Izinhlaka zeZikhwama Nezicwenge zimelela ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zokukhulula amanzi emathunjini ezikhala ezinzulu ezisetshenziswa ku-injiniyering yegeotechnical kanye nokwakhiwa kwesisekelo. Lezi zinhlelo ezikhethekile zenza umgogodla wezokwakha zokulawula amanzi angaphandle, eziklanywe ukususa amanzi ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba ngenkathi zigcina ukuvikeleka kwesakhiwo futhi zivimbele ukuwa kokwakhiwa. Izicwenge zezikhala zisebenza njengezindlela eziqondile ezikhulula amanzi, kuyilapho izikhwama zisebenza njengezihlungi ezivumela amanzi ukuthi angene kwelinye icebo kwazise zibhalela ukuhlinzeka ngempahla, nezinsalela. Emisebenzini yokwakha ezinzulu, kuhlanganisa ukufaka amapayipi, ukufakwa kwemithambo yediyaframu, nokuxhaswa kokukhanjwa, ukususa kahle amanzi ngokusebenzisa izikhwama nezicwenge eziklanywe kahle kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni izimo zokusebenza eziphephile, ukuvimbela ukujiyela nokupholisa, nokuqinisekisa ukuvuleka kokwakha. Ukukhetha nokufaka izikhwama nezicwenge ezifanele kuhlobene nezici eziningi kuhlanganisa izici ze-aquifer, ukujula kwamanzi angaphansi, ukusebenza komhlaba, izinga lokuphumphela elidingekayo, kanye nesikhathi sokukhulula amanzi eside. Ukuhlela nokufaka izikhwama nezicwenge kuhilela izithombe zokuqonda kwezeMvelo eziphakeme eziphuma emikhakheni ye-hydrogeology kanye neziqu zokuqonda kwezeMvelo. Abaklami kufanele bahlonywe ukuhanjiswa kwezikhala ezikahle zezikhala, ubude bezikhwama, ububanzi bezicwenge, kanye nosayizi bezikhala ukuze balinganisise amandla okuphatha amanzi nezidingo zokuhlunga isidubedube. Izinhlobo ezihlukene zezikhwama ezihlanganisa izikhwama ezibhalwe ngentambo, izikhwama ezinemigqa, kanye nezikhwama ze-mesh zisebenza ezinhlakeni ezimbalwa ngokuya ngokusabalala kwezitho zomhlaba nezakhiwo zendawo. Izinhlelo zokukhulula amanzi ezinzulu zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimweni zomhlaba ezinzima ezifana nezingcweti ezincane, i-silt, kanye nezakhiwo eziyinqaba lapho indlela yokukhulula emhlabathini ephansi ibonakala inganele. Inqubo yokufaka ifuna imishini yokubhola ekhethekile kanye nezindlela zokwakha ezikhudlwana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuthuthukiswa kahle izikhwama futhi kube nokusebenza kwe-hydraulic okukhulu. Izinto ezisebenziswayo ezicwengwenweni, ngokujwayelekile insimbi noma i-PVC, kufanele zikhaliphe ukuphikiswa nemithwalo yemishini ethola izici ezithile zomhlaba kanye nemishini yokuphumphela efakwe ngaphakathi. Izicelo zezikhwama nezicwenge ziba nomthelela ezimweni ezihluke-hlukeneyo zokwakha ezihlanganisa izisekelo ezinzulu kanye nokwakhiwa komhlaba. Imisebenzi emikhulu yokufaka amapayipi, ukwakha izindawo eziphakeme, kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zokwehlisa emigwaqweni ephakeme noma emanzini ashisayo kuncike ezinhlelweni zokukhulula amanzi ezinzulu eziqondene nohlelo oluphumeleleko ukuze kugcinwe amazinga amanzi angaphansi adingekayo futhi kugwemeke ukungathathi hlangothi. Ukwakhiwa kweziyalezo eziphakeme emizileni yedolobha, izikhungo zokupaka eziphansi, kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha ezifana nezinhlelo ze-metro nemigudu kuvame ukusebenzisa izinhlelo eziningi zokwakha nezicwenge ezihlelwe ezimoyeni ezithokozisayo ukuze kulawulwe ukuvuza nokugcina ukuzinza komhlaba ngesikhathi sokwakha. Ukuqina kwezinhlelo zokuhlunga nezicwenge kube nomthelela oqondile kum.timeline yalo msebenzi kanye nezindleko, njengoba ukususa amanzi okunganele kuholela ekuhoxisweni okungazelelwe, ukusilela kwemishini, kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nokwakhiwa. Ukuhlelwa, ukugcinwa, nokuhlola kwezikhwama nezicwenge ngokuchwepheshile kwa.Specשd esheshayo kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwamafutha okukhululekile kuzo zonke izigaba zokwakha, kusekela kokubili ukuphepha kwababonisi kanye nemisebenzi ephumelelayo yokuphatha ezimweni ezinkulu zokwakha ezimbonini.
Izikrinso ezineziqu zenzelwe izakhiwo zezintambo ezikhaleni ezikahle ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa kwezemvula ngokulawulwa emijulweni emikhulu, ngenkathi kuvinjelwa ukwehlukaniswa kwemathiriyeli yokwakhiwa ebholeni leziqu. Emaphantisi okukhishwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, izikrinso ezineziqu zisebenza njengezici ezibalulekile zohlelo lwezibambo, zihlola amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngokuvumela kuphela amanzi ukuthi abheke ngama-ovolo alungisiwe, ngenkathi kuvinjelwa isigodi, umhlabathi, nezinye izinto ezincane ezizokwehlisa ukusebenza kwezibambo nokunciphisa ukusebenza kokuphuma kwamanzi. Lezi zikrinso ngokuvamile zenzelwe ngesitimela noma ngempahla yeplastiki futhi zifakwa ngokuqondile ngaphakathi kwamabholo ezithombe ezindaweni ezibekiwe ngokuhambisana nezindawo zokuhlola noma zezindawo zokukhishwa kwamanzi. Ukukhetha ububanzi bezikha esibanjwe kubalulekile futhi kumele kuthathwe ngokuhlola ngobuchule obunembile bokuhluza izinto zokwakha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlunga okuphumelelayo ngenkathi kuqinisekisa ukuhamba kwamanzi okufanele kwezokwakha. Ukufakwa nokusebenza kwezindlela zokuhlunga ezijulile kwezimiso zokwakha izinto zisebenza ngezinto eziningi zobuchwepheshe ezibalulekile ukuze kube nekhono lokulawula amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphambi kokufakwa kwezikrinso, ucwaningo lwe-geotechnical luhlonza izici ze-aquifer, izinga lokudlulisa, nokwakheka kwemathiriyeli ukuze kutholakale ukufakwa kwezikrinso okufanele nezibalwa. Izikrinso ngokuvamile zitholakala zitholakala emapulazini ahlanzekile ahlanganiswe nomquba osuswe ngempumelelo, odalwe ngempumelelo, ekwakhiweni kwesikhala sokuhlunga esithuthukisayo futhi suvulekile. Izinhlelo zokukhishwa kwamanzi ezisebenzisa izikrinso ezineziqu zisebenza ngokwehlisa ithempeli lamanzi ngaphakathi komkhakha kuphrojekthi enkulu wokufaka izibambo, okunciphisa ingcindezi yemfuyo ekwakhiweni kokwakhiwa, ukuvumela imisebenzi yokwakha ukuthi iqhubezi izimo ezikulungiselelwe, ezincane. Ikhono lokukhupha, izinga lokudonsa, nenombolo yezibambo ezidingekayo kuncike kuzici zokuthungwa kwemathiriyeli, izici zokuhamba kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezindawo zokufaka amanzi. Izikrinso ezineziqu zitholakala kabanzi kuma-projekthi ahlukahlukene wokwakha izikhumbuzo ezijulile nezobuchwepheshe lapho ukulawula amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kubalulekile. Emaphumeleleni amakhulu wokwakha amakhaya, izisekelo zeziphakamiso, nezakhiwo ezingezansi, izinhlelo zokukhishwa kwamanzi ezineziqu zisebenzisa izikrinso ezilungisa izimo zokwakhiwa ezilungisiwe, ezinomsebenzi wokuphakanyiswa kwezibambo, ukufaka ama-caisson, nokwakha izikhumbuzo. Lezi zikrinso zibaluleke kakhulu nakwizinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umhlabathi, lapho ukwehla kwethemisi lamanzi kwehlisa amandla omhlabathi futhi kuthuthukisa amandla okuphoqelela imisebenzi yokwakha ezilandelayo. Izicelo zokukhishwa kwamanzi zihlola imisebenzi yokumba, imithombo, nezinhlelo zendawo emakhazeni amanzi lapho ukususa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuhlengezayo. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezibambo ezihlanganisa izikrinso ezineziqu zihlola izimo ezihlukahlukene ze-hydrogeological—izibambo ezishisayo ze-rocwejile kanye nezindonga ezinzima, nezibambo ezijulile zeziqu ezivulekile eziyadinga ukuncishiswa okungaphezu. Ukukhetha izikrinso ngendlela efanele kuqinisekisa ukuncipha okuncane, kuvinjelela izinga eliphakeme lokungena okungase kube nomthelela kwama-fines, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuqina kwezibambo ngalesi sikhathi sokwakha nangemuva.
Izixhumi ezibhalwe ngentambo ziwumsebenzi obalulekile ezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi emathunjini nasekulawuleni amanzi angaphezu komhlaba, ngokukhethekile emaphrojekthini okuhlola izakhiwo zezemisebenzi zokuqwasha, ukwakhiwa kwezisekelo, kanye nokukhipha amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zixhumi ezikhethekile ziqukethe ikhanda lesikhumba lesimbi elinophawu, elijolwe ngentambo ngendlela eqondile, zakha indlela eqinile yokuhlunga evimbela ukuthi amaqhwa amancane nezihlabathi kungene emathunjini ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa izinga lamanzi elingcono. Umklamo obhalwe ngentambo unikela ngamandla aphezulu nokwethembeka uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhumba ezinamathuba, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo ezisebenzelweni ezidinga ukusebenza okukhawulelwe ezimweni ze-geology ezinzima. Ezinhlakeni zokukhipha amanzi emathunjini, izixhumi ezibhalwe ngentambo zibalulekile ekuphatheni amanzi angemuva komhlaba nasekulawuleni izinga le-piezometric ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwama-basement, emaphrojekthini okuhamba ngezikhungo, nasezinye izisebenzi ezingaphansi komhlaba, lapho ukulawula ibhande lamathafa kubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesinqumo nokuphepha kwephrojekthi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezixhumi ezibhalwe ngentambo kubaluleke kakhulu kumaphrojekthi ahilelekile emgolweni ongekho kuhlanganisiwe njengokungama zand, izinsalela, nezimfolozi lapho izindlela zokuhlunga zendabuko zingase zifele. Ukukhethwa kokwakhiwa komthambo ofanele kanye nosayizi wesikhumba kuncike ekuhloleni okuningiliziwe kwe-site ye-geotechnical kanye nokuhlaziywa kosayizi bezigaba zomhlaba ezizungezile. Ukufakwa kwezixhumi ezibhalwe ngentambo kuvamise ukwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwemabhoreli, kumisiwe ezikhathini ezikhethekile ukuze kuthintwe izifunda ezithwala amanzi ezidinga ukukhipha amanzi. Izixhumi kufanele zihlaliswe ngempela iphakheji yokuhlunga efanele ehlanganiswe nesihlabathi esihlanjululwayo noma amajuba ahlinzeka ngokuqhubeka kokuhlunga kwezimfanelo futhi kuqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kahle. Izinsiza ezihambelana nazo zifaka phakathi amaphampu aphakanyisiwe, amapayipi okususa amanzi, imivimbo yokukhishwa, nezinhlelo zokubheka ezisebenza ngokuhlanganyela nezingxenye zesixhumi ukuze kufezwe ukukhipha amanzi angaphezulu komhlaba kahle. Ukufakwa kwezixhumi ezibhalwe ngentambo kusebenza kakhulu emaphrojekthini anzima kwezobuchwepheshe obuwumbuso kufaka phakathi ukujula kuvela, emathelweni athathwa, imisebenzi yokuphonswa kwe-caisson, nokufakwa kwezikhumba ezinkulu lapho ukulawula amanzi angaphezulu komhlaba kubalulekile kumqondo wezokwakha nokuzinza komhlaba. Amaphrojekthi ezithako ze-alluvial, izinhlelo ze-fluvial, kanye nezinhlaka zezolimo zithola inzuzo enkulu ekuqinisekiseni nasekuphatheni izixhumi ezibhalwe ngentambo ezichazwe kahle. Ukusebenza kwalezi zixhumi kuthinta ngqo isikhathi sephrojekthi nezindleko, njengoba ukungahambi kahle kokukhipha amanzi kungaphazamisa izimo zomhlaba, kwehlise amandla okuthwala, futhi kudale izingozi zokuphepha emisebenzini yezisekelo. Umklamo, ukufakwa, nokugcina izinhlelo zezixhumi ezibhalwe ngentambo kuqinisekisa izinga elifanele lokukhipha amanzi, kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwezinsiza, futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqedwa kwempumelelo kwemisebenzi enzima yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile nezingenalutho ezihambelana nezimo ze-geology nezinhlaka zomhlaba ezitholakele ekuthuthukiseni infrastruktur enkulu.
Izikhwama ze-PVC zibalulekile kakhulu emisebenzini yesisekelo esijulile kanye nezobunjiniyela bakamasipala, zisebenza njengezingxenye eziyisisekelo nezokusebenza ezindaweni zokukhukhula, ezokuhlola, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lezi pipu ze-polyvinyl chloride ezisindayo kodwa ezithambile zinikeza ukuhlala okuqinile nokuhamba kwezemvula ngesikhathi sokumbiwa, ukufakelwa kwamaphayili, nokwakhiwa kwesisekelo. Izikhwama ze-PVC zakhelwe ukumelana no pressure yangaphansi, ukuvezwa kwezikhemikhali, nezikhathi zokusebenza ezithuthukile, ngaphandle kokuthola ukusilela kwemishini kanye nokusebenziseka kwezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene emapulazini ezendawo. Emisebenzini yesisekelo esijulile, izikhwama ze-PVC zisebenza njengemithombo yeziqhumiso eziphelele zokukhukhula ezikhuluma ukwehlisa umjikelezo wamanzi nokulawula ukuvuza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni zokumbiwa. Lapho ihlanganiswa nemikhono yezikhwama nokuhlunga, lezi zikhwama zakha izinhlaka zokuhlunga ezisebenzayo ezivumela ukuhamba kwamanzi ngenkathi zikhubaza amafutha omhlabathi, zivikela ukufakwa nokugcina ukusebenza okuphezulu kwamanzisayo isikhathi eside. Izindawo ezicwecwe ezaphakathi kwepiphu ze-PVC zinciphisa ukulahleka kokuphazamiseka ngesikhathi sokupompa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemboni nokwehlisa izidingo zamandla okusebenza. Ukufakwa kwezikhwama ze-PVC kuvamise ukubandakanya izindlela zokubhoboza ezijikijelayo noma zokubhoboza ngokuhlwitha, nezikhwama zifakwe, zishaywa, noma zigijimiswe endaweni kuya ngezimo zomhlabathi kanye nezincazelo zomsebenzi. Ababhali bobunjiniyela bakamasipala bahlonza osayizi bezikhwama abafanele, ubukhulu bezindonga, kanye nosayizi bezikhala ngokwezimo ze-aquifer, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezidingo zokuhlawulwa ezilindelekile. Izikhwama ze-PVC zibeka phansi izimo ezahlukene zomhlaba ezivela ezithelweni eziqoqekile, zibe zizu ezinjengezindonga ezisindayo, nezizwe zomhlabathi, kucatshangelwa izinqumo zokukhetha eziphathelene nokuhamba kwamanzi, ukusabalalisa usayizi wamabhala, kanye nezici zokuhlanganisa. Lezi zinhlelo zikhombisa ukuthi ziwusizo kakhulu ekwakheni izisekelo ezidinga ukuqhubeka kokukhukhula, njengokumbiwa kwezakhiwo ezijulile, ukwakhiwa kwe-open caisson, kanye nezisebenzi ezinkulu zamaphayili. Izindawo zokuhlola ezisebenzisa izikhwama ze-PVC zihlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile ye-piezometric yokuhlola ukuphakama komjikelezo wamanzi, ama-gradient wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezimo zokucindezela phakathi nezikhathi zokwakha. Ukumelana nezichemikhali kwezinto ze-PVC kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemakhemikhali ehlukahlukene engaphansi emhlabeni, kanti kukhuthaza ukumelana nokulahleka okuvela ekuvuseleleni okwedlule. Amaqembu wezinhlelo kufanele acabangele ithuba lokubola kwezikhwama, ukuthola ukuhlinzwa okuqinisekileyo ezihlanganisweni, kanye nezidingo zokmaintenance lapho kuklanywa izinhlelo zokulawula amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Izindlela ezifanele zokufaka, okubandakanya ukujolisa kwe-tremie kwi-annelular spaces, izinqubo ezilungile zokuthuthukisa, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuphazamiseka kwezikhala, kubalulekile ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kokukhukhula okukhuluma nomgomo wokuqhubeka kokusetshenziswa endaweni ezinzima nasemvelweni wezisekelo ezijulile.
Izinsiza zensimbi zokuhlola umthombo wamanzi zibalulekile emisebenzini yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kanye nezobuchwepheshe bejografi lapho ukulawula amanzi aphansi nokuzinza komhlabathi kuyizidingo ezibalulekile. Lezi zipesheli zensimbi zifaka isakhiwo esiyinhloko semithombo yokuhlola amanzi, zisebenza ukuze zigcine ubukhulu bebhorehole ngesikhathi sokuh excavation, uvikele ukuwa kwe-borehole kulezi zimo zomhlabathi ezingaziwa, futhi zikhuthaze ukufakwa kwezikrini zamathupha kanye nezinsiza zokuphumpa. Izinsiza zensimbi zibalulekile emisebenzini yokuhlola amanzi ejulile lapho amanzi kufanele akhishwe ezindaweni ezibalulekile ukuze kwehliswe izinga lamamvula amaningi phakathi kokwakhiwa kwezisekelo, ukuhluza okuphansi, kanye nemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umhlaba. Ukukhethwa nokufakwa kwezinhlelo ezifanele ze-insimbi zokuhlola umthombo wamanzi kuthinta ngqo isikhathi sephrojekthi, ukusindisa izindleko, kanye nenqubekela phambili kwezinsiza zokuhlola amanzi ezimweni ezinzima zobuchwepheshe. Ukufakwa kwezinsiza zensimbi zokuhlola umthombo wamanzi kudinga imishini yokubhobhoza eyakhelwe ukuhlangabezana nezimo zomhlabathi ezikhethekile nokuqonda izakhiwo ze-hydrogeology. Izindlela zokushayela ezishaywayo zivame ukusetshenziswa ukuze kufinyelelwe ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo emhlabathini ozinzile futhi ongenamahlathi, lapho ithube le-casing lisebenza njengomsebenzi wesakhiwo kanye nomshini wokubhobhoza. Izindlela zokubhobhoza ezijikajikayo ngokuhamba kwe-casing zikhombisa ukulawula okukhulu emaphikweni ehlukahlukene omhlabathi, kuvumela ukuqhubeka okungapheli phakathi kwemifantu ehlukahlukene kufaka phakathi uLwandle, uSilt, uSand, uGravel, nokwakhiwa kwezinhla ezonakalisayo. Usayizi we-casing, ubukhulu bezindonga, kanye nokukhetha izinga kuncike kumathatha akhishwe, ukujula kwe-borehole, ingcindezi yamanzi aphansi okulindelekile, kanye nezimo zokuxhumana komhlaba. Emikhakheni ethambile noma lapho amanzi aphansi ehamba kahle, izinsiza ezinkulu zensimbi ezinezindonga ezinkulu zinikeza ukwengezeka kwemisebenzi yesakhiwo futhi zinciphisa ubungozi bokuphuma kwe-borehole noma ukuwa ngesikhathi sokubhobhoza. Izinsiza zensimbi zokuhlola umthombo wamanzi zivumela ukufakwa kokuhlukaniswa kwemithombo, amaphakethe okufaka, kanye nezinsiza zokuphumpa ezijikayo noma ezinezithiyo ezibalulekile ukuze kulawulwe ukunciphisa amanzi. Emaminitheni omhlabathi abhujiswe noma anenkinga, i-casing ihlinzeka ngovunguvungu ongenasici ohambisa uhlelo lokuhlola amanzi emhlabeni ongemukelwa ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezinga elihlukene le-aquifer. Ngemisebenzi yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile efana nokuphakanyiswa kwe-caisson, ukwakhiwa kwezindonga zediyaframu, nezinhlelo ze-raft ezihlangene, imithombo yokuhlola amanzi efakwe izinsiza zensimbi iphathe izimiselo ze-piezometric ezazingathinta ukuzinza kokuhluza. Ukuhlelwa komjikelezo wokufaka kanye nokubekwa kwephiko le-casing kuhlinzekwa ngendlela eqondile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane neziqu zethayela ze-sand ne-gravel ngenkathi kugwenywa ukujula ezindaweni ezihlanganisiwe ezizothinta ukuhlinzeka kwe-well. Izinhlelo zesimanje zensimbi zokuhlola umthombo wamanzi ziqondiswe ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nemithwalo ehlanganisiwe yokufaka, ingcindezi yamanzi aphansi, umthwalo wezithulu, kanye nezinqubo zokuphumpa ezijulile isikhathi eside sephrojekthi. Ukufaka kahle i-cement ye-casing, uma kudingekile, kuqinisekisa ibhuku lesakhiwo futhi kuvimba ukuhamba kwamanzi ezungeze ingaphandle le-casing. Ukususa noma ukuhoxa kwe-casing zensimbi ekupheleni kwephrojekthi kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo nezokulawula, izinsiza ezitholakele zivame ukuphinde zisebenze embonini yokwakha. Emisebenzini ye-geotechnical eyinkimbinkimbi ethintana nezindawo ezijulile, ukwakhiwa kwezingaphandle zokuhlola, noma imisebenzi ezindaweni ezineziqu zamazwe, izinsiza zensimbi zokuhlola umthombo wamanzi zihlale ziwumgomo wemboni wezixazululo zokunciphisa amanzi nokulawula amanzi aphansi eziqinisekisiwe nez isikhathi eside.
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