibe seduze nendawo yomhlaba kunama-flatbed ajwayelekile. Le ndlela yokusebenza yejometri inciphisa kakhulu ukuphakama okuphelele kwe-loads ezithwalwe, ivumela ukudlula emigwaqweni ehambelana nokuhlola, ama-overpasses, kanye nezitobo ngenkathi igcina ukuzinza nokuhambisana nemithetho yokuhamba emigwaqweni. Ama-trailer amanje anohlelo lwe-hydraulic lokugoba i-deck noma ukwehlisa ngezikhathi ezithile ngesikhathi sokuqgiba noku-othuli, okwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa imishini ezihambayo noma ama-ramps asizayo ngaphandle kokufuna imishini yokuphakela yangaphandle. Ukuhlukahluka kwamasondo okwande nokwakhiwa okuyimitha amaningana distributes loads ezigxilile ezindaweni eziningi zokuxhumana, okujwayelekile ama-axles amathathu kuya kwezihlanu kuye ngobuningi obuphelele, kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nemikhawulo yesisindo sokuxhumana ethathwe yiziphathimandla zokuhamba. Ama-trailer anama-low bed atholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zokuqhuba ezifanelekela izinhlaka ezihlukene zezimboni. Ukuhlelwa okujwayelekile kufaka phakathi ama-models anama-deck aqinile anomthamo osuka kumathani angama-20 kuya kwangama-80, izinguquko ezihambayo ze-hydraulic ezikwazi ukuyehla ngokuphelele ukuze zifinyelele khona phansi kumishini enobukhulu obukhulu njengama-drilling rigs aphumelela ngaphezu kuka-15 metres, kanye nezinhlelo ezihlanganayo ezinomphakathi womphakathi ovumele ukuba ube nudliwe kwemithwalo yezinhlaka ezahlukene. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zifaka phakathi ama-frame aqinisiwe, izikhala ezihlukene zokuthunga, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphupha eziklanyelwe ukumelana nezimo zokusebenza ezivela kumishini ye-vibratory kanye noshintsho lwe-loads ngenkathi uthwala. Izinga lokukhetha lezi zinhlelo zokuhambisa umhlabathi odeep foundation lifaka ukuphakama kwemithwalo okuphezulu okufanele kuxhunywe nesisindo semishini ngama-margin alungile wokuphepha, ubude be-deck nobubanzi okuhlangene nezilinganiso zemishini ngenkathi kuhambisana nemikhawulo yobukhulu, ukuhweba kwemhlaba kanye nezindawo zokufinyelela okuvumela ukufinyelela endaweni phezu komhlaba ongalungile, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakela ezinamandla ezichazwe yizinkampani zomshini kanye nezindinganiso zokuhamba. Izinto ezithile ezithinta indawo—ukuphakama kwamasango, ukucaciswa kwezigxobo, imikhawulo yemithwalo ye-axle, kanye nezinga lokuphakamisa umhlaba lapho kufanele kuphume—kubhalela uhlu lokukhetha ama-trailer. Ochwepheshe baphinde bahlola ukuphendula komngani, isivinini sokuma, kanye nokuhambisana nezimoto ezihehayo. Ukuthutha imishini ye-foundation kulawulwa izindinganiso ezihlanganisa i-EN 12642 (ukuphepha kwemithwalo), i-ISO 14095 (imigomo yokuhamba kwama-trailer), kanye nemithetho yendawo elawula imithwalo ye-axle, ubukhulu, kanye nezimvume ezidingekayo. Ukuhambisana kuqinisekisa ukukhipha okuphephile, kuvikele ukusakazeka kwendawo, futhi kugcina ukuqondakala kokusebenza phakathi kwemingcele.
Imishini yokwakha ithuthuka ngemisebenzi ethile nezinhlelo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa, ukufaka, ukuqapha ikhwalithi, kanye nokuphothula ukhonkolo ezinhlelweni zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kanye nezokuzinzisa umhlaba, ikakhulukazi ekwakheni imizila ye-diaphragm, izikhumbuzo zokwengamela, izindonga ze-secant pile, kanye nezithiyo zokuvikela. Ekwakheni ngaphansi komhlaba, ukufakwa kokhonkolo kudinga ukunemba nokwethembeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinhlelo zokuvikela ezivimbela amanzi, ezakhiwe kahle eziphikisana nohlelo lwe-hydrostatic, ukuhlasela kwemichamo, kanye nokuhlukahluka kokuhlala. Ekukhetheni izindonga ze-diaphragm, ukhonkolo ufakwa ngaphakathi kwemithombo egcinwe nge-bentonite esebenzisa izinsizakalo ze-tremie noma ezinye izindlela zokufaka ezivulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanganiswa okufanele futhi kugwenywe ukuhlukaniswa. Imishini yokwakha ukhonkolo kuleli cala ifaka phakathi izinhlelo ze-tremie tube, ezigcina ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic futhi zivikela ukuchitheka kokhonkolo njengoba umxube ufakwa ku-slurry. Ku-cutoff curtains—kungaba izithiyo ezingangeni manzi noma izindonga ezisebenzayo zokugcina ukungcola—ukufakwa kokhonkolo kudinga ukunemba okufanayo, kuvamile ukufaka izithako zangaphakathi nezinhlelo ezikhethekile ukuze kufezwe amapharamitha adingekayo okungena, ngokujwayelekile esikhathini esingu-10⁻⁷ kuya ku-10⁻¹⁰ cm/s kuye ngama-standards wokulawula. Izindonga ze-secant kanye nezindonga ze-tangent, ezihlanganisa ama-pile adonswayo ahlanganisiwe noma ahlangene, nazo zisebenzisa imishini yokwakha ukhonkolo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-pile ngayinye iyapholiswa kahle futhi iyakhanga ngaphambi kokuthi ama-pile aseduze abekwe. Ithuba lokusebenza eliqondisayo imishini yokwakha ukhonkolo kulezi zicelo liyinqubo yokunyeqwa kwekhwalithi kuyo yonke impilo yokhonkolo: imishini yokulinganisa nokuhlanganisa iqinisekisa ukwakheka okuhambisanayo kwe-batch; izinhlelo zokufaka zigcina ukujula kokhonkolo futhi zivikela ukuhlukaniswa phakathi nezimo zokufaka ezinzima noma ezinzima; imishini yokuvusa ingase isetshenziswe kukhonkolo okukhulu noma ukhonkolo ofakiwe ku-piles ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlanganiswa; futhi imishini yokuhlola iqinisekisa ubukhulu bokucindezela, ukuwa, i-air content, kanye nezinye iziphakamiso ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kohlelo. Amandla wokhonkolo ezindongeni zokuphumula ngokuvamile ahlupha phakathi kuka-20 no-40 MPa, ngamazinga aphansi avunyelwe ezinhlelweni eziphathekayo eziphansi futhi amanani aphezulu lapho ukwesekwa kokwakhiwa kudingeka. Izigaba zemishini zifaka izitshalo zokwakha ukhonkolo (ezimisiwe noma ezihamba), ama-transit mixers, amapumps ekhonkolo (ukukhishwa okuhle noma i-centrifugal), ama-tremie pipes nezinhlelo zokulethwa, imishini yokuvusa, izinhlelo zokubeka nezisekelo zesikhashana, kanye nemishini yokuhlola ikhwalithi (ama-slump cones, ama-air meters, imishini yokuhlola amandla okucindezela). Imishini ekhethekile ingafaka phakathi izinhlelo zokuphatha i-bentonite, ezihlanganisa umsebenzi nezinhlelo zokufaka ukhonkolo, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuphola ezindaweni eziminyene. Izinkcukacha zokukhetha zifaka ukusebenza kahle kokhonkolo kanye ne-rheology (ukuwa kwe-550–800 mm kokufakwa kwe-tremie), izinga lokufaka nezikhathi (kubalulekile ukuvimbela amahlakalo abandayo), izinga lokushisa kokukhala nezamanzi angaphansi, izidingo zesikhathi sokwakha, kanye nokuphila ezindaweni ezinzima zezimichamo. Ochwepheshe balinganisa ukufaniswa kwemishini nezithako zokwakha ukhonkolo (ama-superplasticizers, ama-retarders, ama-agent wokuhlokotha umoya), ibanga lokulethwa, kanye nokufinyeleleka endaweni yokusebenza. Izindinganiso ezihambelanayo zifaka i-EN 1538 (ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi e special geotechnical—imigoqo ye-diaphragm), i-EN 12716 (jet grouting), i-ISO 19902 (izakhiwo ze-fixed steel offshore—ukhonkolo), i-DIN 1045 (ikhodi ye-akhonkolo yaseJalimane), kanye ne-ASTM D6005 (umkhuba ojwayelekile wokwakha izikhumbuzo ze-slurry). Ukuhlolwa kokhonkolo kuhambisana ne-EN 12350 (ukuwa, okuqukethwe komoya, ukuba nesisindo) kanye ne-EN 12390 (ubukhulu bokucindezela). Lezi zindinganiso zidinga ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokhonkolo, amarekhodi okukhiphisa, kanye nokuhlola oqeqeshiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho behlelo ngesikhathi sokwakha.
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