Izinhlelo zokwelapha amanzi zimelwe ngendlela ebalulekile emisebenzini yokukhipha amanzi ezindaweni ezijulile emisebenzini yokuhlola umhlabathi nezingxenye zesisekelo. Lapho izimbobo zokujula zisetshenziswa ukulawula amanzi aphansi kanye nokwehlisa izinga lamanzi ngesikhathi sokuphuma, ukukhipha, nokwakha isisekelo, amanzi aphumelele adinga ukwelashwa okunembile ngaphambi kokukhishwa noma kabusha. Izinhlelo zokwelapha amanzi ukuze kukhishwe amanzi ezimbobo ezijulile zenzelwe ngokuphelele ukuphatha ivolumu ephezulu yamanzi athintekile ngamakhiye aphakanyisiwe, amafinyila, i-silts, nemasitela okuthi kwenziwe maphakathi nezinto zomhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo ziqinisekisa ukuhambisana nemvelo, zivikele imithombo yamanzi ethola, futhi zigcine ukusebenza kahle kwemikhumbi yokukhipha amanzi ngesikhathi sonke somsebenzi wesisekelo. Inqubo yokwelapha ivamise ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhona bezigaba eziningi okubandakanya ukuhlola, ukuhwebelana, kanye nokuhlunga ukuze kususwe iziphazamiso kancane. Ukuhlola kokukhulu kususa udoti olukhulu neziqhu, kuyilapho izikhala zokuhlala zikhuthaza ukuwahlekisa kwezakhi ezilungile, zinciphisa umthwalo wezemvula ngaphambi kokuthi amanzi angene ezigabeni zokwelapha zesibili. Amafilitha aphezulu, amafilitha ezikhwama, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlunga amakartridge zinikeza ukupholisa kokugcina, zisusa amafinyila nezinsalela ezincane ezingase ziphule imingcele yokukhishwa. Ukwelashwa kwemichiza kuvame ukufakwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe amazinga e-pH, kulungiswe i-chemistry yamanzi, futhi kukhuthazwe i-flocculation yama-particles amancane, kukhuphule izinga lokuhlala. Izinhlelo zokuhlunga ezisebenza ngokucindezela kanye nezinhlelo ze-hydrocyclones nazo zisetshenziswa emisebenzini edinga ukuhlukaniswa ngokushesha kwezakhi ezivela emanzini anevolumu ephezulu, ikakhulukazi emathanjeni amakhulu nezakhi ezi-vulcanic lapho ukuhlala kwezakhi kulula kancane. Ukukhetha nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokwelapha amanzi kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zomhlaba ezithile, i-chemistry yamanzi aphansi, kanye nezigaba ze-hydrogeological zefomethin efunwa. Ukuhlurwa kwamanzi ezimbobeni ezijulile emathanjeni anjengesandi ne-gravel kuvame ukukhiqiza amanzi aphansi ahlanzekile adinga ukwelashwa okuncane, kuyilapho amafomu e-silty kanye nezinsalela zika-clay akhiqiza amanzi agcwele ama-suspended adinga ukwelashwa okukhulu. Izicelo zibandakanya imisebenzi yokwakha enkulu efaka phakathi amaphrojekthi wokunyusa amabilondi amakhulu, ukwakha izinduku ze-diaphragm, ukuphuma kwezindawo eziphansi, kanye nezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba lapho ukulawula amanzi aphansi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwabasebenzi nokwakheka kokwakha. Izinhlelo zokwelapha amanzi kufanele zihlale zihambisana nemithetho yemvelo yendawo evikelayo yokwaziswa komgangatho wokukhishwa, imikhawulo ye-suspended solids, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinsizakusebenza zamazwe angaphansi. Ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokwelapha amanzi ezichaziwe kahle, abaqashi baqinisekisa nokubamba umthwalo wenhlalakahle kanye nokwengamela kwephrojekthi, begwema ukulimala kwemishini futhi bagcine ukuhambisana kulo lonke isikhathi sokukhishwa.
Amathangi okuhlola, azoziswa ngokuthi amathangi okudlethelela noma ama-clarifier, ayizakhiwo ezibalulekile zokwelapha amanzi ezinqubweni zokukhipha amanzi ezindlini ezijulile kanye nezinhlelo zokuphathwa kwamanzi omhlaba ezihlobene nobunjiniyela bezisekelo. La mathangi anendima ebalulekile enqubweni yokukhishwa kwamanzi ngokususwa kwezinhlayiya eziphakeme, i-silt, nezithako ezincane emanzini aveliwe ngaphambi kokuphuma noma ukuvuselelwa ezindaweni zokwakha. Emsebenzini wezakhiwo ezijulile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni ezibucayi kwezomnotho, ikhono lokwelapha nokuphatha izilinganiso ezinkulu zamavolumu amanzi omhlaba kubalulekile ekuphumeleleni kokushaywa kwamapayipi, ukufakwa kwamaka, nokwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm. Amathangi okuhlola ahlinzeka ngendlela eshibhile nephumayo yokuhlukanisa izinsimbi, avumela izithako eziphakeme ukuthi zizele ngaphansi kwesisindo kwaze kwafika amanzi ahlanzekile aphuma ngokuhambisana nemithetho yemvelo kanye nezpecifica zephrojekthi. Ukuhamba kwamathangi okuhlola ezinqubweni zokukhishwa kwamanzi ezisekelweni kuhlanganisa izinyathelo eziningi ezibalulekile eziqinisekisa ukususwa okuhle kwezinhlayiya nokuphathwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi. Amanzi omhlaba aveliswe ezinhlelweni zokukhishwa kwamanzi azongena kumathangi okuhlola lapho isivinini sokugeleza sincishisiwe, kuvumela izithako eziphakeme ukuthi zizele phansi kanti amanzi ahlanzekile aphuma phezulu ewela esimeni esikanye noma ohlelweni lokwelapha lwesibili. Umklamo nobukhulu bamathangi okuhlola buncike kumaramu abalulekile okuhlanganisa ivolumu yamanzi omhlaba, umjikelezo wezinhlayiya, isivinini sokuhlukanisa, kanye nesikhathi sokugcina esidingekayo ukuze kwenzeke ukuswela okufanele. Ezinhlelweni zokukhishwa kwamanzi ezinamandla ezisekela amaphrojekthi amakhulu, amathangi amaningi okuhlola angabekwa ndawonye noma kumafomethi ahamba noma acacisa ezehlukaniswe ukwenza phansi ivolumu yamanzi evamile ephuma ezinhlelweni zokupompa ezisebenziswayo ezicukuzi ezijulile. I-sludge eboshelwe nezinsimbi ezigcinwa phansi kwethangi idinga ukususwa njalo nokuphathwa ngendlela efanele, kanye nezinhlelo eziningi zanamuhla zifaka izinsiza zokuhlanza zomelezi noma zokuhumusha ukuze zenzeke kungamelwe ukunakekelwa komkhiqizo wokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle. Amathangi okuhlola abalulekile kakhulu emsebenzini wezakhiwo ezihilela izinselelo ezinkulu zokulawula amanzi omhlaba, njengokwakha ezindaweni ezithambile, imisebenzi ejulile yamacassons, noma ukufakwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm ezindaweni ezinamanzi. Izimo zamanzi omhlaba kanye nezakhiwo zomhlabathi zinquma umklamo wethangi, lapho i-silt ne-clays edinga izikhathi zokuhlukanisa ezinde noma ukwengeza izithako zokuhlunga ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa. Izinsiza ezivamile ezihlobene nezinkqubo zamathangi okuhlola zifaka amaphampu ama-centrifugal, izinhlelo zokulawula ukuphuma, ama-sensors wokuphakama, nezinsizakalo zokuhlole ukuthunyelwa. Ezinhlelweni ezidinga kokubili ukukhipha amanzi nokuvuselelwa, amathangi okuhlola ahlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokwelapha eziphelele ezingafaka ukuhluza, izinsiza zokukhishwa kwamanzi njenge-vibro-replacement noma izinhlelo ze-vacuum, nezinsiza zokuphuma. Ukucaciswa okufanele nokuqhuba kwamathangi okuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwemvelo ngenkathi kusekela ukuqhubeka nokukhishwa kwamanzi okubalulekile ukuze kufakwe izisekelo ngokuphepha nangokuqhubekayo ezimweni zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukuphathwa kwepH emisebenzini yokukhipha amanzi ezindaweni ezijulile kubhekana nezinselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezisekelo nasekusebenzeni kwezobuchwepheshe bomhlaba. Ngesikhathi sokumba nokukhipha amanzi ezisekelweni ezijulile, amanzi omhlaba akhishwa ezindaweni zokugcina namasump akenza kahle ezingeni le-pH elibhalansiwe elingase lidale izinkinga ezinkulu uma ukhishwa ngqo emvelweni noma reuse on site. Izinhlelo zokuphatha i-pH zithambisa amanzi omhlaba anama-acidic noma ama-alkaline ngaphambi kokuba aphume endaweni yokwakha, kuqinisekiswa ukuhambisana nemithetho yemvelo ngenkathi kuvikelwa izakhi ze-concrete, imishini, kanye ne- soil profile eduze. Le nqubo ibaluleke kakhulu ezicelo ezihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwamapili ajulile, ukufakwa kwecaisson, kanye nokumba okukhulu lapho ama- volumu amakhulu amanzi omhlaba edinga ukuphathwa isikhathi eside. Izinqubo eziyinhloko zokuphatha i-pH ezinhlelweni zobuchwepheshe bomhlaba zifaka phakathi ukujolisa kwe-chemicals, lapho izithako ezitshaliwe noma ezinoshukela zethulwa ukuze kuzuzwe amazinga e-pH alinganiselwa phakathi kuka-6.5 no-8.5, kanye nezinhlelo ezisuselwa ku-aeration ezilungisa ngokwemvelo i-pH ngezindlela zokugcina. Ukuphathwa kwezemithi ngokuvamile kusebenzisa i-calcium hydroxide yamani amabi kanye ne-carbon dioxide noma i-sulfuric acid kuzimo ezilungile. Ukukhethwa kwemethod uncike eqophelweni lamanzi omhlaba, izinga lokugeleza, kanye nezimo zomhlabathi ezitholakala phakathi nemisebenzi esezindaweni ezijulile. Emikhankasweni eminingi yokukhipha amanzi ezinhlelweni ezijulile, izikhungo zokwelapha zihlanganiswa ngqo nezinhlelo zokupompa ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana okuqhubekayo kwe-pH njengoba amanzi akhishwa. Imishini esetshenziswa ifaka phakathi amadivayisi wokuhlola i-pH, amapompo wokulinganisa, izitsha zokuphatha ezinamakhono wokuxuba, nezindawo zokuhlukanisa ezifana nama-clarifiers noma ama-filter presses akhipha izinto ezikhishwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokujolisa. I-centrifuges nemishini yokukhipha amanzi ivame ukulandela ukuphathwa kwe-chemicals ukuze ibhanqe umgqumo ophumayo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi amanzi ahlanzekile. Izimo zomhlabathi nezomhlaba zinezimpempe ezinkulu eziphakamisela izidingo zokuphathwa kwe-pH. Amanzi omhlaba anama-acidic avame ukwenzeka ezindaweni ezinembobo zamapristi, izinto ezibolile, noma lezi zaziwe, ngenkathi izimo ezinga lukhulu zinciphisa i-limestone, i-chalk, noma enye ama-formations amakhulu ama-calciferous ajwayelekile ezindaweni ezithile zembali ezijulile. Ubunzulu bembambo, isikhathi sokuphuma kwamanzi, kanye nokuhluka kwesizini kokwakhiwa kwamanzi omhlaba kusho zonke zihlupha izimo zokuphathwa. Emikhankasweni yeziqhingi zendawo ezinjenge-diaphragm wall construction, ukufakwa kwemicropile, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamapili amakhulu, ukuphathwa kwe-pH kuba yingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lokukhipha amanzi endaweni yonke nezokuphatha imvelo. Izicelo kulo mkhakha wokwakha izisekelo zifaka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kwezohwebo okukhulu, imikhankaso yezokwakha, izinhlelo zokuhamba, kanye nezindawo zezimboni ezidinga ukukhipha amanzi okulawulwa. Ukuphathwa kwe-pH kuwenza abyongayo abaphakeli bakwazi ukufinyelela izinhloso eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa: ukugcina ukuhambisana nemigomo yokukhishwa, ukuvikelwa kwe-concrete nensimbi yokuvikela ekubishiniyineni okubangelwa amazwi omhlaba anomoya onobhadlaza, ukugcina ubunjalo bomhlaba eduze kwemibambo, kanye nokwenza ukuthi amanzi azuzwe kabusha ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo yokucinda noma izinjongo zokwakha zesibili. Ngokuphatha ukwakhiwa kwamanzi omhlaba ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwe-pH okufanele, abakhiqizi bezisekelo ezijulile banciphisa ingozi yemvelo, yehlisa izindleko zokulungisa, futhi bagcine ukusebenza kahle ohlelweni olwakha olunzima lwezobuchwepheshe bomhlaba.
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