I-Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) iyindlela yokuhlanganisa umhlaba ogxile ngokujulile esetshenziswa kwi-Engineering yeziqalo ezijulile ukuze kudalwe ama-colums ahlanganisiwe endaweni eyenziwe kahle ukuphuma komhlaba obhedayo ngenkathi kuqhutywa ukuhluza okuphakeme nokuhlanganiswa kwe-cement. Le teknoloji imelela uhla olunamandla lwe-jet grouting jikelele, olunemisebenzi emibili: ukusika umhlaba okhululekile kulandela ukuhlanganiswa okuphuthumayo kwe-cement nomhlaba. I-CSM ibalulekile ekwakheni izindonga zomhlaba ezingenasici, izindandatho ezivertikali, nezakhiwo ezimisiwe ezisekela iziqalo lapho ukuskena okujwayelekile kungenzeki noma kuvimbela imvelo. Izicelo eziyinhloko ze-CSM zihlanganisa ukudala izithiyo ezingamanzi ekwakhiweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikhubazekile nakumaphrojekthi wokuvikela ama-aquifer lapho ukwehla kwesikhungo sokuthula kubalulekile. Ama-colums e-CSM asebenza njengama-elementi abalulekile ezindongeni zokugcina ezixubile (MIP), izindonga ze-secant pile, nezinhlelo ze-slurry wall, ekhombisa ukuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo nokuhamba okuphoqelelwe. Ema-application e-cutoff curtain, i-CSM ibhekana nezinkinga zokuphuma ngaphansi kwezimvulane, ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokugcina udoti olubi, nasezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi ezikhandweni ezijulile. Le teknoloji ibaluleke ngokufanayo ekuzinziseni komhlaba ezindaweni eziseduze nezingqalasizinda ezibucayi lapho ukwakhiwa okungavimbela treni kufanele, njengezindawo eziseduze nezakhiwo zomlando noma ezindaweni ezikhaphukhaphu zedolobha. Indlela yokusebenza ihlanganisa ukungena okujwayelekile nokujikeleza okuqhubekayo kanye nokujolisa okuhlukahlukene. Ithuluzi lokubhoboza lehla kube ubude obuhlungu ngenkathi lisetshenziswa ama-nozzles we-jet aphakeme—ajwayele ukukwenza ku-30-60 MPa—ukugeza nokweqa umhlaba ophakathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, umjovo we-slurry ye-cement-amanzi uwela nge-nozzles ezihlanganisiwe futhi uhamba nohlelo lwezimpahla ezikhishwayo. Ithuluzi liphinde lithathe lapho liqhubeka nokujikeleza nokucindezela, ukudala umphumela ophumile ophumile. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakholomu akhuphukayo, ngokuvamile ngu-10-30 percent kuncike ezimweni zomhlaba, kuqinisekisa ukuhamba okuqhubekayo kokuvikela ngezikhala ezincane ezingadluli ku-10 cm. Izinhlelo zezimoto ezitholakalayo zihlanganisa imishini ye-CSM ye-axis eyodwa efanelekela ukujula okungafika ku-40 amamitha emhlabeni omkhulu kanye nezinhlelo ze-multi-axis ezithuthukile ezivumela ukwakhiwa kwekolamu okuyiqiniso emijikelezweni eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukukhethwa kwezimoto kuncike kwezidingo zomjule wozongwe, ukwakheka komhlaba (ikakhulukazi ukuvulelwa kwe-clay, i-silt, isiphephetha, noma izitebhe ezixubile), usayizi wekholumu odingekayo (ngokuvamile 0,60 kuya ku-1,20 amamitha), iphrofayili yokwelashwa yokujulile, isikhala sokwenza kube khona, kanye nezinga lokuhlinzeka ngamandla. Uhlelo lwezinga lokufaka, isivinini sokulethwa kwe-slurry, kanye nesivinini sokujikeleza kubalulekile kakhulu. Izithiyo zokukhetha izinhlelo ze-CSM zifaka phakathi i-hydrogeology yendawo (ubude bamanzi, izidingo zokungena), ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka komhlaba (okuqukethwe kwe-clay kuthinta ukusebenza kokuhlangana), izidingo zomthwalo wesakhiwo, izidingo ezisemthethweni zokungena (ngokuvamile ≤10⁻⁶ cm/s ukuvikela izicelo), ukuhlola iphrofayili yokukhubazeka, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-cement-nomhlaba. Izici ezithile zephrojekthi zihlanganisa isikhathi sokuthuthukisa umhlaba, izithiyo zokufinyelela kwezinsiza, imikhawulo yokuvusa, kanye nemikhawulo yokuhlukana evunyelwe. Umklamo nokwenza kwe-CSM kuhambisana ne-EN 14679 (Ukuphumeza kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile: I-Jet grouting), i-ISO 6934 (Izinsiza zokubhoboza ne-mid engineering), kanye ne-DIN 4128 (Imisebenzi yeziqalo ezijulile: Izindlela nokwenza). Imihlahlandlela yokuhlola ivamise ukuthanda ukuhlola ukugeleza ngokuhambisana ne-EN 14731 kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwamandla okwakhiwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-unconfined compressive strength (UCS) ezinsukwini ezingama-28, kukhombisa amanani aphansi angu-2-5 MPa ngokuya ngohlelo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwezinga lemisebenzi kubandakanya ukuqapha ukujova kwegroth okuqhubekayo, imibhalo yokuxhumana kwamakholomu, kanye nokuhlolwa kokwakhiwa ngemva kokwakhiwa ngokuhlola kwe-geotechnical.
Imishini yokubholela ye-rotary esebenziselwa ukusebenza kwe-Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) imelela uhlelo oluthile lwezixhobo zesisekelo esijulile, olwakhiwe ukuze ukhubaze futhi uqinisekise umhlabathi ngasikhathi sinye ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuhlanganisa in-situ. Lezi zinsiza ziwumgogodla obalulekile wezokuthuthukiswa komhlaba kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina ezisetshenziselwa ubunjiniyela bezisekelo ezijulile, ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka khona izithiyo eziphakeme noma izakhiwo ze-soil-cement composite. Ubuchwepheshe be-CSM buvumela abakhiqizi ukuba bakhe amakhono aqhubekayo, ajikijekayo omhlabathi ahlukanisiwe kusukela ebusweni bomhlaba kuye ezindaweni ezichaziwe, ukukhiqiza ama-centre elamu emadlaleni okuqeda kanye nezindonga ze-diaphragm ezinemigomo yokuhlola futhi eziphakeme ngempela. Izinhlelo eziyinhloko zokusebenza ze-rotary CSM drilling rigs zifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwamakhethini ehlaba amanzi akhanya ukuze kugcinwe imfucumfucu enobungozi, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa, kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha imigodi; ukusekela izakhiwo ze-diaphragm ezindaweni ezinzulu nasekukhulumeni; izithiyo zokuhwanqa ekubhekaneni nezikhukhula; izindonga eziphathelene nezinkanyezi lapho amakholomu omhlabathi enza ukusekela okuyinhloko; nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umhlaba ezidinga izisekelo zomhlabathi eziphakeme. Lezi zinsizakusebenza zisebenza ngokufanayo ezindaweni ezilwandle zokwakha ama-cofferdam nakukhampani ethinta ukuwasha lapho ukumba okujwayelekile kungasebenzi kahle. Ukuhlukahluka kobuchwepheshe be-CSM kwenza lezi zinsiza zibe nezibopho ezinzima ezinhlelweni ezidinga izithiyo ze-soil-cement eziphathelene nemigomo yokukhuphuka engama-15 kuye kwangu-40 metres, kuye ngezimo zomhlabathi kanye nekhono lemishini. Ngokuqhubekayo, ama-rotary CSM rigs asebenza ngokujikeleza kwe-augur ehlukile noma ithuluzi lokuhlanganisa elithinta umhlabathi ngesikhathi engeza izithasiselo ezikhuthazayo—ngokuvamile i-Portland cement, i-bentonite, noma izibopho ezikhethekile—ngeziphumo ezisematheni. Njengoba i-augur ijikeleza futhi iqhubeka, umhlabathi uyakhulunywa futhi uhlinzekwa ngokuhlanganyela nesibopho ngezinga, futhi njengoba ithuluzi lihlala, i-binder entsha iqhubeka nokufakwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwakheka okuvumelanayo kwamakholomu. Ukunyakaza okujikeleza, kuhambisana nezinga lokuphakathi kokuhlinzekwa kanye nezivinyo zokujikeleza, kuqukethe umkhiqizo wokuhlanganisa kanye nenhlonipho yekholomu. Ukulinganisa okuqondile kwezinga kanye nokulandela izikhala (ivame ukuhamba nge-GPS noma izinhlelo ze-laser) kuqinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwamakholomu ajikelezayo, kunciphisa izikhala ezindongeni ezisindayo noma emnyango. Izimo zemishini ezitholakalayo kule ngqikithi zikhula ukusuka kumarig ezibekwe ezithuthwini ezinhle ezinhlelweni zezikhala ezijulile, ezinikeza ukunyakaza okusheshayo nokukwazi ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziphakathi, kuya kumarig ephelele wezithombe angakwazi ukuphatha izimo ze-geological eziyinkimbinkimbi—i-clay eqinile, i-sand enegwebu, kanye nezinto eziyisithelo eziyimfashini. Ukukhethwa kwe-gear kusekelwe kumthamo we-torque otholakalayo (ngokuvamile u-100-300 kNm), ububanzi be-augur (600-1200 mm), ukujula kokubholela okuphezulu, umthamo wesistimu yokufaka, kanye nezidingo zokuzinzile ezifanele izimo zomhlaba ezihlukene. Imodeli advanced zifaka izinhlelo zokulandelela ezitholakala ngesikhathi esiphilayo ezilandelela ingcindezi yokufaka, isu le-penetration, isivinini sokujikeleza, kanye nomthamo we-binder efakiwe, ihlinzeka ngedokhumenti ye-quality assurance kanye nokulawula inqubo phakathi kokusebenza. Izinto ezibalulekile zokukhetha i-CSM drilling rigs zihlanganisa amandla we-torque wemishini ngokwedinga kokuphikisana komhlaba; i-geometry ye-augur ehloswe kumagciwane athile; ukuphakanyiswa kokuzinzile okuvumelanayo nezimo zomhlaba kanye nezindawo zokuphakama; amandla okujula okusebenza uma kuziwa ezidingweni zephrojekthi; ukusebenza kahle kokudla nezidingo zokuhlanza; kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwamathuluzi akhethekile ezimfanekisweni, lezi zinsiza, noma igeological ethile. Abasebenzi kufanele bahlolisise izinhlelo zokuzinzile – ama-outriggers, amandla okwenza iziqondiso, kanye nemikhono yokubamba – ebalulekile ukuze kuqhubeke kuphephile ukusebenza ezindaweni eziphakeme noma ezinzima. Izindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba ezilawula ukusebenza kwe-CSM zifaka i-EN 1538 (Ukwenziwa Kwamsebenzi Okhethekile KwezeMvelo—Izindonga Zokuphaka) kanye ne-ISO 21503 (Iziqondiso Nezidingo Zokuphaka), ezisungula izidingo ezincane zokuhlola, izinqubo zokuhlola, nezimalimboleko zokwamukela. I-DIN 4126 ihlinzeka ngemigomo ye-German-standard yokuhlanganisa ijubane elijulile, kanti izikhodi zikazwelonke zivame ukufuna ukuqhuba ukuvunyelwa kwekhanda kwe-pressyo ye-soil-cement ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ze-coring, ukuhlaziywa kwamalabhorethri, nokuhlolwa kokuphuma kweganga.
Imishini ye-pile-driving ne-drilling rigs enamafucukweni amaningi ibalulekile kumakhenikha abakhona emisebenzini yokwakha izingqimba zomhlaba kanye nokufakwa kwemingcele yokuphela ezinhlelweni zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile. Lezi zinsiza zihlanganisa izinhlelo zokushayiswa kwezimvume ze-hydraulic noma ezishukumisayo namakhono okumbhora ngendlela yokuhamba, okuvumela ukumelana nabanyathelisi bemhlaba benza imisebenzi enzima edinga ukungena okukhululekile nemisebenzi ethile yokubhoboza. Le misebenzi emibili ibalulekile kuzo zonke izinzuzo zezenzo zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, lapho ukukhiqiza kuqeda izidingo ezinkulu nezithintayo zendawo. Ezobunjiniyela bezisekelo ezijulile, lezi zinsiza zisetshenziswa kumasiko amaningi okubandakanya ukufakwa kwezingqimba zamapuls, izinhlelo ze-secant ne-tangent piles, ukumiswa kwemibhede ye-diaphragm, kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlanganisa umhlaba (CSM) yokufaka imikhawulo yokuphela nemigudu yamanzi. Lapho ukuphathwa kwamanzi kunokubaluleka—ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezisekela ukumba, ukulungiswa kwezindawo ezingcolileyo, kanye nokugcina ngaphansi komhlaba—ama-rigs amaningi anikeza ubuchwepheshe bokusebenza ukuze aguquke phakathi kokushayiswa kwepilo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezingxenye ezisemqoka nezokuvula amabhuku, ukufakwa kwe-tremie pipe, kanye nezakhiwo ezisekelayo. Le mkhuba inciphisa izindleko zokuhambisa imishini nezithintelo zendawo ngenkathi igcina izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezindaweni ezikhudlwana. Isimiso sokusebenza sihlanganisa uhlelo lwe-hydraulic mast olusebenzisa amathuluzi aphumelelayo, lapho umsebenzi oyinhloko—k whether kubhampa okukhanyayo, umshayeli owandulelayo, noma ikhanda lokumbhora—fakwe ku-kelly bar engaphansi kohlelo lwezikhala. Ukucindezela nokuqhuba izithuthi kusuka kwisisetshenziswa samandla esenziwe ngemishini kumisa izinga lokungena, imvamisa yokushaya, kanye nekota yokujika, uvumela abaphathi ukuba bathuthukise ukusebenza ezimweni ezahlukene zomhlaba kusuka kumadoti afanele ukuya kumaklayi aqinile. Uhlelo lwe-hydraulic lujwayele ukusebenza phakathi kuka-150–400 bar nezinga lokuflowa ukusuka ku-200 kuya ku-600 amalitha ngomzuzu, lweseka ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba nezakhiwo ezinemininingwane ehlukene. Izinhlelo advanced zifaka imishini ethokozisayo yokujika ye-percussive ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukungena kumagwazi anothile nezindawo ezixhunywe, kuyilapho izinhlelo ezithuthukisayo zisebenza ngokusebenzisa ukujikeleza kohlobo lokubhukuda, ukujikeleza kwe-casing, nempumelelo ye-autonomous yokuphindisela kumzuzu ukuze kukhuliswe imitha ezimweni zephezu. Ukucushwa kwemishini kube nezinye izindawo ezibhekele phansi nezetheku ezinokuhlanganiswa kwama-piles angama-450 mm kuya kuma-casings abhujisiwe angu-1.2 m ububanzi. I-pile leaders ejwayelekile inikeza ukuphakama kokusebenza kwe-20–35 m nezikhumbuzo zokulayisha ezingu-30–120 tonnes, kuye ngohlobo lwe-rig kanye nezinhlelo ezihlosiwe. Izinkomba zokukhetha zifaka izinhlelo zomhlaba ezilindelekile, ubukhulu bezakhiwo ezideshwayo, izidingo zokumisa (±50–100 mm kumapuls, ±75 mm kumapilo ze-secant), ukufinyelela endaweni nezithintelo ukuqondisa, kanye nemithetho yokugcina imvelo efana nemingcele yokushayisana ezindaweni ezibucayi. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezilinganiso zokukhiqiza—izinhlelo zokukhanyisa jikelele zifinyelela kumaphuzu ayi-5–15 ngosuku ngokumelene namaphuzu ayi-3–8 ezinhlelo eziphulukayo—kuveza umphumela ocacile kukhetho lwezinto zempahla kanye nezomnotho zephrojekthi. Izindinganiso ezihambisanayo zifaka i-EN 14199 yokwakhiwa nokufakwa kwama-micropile, i-DIN 4014 ukuhlole amandla okulayisha ama-pile, i-EN 13670 yokusebenza kwezakhiwo zecement, kanye ne-EN 474 yokuphepha kwemishini ye-earthmoving. Ukuhambisana ne-ISO 5010 nezikhokhelo ezihlobene nezinsindo/nokuhlonzwa kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza kanye nokuhambisana kwezitifiketi zomhlaba wonke.
Izixhumi ezihambayo ze-CSM ziwumgogodla wezobunjiniyela be-Cutter Soil Mixing, indlela ekhethekile yokumba ngokujulile nokuzinzisa umhlaba ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezobunjiniyela be-geotechnical yanamuhla. Lezi zinhlelo zokuthwala zisekela ikhanda lesikala le-CSM ngesikhathi sokuhluza, ukuhlanganisa, nokugcina izinqubo ezihambisanayo, kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuba benze odonga lwemidwebo oluhlangene lwezidingo eziphansi nezokungena kwamanzi, kanye nezithiyo zokubamba izinto eziyingozi ngokuqondile nangokuphumelelayo. Emsebenzini wokwakha izisekelo ez deep, izixhumi ezihambayo zikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngokwakhiwa kwezithiyo ezingenamanzi, izithiyo zokubamba imfucumfucu, kanye nezindonga zomzimba ezisetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nezinhlelo ze-secant pile, odongeni lwe-sheet pile, kanye nezicelo zokugrouta kwe-jet. Izixhumi ezihambayo zisebenza njengemishini ethathwa noma efakwe kumakharavani eportal, eziqukethwe ikhanda le-CSM ezindaweni eziyiqondile futhi zikhulise ngokujulile ezicini ezihlongozwayo. Umqondo wokusebenza uhilela ikhanda lesikala elihambayo elihlinzeka ukupenda komhlaba ngasikhathi sinye lokukhwaza izinto zokubopha—okujwayelekile ukuba ama-slurries anomhlanga noma izinto zokubopha ezithile—kuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okulinganayo kuzo zonke ububanzi bodonga. Isakhiwo sigcina uzinzo oluphakathi noshintsho oluphezulu phakathi komjikelezo wokuhluza, okungase kwande kube ubude obungama-60+ amamitha kuye ngezinyathelo zomshini nezimo zomhlaba. Umsebenzi wokuhamba, ophathwa ngezinhlelo ze-hydraulic noma ze-diesel-electric, uvumela isakhiwo ukuba siqhubeke sithuthuka edolobheni lokusebenza ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo ezihambelanayo, kudala odonga ahlukaniswe kahle akhiwe endaweni yokwakheka, ububanzi obuvamile phakathi kuka-0.4 kuya ku-2.5 amamitha. Le nqubo ibiphumeza kakhulu kunemishini ejwayelekile yokwakha odonga futhi ikhiqiza izimpahla ezincane kakhulu ezidinga ukususa. Lo mkhakha ufaka izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokwakha ezivumelana nezimo ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba nezidingo zephrojekthi. Izinsiza ezinkulu ezivumelanayo zikhola ezinhlelweni zemboni, ziphakamisa izikhanda zokuhluza ezifika ku-3.5 amamitha ububanzi futhi zikhokhela ubukhulu obuphakeme kuka-80 amamitha. Izinsiza ezincane ezihamba obala zivumelana nezindawo ezinamakhono kulezo ezikhawulelwe ukuphakama phezulu. Izinhlelo ezincane ezijikijelayo zikhulisa ukuhlinzeka kwezinsiza zephrojekthi ezinomhlaba omncane, ngenkathi ukwenza imiklamo engaguquki kuthuthukisa isu lokulawula emhlabeni oguquguqukayo nasezinkundleni eziphakeme. Izimfanelo zezimoto zikhombisa ububanzi bokuhluza obukhulu, ubukhulu bezokwakha obuphezulu, ikhono lokuhambisa isitsha, kanye nezinhlobo zezinzuzo ezahlukahlukene ezihambisana nesistimu. Ukukhethwa kwezixhumi ezihambayo ze-CSM kuya ngokusemthethweni ezimweni eziphansi, ububanzi obubalulekile bezindonga nezidingo zokungena, kanye nezidingo zezimo zokuhlela. Abakhiqizi bahlola ukusabalala komhlaba—ikakhulukazi ukufika kwsandla esiqinile, i-cobbles, noma amabulashana aqinile—njengoba lokhu kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kokuhluza nezinkokhelo zokubopha. Izimo zamanzi omhlaba, izidingo zokulandelana kwezindonga, kanye nemikhawulo yokujula kuchaza uhlobo lwezixhumi nezimfanelo zezikhanda zokuhluza. Izilinganiso zokukhiqiza ziqoka izifundo zokuhlanganisa, izikhathi zokuhlanganisa ama-slurry, nezikhathi zokuhambisa ikhanda lesikala. Ukwakhiwa kwezimoto nokufinyelela endaweni yokusebenza kuhilela ukususa ukukhetha kwesixhumi, ikakhulukazi emhlabeni odinga ukuhlinzeka lapho izindlela zokufinyelela nezindawo zokusebenza zingase zibe nezingqinamba. Izindinganiso zamazwe okugunyaza izicelo ze-CSM zifaka i-EN 14199 yokuhlanza ngengcindezi kanye ne-EN 12715 ye-anchors ezihlanziwe, ngesikhathi izinhlelo zokuphepha kwemishini design zivikela i-EN 13001 yamakhana ahamba kakhulu nezikhombandlela ze-ISO ezifanele. Izindinganiso ze-DIN zesiJalimane zinikeza umhlahlandlela owengeziwe ekwakhiweni kwezinsiza zokuhluza nokusebenza kahle kokuhlanganisa umhlaba. Abakhiqizi baye basebenzisa izitifiketi zomkhiqizo wesithathu nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhlola ukuqinisa ubuqotho bendonga, ukuhlanganiswa kokubopha, nokuhambisana nezidingo zokuphatha namasayithi.
Izikhungo ze-Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) zimela izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe, ezinamamojula eziyisisekelo ukuze kwenziwe ukusebenza kokulawula ukuqiniswa komhlaba (soil stabilization) nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba (ground improvement) ekwakhiweni kwezizinda ezijulile nasebugcinweni bezezimali. Lezi zikhungo ziqondiswe ngokukhethekile ukuze kube khona ukwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, izindwangu zokugencwa, izindonga ze-secant pile, nezivimbela lapho kudingeka khona ukuhlanganiswa okucacile kwezikhukhula zendawo ezithile nezindlela zokubopha ezikhishwe ngobotshalo be-cementitious. I-Cut Soil Mixing technology (CSM) isebenza njengethuba elihamba phambili kunezindlela zokuhlanganisa umhlaba ezijwayelekile, inikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu kokuhlanganisa nokwehliswa komthelela kwemvelo ngezindlela zokugenca ezisebenzayo nezokuxuba eziphula isakhiwo somhlaba ngesikhathi sokubopha izikhange ezikhishwe. Umsebenzi we-CSM ubandakanya ithuluzi lokugenca elikhethekile elijikijwa ngezinga elilawulwayo ngenkathi uhamba phambili emotweni yerhasi. Ngokwehlukana nokususa umhlaba okwenziwayo, izinsimbi zokugenca ezisebenzayo zihlukanisa umhlaba endaweni, ziveza izingqimba ezintsha ezishiwoyo ezishiwo ngamasistimu akhethekile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwenzeka ezikhathini ezahlukahlukene, kdepending on izidingo zokuhlanganiswa ezifanele nezicaciso zobunjiniyela. Izinhlelo ezibhalwe ngemoto ezimbili zivumela ukulawulwa okuphelele kwejubane lokujikijwa kanye nezinga lokungena, kukhululekile ukuhlela izimo zomhlaba ezahlukahlukene kusuka kumabhlokhi apholile kuya ezindaweni ezinzima ezifakwe emathafeni. Izikhungo ze-CSM ziqukethe izingxenye eziningi ezisemqoka: ithuluzi lokuhlanganisa eliyinhloko elinobuchwepheshe obuxubile noma izinsimbi zokugenca ezihlanganisiwe, ikhanda elinamandla aphezulu lokuqhuba elikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngejubane lokujikijwa phakathi kuka-10-80 RPM kuye ngezimo zomhlaba, ama-augers okukhishwa komhlaba nokuphuthuma kwezindiza, amathubhu okuvikelwa kwezindonga nokuphathwa kokufaka, nezinhlelo ezisekelayo zokuhola nokuqapha isikhundla. Izinketho zokuhumusha zihlukile ngokwezimo ezihlose, kusuka ekugencweni okujula phakathi kuka-10-15 kwemitha kuya ezindongeni ezijulile ezingaphezu kuka-60 zemitha. Izikhungo zivame ukuhlinzekwa ngezimo ezilungiswayo zokugenca ukuze zifeze izinhlobo zomhlaba ezahlukahlukene, kusuka kumadlamini aphukayo kuya ezintweni eziyindida zinezinga eliphezulu le-friction yangaphakathi. Ukukhetha izikhungo ezihamba phambili ze-CSM kudinga ukuhlola izinkomba eziningi zobuchwepheshe: ukujula nokuqina kwendonga ehleliwe, izici zomhlaba okufana nezinyoni zomjova kanye nezakhiwo zamandla, ukuqina kokucindezelwa okungathintwanga kwezingxenye ezilungiswe, ukuvumelana nokuphakama, izinga lokukhiqiza kanye nohlelo lwephrojekthi, kanye nokutholakala kwezinsiza ezisekelayo ezifaka amandla okuphakela futhi ukuphatha udoti. Izimo zemvelo zinesidingo esikhulu ekukhetheni izikhungo, ikakhulukazi ukuphakama kwethebula lamanzi, ukutholakala kwezithiyo ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nemingcele yokufinyelela endaweni. I-CSM ikakhulukazi ifana nezinkambo ze-EN 14679 (Ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile - Ukuhlanganiswa okujula) futhi ixhaswe ngezinga le-ISO 6892 kwezinto ezithambekileyo. Izinqolobane ze-DIN 4014 neziqondiso ze-API zikhombisa izindlela zokwakha zokuzama izinhlelo eziphathwayo, kanti izinga le-ISO 22475 lwalungisa izinqubo zokuhlola izimbobo nokuhlolwa komhlaba okubalulekile ekwenzeni izinkanyezi ngaphambi kokwakhiwa. Izidingo ezithile zephrojekthi, ezivame ukufakwa kwicela eliqholile njengesimo sokucindezela okungathintwanga, ama-coefficients permeability, kanye nezinga le-homogeneity, ziqondisa ngqo ukukhetha amandla ezikhungo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukuphela Kwendlela Yokwakha Imathiraphu (TRD) iyindlela yokwakha imithambo ejulile ye- in-situ edala odongeni abathwala carga ngokulandelana ukusika nokuhlanganisa umhlabathi ngempahla ye-cement-based binder ngenqubo yokumbiwa eqhubekayo. Ethuthukiswe ikakhulukazi eJapane, ubuchwepheshe be-TRD bubonisa ukuthuthuka emndenini wezobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa komhlabathi, bujabulisa isikhundla esicacile phakathi kwe-Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) tradicional kanye nokwakhiwa kwemithambo yokuhambisa. Le ndlela iklanyelwe ukukhiqiza odonga oluhlangene, olwalungile ngokwakhiwa ngokusebenzisa ukusika kwemishini kanye nokuhlanganiswa okujulile komhlabathi wendawo ne-cementitious slurry, kudala imikhawulo emikhulu enezinga lesikhumba elilawulwayo kanye nesici sokuphumula. Izicelo eziyinhloko ze-TRD zifaka ukwakhiwa kwemishini yokuphothula emitholampilo ewumbululu, imithambo yokuhambisa esekela ukuphela kokwakhiwa kokubanjwa, izakhiwo zokulawula ukuvuza ekwakhiweni kwezimvula, kanye nemithambo yokuphakela imithombo efakwe phansi. Ubuchwepheshe be-TRD buphumelela kakhulu lapho ukufinyelela ezindaweni kuthinta ukufakwa kwezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zepayipi yesikhumba noma izinhlelo ze-soldier pile, lapho izimo zomhlabathi zisho izinkinga kumishini ejwayelekile yokuthatha imithambo, noma lapho izidingo zobunjiniyela zidinga izingxenye zomzimba ezizungezile, ziqonde ngqo ngaphandle kokuphuka. Le ndlela iphinde isetshenziswe ezindaweni zomhlabathi soft, ezingavunyelwe kahle, zeziqubulo kanye ne-geologies ehlangene lapho izindlela zokuh excavate ezijwayelekile zikhombisa ukufaneleka okuphansi noma zikhulisa ukuncika nokukhala ngokweqile. Inqubo ye-TRD isebenza ngemuva kwemishini yokuphothula eyenziwe ngendlela eyodwa ejabulele ukusika amaqanda agijimayo noma ama-drums okuphephisa umhlabathi ngokujulile. Njengoba ikhanda lokusika lihamba phambili phezulu noma ngezindlela ezibekiwe, i-cementitious slurry iyasetshenziswa ngqo emkhakheni wokusika futhi ihlanganiswa nezinto ezithathiwe, kudala ubuningi obuthambile obufakwa emgqonyeni ngemuva kokusika. Ukuphana kwezilonda ezikhiqizwayo kudala ibhodi eyodwa, enobukhulu obubambekile. Umthamo wokuqonda, ububanzi bokusika, kanye nezinga lokuhlanganiswa kusebenza ngokuphakanyiswa kwezinhlelo ze-hydraulic, kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuba balungise izincazelo zomoya ukuze zibe nezidingo zephrojekthi. Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi esiqondile kwevolumu ye-slurry, ingcindezi yokungenisa, nokumelana kokusika kunikeza ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Imishini esigabeni se-TRD ifaka imishini yokukhiqiza ephelele efakwe emishinini edonsayo emikhulu noma ezindaweni ezithathwe, eziklanyelwe ama-panel avamise ukuphakanyiswa kusuka ku-0.8 kuya ku-3.0 meters ububanzi futhi ikwazi ukufinyelela ukujula kusuka ku-20 kuya ku-100 meters ngokwentela izimo zomhlabathi nemishini. Ukujola kuhlanganisa izikhanda zokusika ezilodwa nezikhandi eziningi, ezinezinga elihlukile lokujubane kokujikeleza nezikhalazo zokujikeleza ukuze zifanele izitayela zomhlabathi eziluhlaza. Imishini ephathelene ibandakanya izinyathelo ze-slurry, ama-centrifuge yokuphatha i-slurry, izinhlelo zokufaka imikhawulo nezinhlelo zokuhlola ikhwalithi. Izizathu zokukhetha izinhlelo ze-TRD zifaka izimfuneko zokuqonda kwamaphrojekthi, ububanzi be-wall kanye nokuphatha, iphrofayili yomhlabathi nezifiso zamandla, izidingo ze-permeability yomoya nezidingo zokuphelela, ukufinyelela endaweni nezithiyo zomhlaba, ukuphuculwa kwezinto ezithathiwe, kanye nebhajethi yokuhamba kwemishini nakwezokusebenza. Abakhi bahlola ukuqina kwamathuluzi okusika, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwe-slurry, izikhathi zokuphindaphinda, nezidingo zokuhambisana nemvelo. Izindinganiso ezifanele, kuhlanganisa i-ISO 21010 (Izingxenye Zokwakha) kanye nezinqubo zomphakathi zokwakha, zilawula ukwakhiwa kwemithambo ye-TRD, izincazelo zezinto, kanye nekhwalithi yokusebenza, kanti i-DIN 4126 ne-EN 1537 zinikeza umhlahlandlela kuzakhiwo zokwesekwa zesikhashana nezihlala isikhathi eside ezihlanganisa imithambo ye-TRD.
Imishini ye-grouting imelela isigaba esibalulekile semishini eyakhelwe ukusiza ukufaka i-cementitious noma i-chemical grout ezindaweni zomhlaba nezitini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikeleka, ukuvalwa, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu zayo zobunjiniyela. Ngaphakathi kohlaka olukhulu lwe-cutter soil mixing (CSM) kanye nezobuchwepheshe zokuthuthukisa umhlaba, imishini ye-grouting isiza ukufaka imithwalo ye-diaphragm, ama-curtains wokuhluza, amashumi e-secant piles, kanye nezinhlelo ze-jet grouting lapho ukufakwa kwejusi ngengcindezi kubalulekile ukuze kufezwe imigomo yokusebenza yokwakhiwa. Umsebenzi ophawulekayo wemishini ye-grouting ukufezekisa ukuhambisa i-grout okuqhubekayo ezingeni elinqunyiwe lokucindezela kanye nezinga lokugeleza, uvumela abaphakeli ukuthi balawule ukungena kwamanzi, bakhuphule ikhono lokuphatha, banciphise ukwehla, noma benze izithiyo ezingenakungena ezinhlelweni zezifundo ezinzulu. Imishini ye-grouting isebenza ngaphansi kwegoti eliyisisekelo lokulungiselela ngoshintsho oluhlangene lwama-grout bese ifaka lezi zinto ezindaweni ezinqunyiwe ngokusebenzisa amasondo okwakha noma amapayipi wokuhambisa ngaphansi kwegcindezi elalawulwa. Ekwakhiweni kwe-diaphragm wall kanye ne-secant piles, imishini ye-grouting ifaka i-grout ngqo kumamatrix omhlaba obujwayelekile obungaphakathi noma phakathi kwamapayipi ukuze kuncishiswe izikhala futhi kudalwe izinto eziyisisekelo eziphathekayo. Kwezicelo ze-cut-off curtains kanye ne-jet grouting, imishini ikhiqiza ukugeleza okuphezulu okudingekayo ukuwaqophela nokuwahlanganisa umhlaba ngenkathi igcwalisa izikhala ezidalwe nge-grout. Inqubo yokusebenza ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukujolisa kwezinto eziyisisekelo (i-Portland cement, amanzi, ama-admixtures) emshinini we-grout, ukugcina okwesikhashana emathankini wokukhuthaza ukuze kugcinwe ukujwayela, bese kuhanjiswa ngeziphuzo ezihamba phambili noma ama-pumps apiston ezikhawini zokufaka ezilawula izinsiza zokuhlola noma ama-payipi ahlukanisiwe ukuze kudluliswe i-grout ngokuhamba okujwayelekile nangokweqile njengoba kudingeka. Le ngqikithi yemishini ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi ezahlukene zemishini ezingenziwa ngokwehlukana noma njengezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe. Imishini ye-grouting ihlanganisa ama-hoppers ezinto ezomile, amasistimu wokwabela amanzi, kanye nemixers ekhuphukayo ikhono lokukhiqiza ama-cubic meters angu-5 kuya ku-50+ e-grout ngehora kuye ngesisekelo. Amapumps we-progressive cavity (i-peristaltic) abamba iqhaza emsebenzini wokufaka ngengcindezi ngenxa yokukwazi kwawo ukuphatha ama-slurry e-cementitious ahlanzekile ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa nokugcina ukuhamba okujwayelekile kokucindezela okuhlukahlukene. Izinhlelo zokukhuthaza nokuhamba ziqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwe-grout phakathi kokugcina nokuhambisa, okuyinto ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukwehla kwe-cement ezinhlelweni ezine-ratio amanzi-cement ephezulu. Izigaba zokubuka nokwabelana ngaphakathi kuvumela ukulungisa okujwayelekile kweziqinisekiso, ngenkathi izinhlelo ezizenzekelayo zokulondoloza zirekhoda ingcindezi, ivolumu, nezinsuku ezibonisa ubufakazi bokuhambisana nezincwadi zokwakha. Ukukhetha imishini ye-grouting kuthonya izici eziningi zobuchwepheshe kuhlanganisa i-viscosity kanye ne-ratio yamanzi-cement ye-grout ethile (ethinta uhlobo lwepumpa nezidingo zamandla), ingcindezi yokufaka yokwakhiwa (ehamba ukusuka ku-10 bar kumakholomu e-low-pressure soilcrete ukuya ku-100+ bar kwezinye izicelo ze-jet grouting), izinga lokukhiqiza elidingekayo nenani eliphelele le-grout lephrojekthi, izithiyo zokufinyelela ezithinta ukusungulwa kwemishini, kanye nezidingo zokubona ngaleso sikhathi ingcindezi nevolumu ukuze kuzuzwe izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi. Ukuhlolwa kwemvelo, njengokunciphisa imiphumela ye-grout ne ngokuqondiswa kwemithombo engaphezu, kudlalwa uhlelo oluphakeme lokukhetha imishini ukuze luqhubeke nezinhlelo ezivaliwe ezinezinsiza zokuphatha. Imisebenzi ye-grouting ilawulwa ngamazinga afanele afana ne-EN 14679 (ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical—imiphumela ye-diaphragm), i-EN 12716 (ukugrouta komhlaba—izincazelo nezichazo), i-ISO 12572 (ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo ye-grouting), kanye ne-DIN 4126 (imiphumela ye-diaphragm). Lezi zinga zilungiselela izinga elincane lokusebenza ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla e-grout, imikhawulo ye-injection pressure, kanye nezidingo zokubhaliswa ukuthi imishini ye-grouting kufanele iziphilise ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana kwezivumelwano nokuhlala isikhathi eside kokufakwa kwezinsiza ezinzulu.
Imishini ehlobene ifaka amathuluzi abalulekile nezinsiza ezisekelayo ezivumela ukufakwa nokusebenza kahle kwemindeni ye-diagram, imihlangano yokuphulukisa, imindeni ye-secant pile, nezinye izakhiwo zokubamba kwezinto ekwakhiweni kwemifantu ejulile. Nakuba ingenzi imisebenzi eyinhloko yokumba noma yokunyakaza komhlabathi, imishini ehlobene ibalulekile ukuze lezi zindlela zibe nempumelelo, iphathe ukucirculating kwemihlanganisi, ilawule amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, iqukethe imingcele yokumba, futhi ihlinzeke ngamathuluzi wokuphathwa kwempahla ithuba lokwakhiwa. Ezitshalweni ze-diagram wall ne-cutter soil mixing, imishini ehlobene isebenza ngokusiza ngqo izinhlelo zokumba ezisemqoka. Izingxenye zokuhamba kwe-slurry—including ama-centrifuge, ama-desander, nama-shale shaker—zigcina ikhwalithi ye-bentonite noma ye-polymer slurry ngokususwa kwe-impurities futhi zilungise umswakama ukuze ube ne-viscosity nomthamo ofanele. Lezi zinhlelo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukwesekwa kwe-hydrostatic ngaphakathi kokumba nokuvimbela ukuzamazama ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo. Ngokufanayo, izitshalo zokwelapha i-slurry kanye nezinsiza zokuxuba umhlaba zilungisa amafutha okusekela ngokwezincazelo, ziphatha izimo ezifana ne-viscosity ye-plastic, ukucindezela okukhiqizayo, nokulahlekelwa kokuhamba kwamanzi njengoba kuchazwe yizindinganiso ezifanele. Izinhlelo ze-tremie pipe nezinsiza zokudambisa ziqinisekisa ukufakwa kokhonkolo noma i-grout ngendlela elawulwayo ngaphandle kokuhlukana noma ukungcoliswa okuvela ku-slurry ephezulu, okubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zokumba ezimanzi nasemazingeni wamanzi angaphansi. Izinhlelo ze-hydraulic nezokuphakela zamandla zinganikeza amandla okuhamba emikhiqizweni yokuthambisa, ama-casing guides, kanye nezinsiza zokuzinza. Izing units ze-hydraulic power zilawula ingcindezi yephampu nokuhamba kumadivayisi okuthambisa anzima, ama-auger, nezinsiza zokuphakamisa, kanti izinhlelo zokuhambisa zikagesi nezokulawula zilawula ukusebenza ngokulandelana ngemiphumela yokuphepha. Izikhungo zokuhola kanye nezinhlelo zokuhola i-casing zigcina i-verticality futhi zivimbele ukungahambisani ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwezinhlelo noma ama-pile, okubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ubumsulwa nezinga lemikhakha yokukhala noma izakhiwo zokuphulukisa. Imishini yokukhulula amanzi nokuphatha amanzi angaphansi—ikuhlanganisa ama-sump, imithombo ye-slurry settlement, nezikhukhula zokukhulula amanzi—ilawula ukuphakama kwabazali, iphathe amandla amaningi we-slurry, futhi ivumele ukufinyelela okuphephile kwabantu ezindaweni ezomile. Imishini yokubheka nokuhlola, efana nama-inclinometer, ama-piezometer, kanye nama-sensor e-tilt esikhathini sangempela, ilandelela ukuhamba kwemikhondo, ingcindezi yamamoya angaphansi, nokusebenza kwezakhiwo ngesikhathi nokuqedela kokwakhiwa. Ukukhethwa kwezinhlelo ezihambisana nezinto ezithile kuncike ebangeni lokumba, ezimo zomhlaba, ukwakheka komhlaba, ubukhulu obudingekayo bemikhondo, nesikhathi sokusebenza. Umthamo wokuhamba kwe-slurry kumele uhambisane nezinga lokukhiqizwa kwemfucumfucu; izinhlelo ze-hydraulic kumele zihehe izinga elidingekayo lokuphakela kwezimo zomhlabathi; futhi izinhlelo zokukhulula amanzi kumele zihlale ziguquguquka ngamazinga azseasonal okuphakelayo. Izindinganiso zezimboni ezilawula ukuklanywa, ukufakwa, nokusebenza kwemishini ehlobene zifaka i-EN 1537 (izakhiwo zokweseka ezithathwayo), i-EN 14731 (imindeni ye-diagram), i-ISO 6892 (ukuhlola kwemishini), kanye ne-API RP 2A (ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo). Abakhiqizi bemishini kumele baqinisekise ukuhambisana nezimfuneko zamandla e-hydraulic, izikhombisi zokucindezela, nezindinganiso zokuphepha ezihambelana nezindawo zabo.
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