Izindonga ze-Sheet Pile: Incazelo Enochwepheshe Ebanzi Izindonga ze-sheet pile ziyizinhlelo zokwakha ezenziwe ngezingxenye zensimbi noma zombani eziqinisiwe ezihlotshisiwe ezishaywe ngendlela ohlelweni olwejwayelekile ngendlela ethuthelelayo enhlabathini ukuze zakhe izithiyo ezimile ngokuzinzile. Kuhlelo lwezokwakha ezijulile, izindonga ze-sheet pile zisebenza emisebenzini eminingi ebalulekile: izinhlelo zokweseka zesikhashana ngesikhathi sokuhamba, izithiyo ezihlala njalo zokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi omhlaba, kanye nezinto eziphakamisayo ezisebenzisa emanzini noma emfuleni. Ububanzi bazo bunenza kube izithako eziyisisekelo kumathuluzi omqashi we-geotechnical ukuze aphathe izimo ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nohlobo lwezithiyo zomhlaba. Izindonga ze-sheet pile zisebenza ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zokweseka zodonga lwe-diaphragm, amacurtains okukhungatheka okuthile ukuzivikela, nokulawula ukugeleza emathafeni wezinqaba. Emisebenzini yokulungisa izindonga, zisebenza ngokuhlanganyela nezinhlaka zomhlaba nezinhlelo zokuphinda zixhume ukuze ziqinise imithwalo emihle. Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezibuko kanye nokugcwalisa izindlela zokungena ezisondelene, kuxhomeke kakhulu kumjikelezo we-sheet pile we-cofferdams nezakhiwo ezihlala zihlala emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisebenza njengezinhlelo zokugcina ezindleleni zomhlaba lapho ukutholakala kwendawo kusho ukuthi izixazululo ezahlukene zikhawulelwe, kanye nezithiyo zokuvikela emisebenzini yokumba. Isimiso sokusebenza sihloselwe ukufaka izimpande ezithile ngendlela ethuthuke phambili ngama-interlocks aphethwe ngamakhenikhali noma amabhakede aphumayo adala umjikelezo ongenamthungo noma ongenamthungo. Izimpande zensimbi ze-sheet pile zivamise ukufakwa zisebenzisa ama-impact hammers noma ama-vibratory hammers aphethe ukuphenduka okusiza ekwenzeni isithiyo esifanele ngesikhathi kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka komhlaba. Le nqubo idinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvumeleka okuhle okuphehla ukuthola izikhala ezizokwenza kube nezinkinga ezinomthelela kumandla kwesakhiwo noma ukusebenza ngokuhlakuka. Ukuphikiswa kokungena kwanda ngokujulile njengoba udonga uthola amagatsha anedense, kudinga ukulungiswa kwemithwalo ngesikhathi sokufaka. Emithonjeni edlulifayo, amandla okukhanda angase adingeke ukuphuma bese kuphinda kubekwe ukuze kufunwe ukuphumula okufanele. Izinhlelo zezimoto ezitholakala kulezi zinhlelo zifaka njengezimo ezijwayelekile ezimile (U-series, Z-series), amabhokisi e-pile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhalipha okwandayo, kanye nezindonga ze-sheet ezihlanganisa insimbi nezinye izinto eziphinde zisebenze ezimweni ezithile. Izinsiza zokushaya zifaka ama-impact hammers aphuma ku-6 kuya ku-250 tonnes, ama-vibratory systems anama-frequency angu-10 kuya ku-40 Hz ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka, kanye nama-oscillatory hammers aklanyelwe ukusebenza okuphezulu kokuphuma. Izinsiza ezihambelana nazo zifaka izinsiza zokukhulula ezindongeni zesikhashana, amasistimu esekelweni angaphakathi (i-rakers, i-wales, kanye ne-props), kanye nezinsiza zokuvula amanzi ezinqabeni eziphansi. Izinqumo zokukhetha zifaka ukuhlolwa kwephrofayili yomhlaba, ukuphakama kwe-walu efunekayo kanye nesithiyo somhlaba, izithiyo zezemvelo eziphathelene nokuphazamiseka nokwakha, izidingo zokukhonza okwakha noma okwesikhashana, kanye nokufinyeleleka kwendawo ukuze kufakwe izinsiza. Ubukhulu bokwakha buyahluka ngokujulile kokushaya, amandla okuxhumana, kanye nokusatshenziselwa kahle kwezinjongo. Ukuvikelwa kokubola kudinga ukuhlola kemikhabhe, izimo zamanzi omhlaba, kanye nezilindelo zokuphila kwedizayini. Ezimeni ezilukhuni noma ezinezingqimba, izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokufaka amakhono noma izinketho zensimbi ezingabola kunikeza ukuqina okwandisiwe. Imigomo yezezimboni ethinta ukuklama nokufaka izindonga ze-sheet pile ifaka phakathi i-EN 12063 (izindonga ze-sheet pile—ukunquma izimfuneko ezibalulekile), i-EN 1997-1 (ukwakhiwa kwe-geotechnical), kanye ne-DIN 19303 (izindonga ze-sheet pile zensimbi). I-American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 2A ithinta izinhlelo ezibhekele ngaphandle. Izinkcukacha zokufaka zixhumanisa ne-EN 12699 (ama-pile nokufaka ama-pile) ukuze zifune izimfuno zokusebenza kwezinsiza nezokulawula ukuvuvukala. Izindawo ze-seismic zidinga ukuhambisana ne-EN 1998-5 (ukumelana neziphuphu), kubeka ezinye izinkinga eziningana zokuthokozisa. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-professional kwezixazululo ze-sheet pile kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yokuhlola i-geotechnical, ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo, ukuhambisana kwezokuhlala nezomthetho, ukuhlaziywa kokwakhiwa, kanye nokuhlola izindleko zokuphila phakathi nesikhathi sokwakha okubhekwa.
Ukushayelwa kwezalwane ezihambayo kuyisu eliyisisekelo lokufaka Izikhala zephepha ezikhawulelwe nezihlala njalo, ezisebenza njengezithiyo ezibalulekile zokwakha nezokuhambisa emiphakathini yokwakhiwa kwezifunda ezijulile. Izikhala zephepha ziyizigaba zensimbi ezihlangene noma ezakhiwe ngekhonkrithi eqinile ezakha izithiyo ezim vertical, ezisebenza njengezingcezu ezithwala loads, izinhlelo zokuphela kwamanzi, noma izakhiwo zokweseka ngokuphathelene. Emqondweni wokubhalela emhlabeni, imishini ehambayo ivumela ukufakwa okujabulisayo nokuphumelelayo kwabakhi ba ngezikhala eziyholelayo emithonjeni eqinile, insimbi, neziqongo ezihlanganisiwe ngenkathi kwehliswa ukuphazamiseka komhlaba - inzuzo enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokushayelwa kokuphuma ezindaweni ezithinta imvelo noma ezixakile. Izikhala zephepha ezihambayo zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezehlukene zokwakha. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm njengokweseka okwesikhashana ngesikhathi sokumba, ezindlini zokuphela ngaphansi kwemifula nakweminye imithombo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhamba kwamanzi phakathi kweziqongo ze-alluvial, nasezindongeni ezihlongozwayo nezihlangene lapho ukwedlula komjikelezo ophakanyisiwe kudala ukweseka komhlaba. Ezindaweni zamanzi, izikhala zephepha ezihambayo zakha izakhiwo eziyizindonga, izindonga ze-quay, nezivalo zemikhumbi. Izinhlelo zemboni zifaka ukufakwa kwezimboni zamakhemikhali, izinhlelo zokukhululwa kwedamu, nezithiyo ze-perimeter ze-landfill. Lezi zifaka zisebenza kakhulu ezimeni ezingashintshiwe, zidinga imishini enesimo esikhona sokugcina umkhiqizo emithonjeni engaphansi kwamanzi noma ezindaweni ezinosawoti ophezulu. Umqondo wokusebenza kokushayelwa kwezalwane ezihambayo uthinta ukufaka okuphindaphindiwe okuphezulu (ngokuvamile 10-25 Hz) emathafeni enhloko yefosili nge-vibrator ye-hydraulic efakwe emuva noma phezulu. Le oscillation yehlisa ingcindezi ejwayelekile ephepheni le-soil-pile, yehlisa ingcindezi yembobo futhi ivumela ukufakwa kwephela ngaphansi komthwalo wabo, kufakwe ukucindezela okuphezulu. Ngokwehlukile kuziqhumiso, imishini ehambayo ikhipha ukululama okuqinisayo, okuholela kumazinga e-vibration aphansi omhlaba kanye nokwehliswa kokuphazamiseka ezakhiweni nasezinsizakazini ezizungezile. Izinga lokufaka ngokuvamile lidlula okushayelwe, ikakhulukazi emhlabeni ophakathi nokuhlala, nakuba ukusebenza ezindaweni eziziqhumayo nezinsangu kungase kudinge ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa ukushayelwa. Izinhlelo ezijwayelekile zifaka izihlungi ze-diesel noma ze-elekthronikhi ezisemkhathini ezibekwe kumathuluzi okuhamba noma kuzinqola ezimisiwe, eziqala kuya ku-3 kuya ku-25+ tonnes emashini okugijima. Umsebenzi wokukhipha izikhala ubalulekile, lapho ukujikeleza kokuvimbela noma izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokukhipha zisebenza ukuze kusizakale ezikhala. Izinhlelo zanamuhla zifaka ama-inclinometers, ama-sensors wengcindezi, nezokubhaliswa ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulawulwa kwe-verticality nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo. Imishini yokwesekwa ifaka iziqhaza zephepha, abaholi, kanye nezinduku ezisayineka ukuze kulawulwe ukuhlanganiswa kobubanzi nokuqhathaniswa. Izinkambo zokukhetha imishini ehambayo zifaka ukwakheka komhlaba kanye nezinga lokuthwala, usayizi nezisindo zezikhala, depth yokufaka, imikhawulo yemvelo (ukukhala, imikhawulo ye-vibration), kanye nesikhathi somsebenzi. Abaklami babheka isiko somhlaba ngephrojekthi yegeotechnical ukuze bahlaziye ukukhiqizwa kokushayelwa; iziqongo eziqinile noma izithiyo zingase zidinge imishini ethuthukisiwe noma ubuchwepheshe oba uzimele. Uhlobo lokuhlanganiswa kwezikhala kanye nezimo zezikhalazo ezikholwayo zithinta ukukhethwa kwemishini, njengoba izikhala ezikholwayo zidinga ubuchwepheshe bokushayelwa obukhethekile noma ukwesekwa komthetho. Izifaka kumele zihambisane ne-DIN 4128 (ukwakheka nokushayelwa kwezikhala), EN 12063 (imikhankaso - ivamise ukusetshenziswa eduze kwezikhala), ISO 16683 (izindlela zokuhambisa nezokuphazamiseka), kanye nemithetho yokwakha yasendaweni. Ukuklama kwe-geotechnical kugcinwa yi-Eurocode 7 (EN 1997) kanye nezinga lezakhamuzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwezakhiwo nokulawula ukwehla. Ukuhambisana nemvelo kudinga ukuhlinzeka ngemikhawulo ye-vibration ngokwe-ISO 4866 kanye ne-DIN 4150, kuvikelwe ezakhiweni ezizungezile nasezinsizakazini. Ukucaciswa okwenziweyo kanye nokuphumelelisa, okubhekelwa ngababhengezi bokushayelwa abaqinisekisiwe kanye nemishini yokubeka, kubalulekile ukuze kube nezixazululo zokugcina umhlaba eziphephile, ezibiza nezihambisana nezimiso.
Ukushaywa kwezikhala eziphakeme kuyindlela yokuphikisa yokufaka izikhala zokhuni neziphonsi emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa izikhala eziphindaphindiwe ezithunyelwe ku-pile cap noma i-anvil assembly. Le teknoloji iyingxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi wokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kanye nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zokugcina ezikhungweni ezixhasayo, ama-cutoff curtains wokulawula amanzi omhlaba, kanye nezinhlelo zokusekela odongeni badiaphragm. Ku-engineering yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, ukushaywa kwe-impact kuseyindlela eyisisekelo neyamanje yokufaka izikhala zokhuni emhlabeni kwezinhlobo ezivamile zendawo nezimo. Le ndlela itholakala ikakhulukazi ekufakweni kwe-Larssen, Frodingham, nezikhala zokubhalwa kwe-Z, kanye ne-H-piles nezindawo eziphakeme ezisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokuhlola, odongeni be-secant, kanye nama-cutoff curtains okulawula amanzi omhlaba. Lezi zakhiwo zisebenza ngokugcina umthwalo nokugcina emsebenzini wokuxhaswa kokumba, ekwakhiweni kwezinqaba, ukuzinza kwemifula, kanye nokulungiswa kwezindawo ezingcolile. Ukushaywa kwe-impact kuphinde kuseke imisebenzi yokuqala yodonga badiaphragm nezikhala zokuhlanganisa ezijulile, lapho ama-pile okuhlola ehlanganisa odongeni be-guide noma ehlinzeka ngama-elementi okubhekisela ezinqubweni zokwakha ezihlelwe. Umshini wezimoto usekelwa emandleni omsebenzi noma amandla atholakala kalula. Ama-hammers aphakamisa ukuguqula amandla aphezulu ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhamba mahhala abe amandla okushaya adluliswa ku-pile cap kuya ku-pile shaft, akhiqiza ukuphuma ngokumelene nokushaywa okwenziwa ngokuqina komhlaba, ukunyakaza kwesikhumba, kanye namandla okugcina. Ama-diesel nama-hydraulic impact hammers akhulisa le mthetho ngokuqhuba ukushisa kokudla okunamandla noma ukujikeleza kwamanzi, avumela ukufika kwamazinga aphezulu okushaya namandla okuphuma ahambelana nezindawo ezijulile kanye nezinhlaka ezifanele. Ukuhlangana kwe-pile nomhlaba kukhiqiza ama-strain rates aphezulu, ukuphazanyiswa kwendawo yesikhashana, nokukhululwa kwamanzi, ikakhulukazi emithonjeni ehlinzekayo lapho amandla amanzi aphezulu ehlukene afuna ukukhululwa phakathi kokushaya. Ukukhishwa kwezinsiza kule ngxenye kufaka phakathi ama-diesel hammers aphindwe kabili nawaphiwa amandla athile (40 kuya ku-1,000 kJ+), ama-hydraulic impact units ahlinzeka ngemikhawulo yokushaya, ama-guides nama-leaders okugcina ukuhamba kwama-pile, ama-pile caps ahlukanisa imithwalo yomthelela, nezinhlelo zokubamba (plastic, elastomeric, wood) ezinciphisa umthelela wesimo nokulimala kwezinsiza. Izingunitshe zokuthuthuka, nakuba ziphindaphindwe, zimi njengobuchwepheshe obuhlukile obunokuthuthukiswa kokuphendula komhlaba. Ukukhethwa kwezinsiza zokushaya kudinga ukuhlolwa kwezifundo ze-pile ezihlosiwe (ukukhanya, impahla, ukusika), iphrofayili yomhlabathi (ukuhlukahluka, ama-SPT N-values, amandla okubamba), ukuhamba kwezakhiwo nezidingo zamandla, ukufinyelela endaweni (ukuphakama kwezingosi, izimfuno ezivundlile), izinkinga zemvelo (imithetho yephansi, izakhiwo ezithintekayo), kanye nokusebenza kokuhlelwa kwemiphumela ehamba phambili nezinsiza eziseduze. Abakhi bacubungula ukusokwazisa kokuhamba kancane ngokumelene nokumelana nomhlaba kuyilapho beqhakambisa imikhawulo yokukhathala kumsebenzi we-pile, ubungozi obubukwayo kumhlaba سخت, kanye nokusebenzisa izithiyo/umoya kumafacility ahlangene. Izindinganiso zomsebenzi eziphathelene nokufakwa kwezikhala zokhuni zihlanganisa i-EN 12063 (Ukusebenza Kwamadokhumenti Ezikhethekile Zomhlaba—Odongeni Lwezikhala), i-EN 12699 (Ukusebenza Kwamadokhumenti Ezikhethekile Zomhlaba—Izikhala Zokuphumeza), i-ISO 4406 (Izidingo Zezinsiza Zokushaya), kanye ne-DIN 4114 (Izikhala Zokwakha). Lezi zindinganiso zichaza ukuhlukaniswa kwe-hammer, imibhalo yamandla okushaya, imikhawulo yokubamba nokukhuphuka, kanye nezindinganiso zokwamukelwa kwezinga. Ukuhlonishwa kwalezi zindinganiso kuqinisekisa ukuba kokwenzakale kabusha, okukhishwa kuzokwenzeka kuhlolwa, kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwemakethe yaseYurophu nezemikhiqizo zomhlaba wonke.
Ukufakwa kwemaphuzu esikhumbuzo asebenza ngocingo kukhonjiswa njengenqubo yokuthutha ethuthukisiwe yokufaka amaphuzu esikhumbuzo emhlabathini ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo omkhulu noma umsindo, okwenza kube ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemiphambili ejulile lapho izithiyo zemvelo, ububanzi bendlela, noma izimo zomhlaba ezinzima zidinga ukufakwa ngokunembile. Ngokwehlukana nezinqubo zokusebenza noma zokuvibrayo, ubuchwepheshe bokufaka buphakathi bokusebenzisa ing压力 elawulwayo ebhayisikobho ehlanganiswe nokusebenza okwenziwe ngokuvumelana ukuze kuthuthuke amaphuzu ngama-scale, kunika ukulawulwa okungcono kokufanisa, ukuthuthuka, kanye nokudlulela kwahlukeneyo phakathi nesikhathi sokufakwa. Izinhlelo zokufaka amaphuzu esikhumbuzo zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene kufaka phakathi udonga lwezikhumbuzo ezithungiwe nezithuthi ukuhlinzeka ngokunqwabelana nokufaka ama-cofferdams, ama-curtain anqanda imvelo nokulawulwa kokungcolisa, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamadwala e-diaphragm ezindaweni eziyinqaba lapho izithiyo zomculo nemisindo kufanele zilandelwe. Le teknoloji ibaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zomhlaba ezinekhono lokuphakanyiswa, ukufakwa okunamafutha, noma izindawo zomhlaba-nkanyezi lapho izindlela zokuvibrayo noma ezithungiweyo zikhola umonakalo omkhulu ngokuphana noma zikhuphule izinga lokufaka ngaphandle kokulawula, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukulungiswa kokuphawula noma kudaleke umonakalo emsebenzini ongakhelwe ngaphezulu. Iziphuzo ezisebenzayo ziqhamuka nesistimu yokuphakamisa ye-hydraulic enamandla ethatha ing压力 elawulwayo—ngokuvamile 50–500 tone ngamaphuzu kuye ngekhono lemishini—nenketho yokusebenza evumelanisiwe yokwakha okungaphansi (12–18 Hz) ukuze kuncishiswe ukucwenga komhlaba futhi kube khona ukuvuselela. I-rig yokufaka i-ankhula kumaphuzu akhona noma kumaframu okuhlola, ibamba isigaba samaphuzu sikhathi esikhona ngendlela yokusebenza, futhi ithuthuke kancane kancane ngesikhathi ifaka ubukhulu be-load, ukunyakaza, nokugxila ngokuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa ama-sensors ahlanganisiwe. Uma isigaba samaphuzu sifinyelela ekuqedeni, isigaba esilandelayo siqondiswa, sithungwa, futhi sifakwa ngempela. Le nqubo elawulwayo ivumela abashayeli ukuthi bagcine izilinganiso ezinqala zendawo yomqondo nokunyakaza, babe stopped ezindaweni ezithile, noma baphume amaphuzu ngokuphelele ukuze kusebenze okwesikhashana. Izinhlaka zemishini kule nsimu zihlanganisa ama-vibratory pile presses ahlanganisa ing压力 elawulwayo nokulungiswa kwamafrequencies alawulwayo, amasistimu aphezulu e-hydraulic press ukuhlola umhlaba osebenzayo noma obunzima, ama-reaction beam assemblies kanye namaphuzu ahlanganisa ukuqinisa i-rig, ama-clamps akhethekile uzakhamuzi akhiwe ukuze ahambisane nezinhlobo zephezu, kanye nemishini yokukhipha ephathwe kalula yokufakwa okwesikhashana. Izinhlelo zesimanje zihlanganisa ama-load cells, ama-inclinometers, kanye nezinhlelo zokubhalela ezizenzakalelayo ezinikeza ukuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kwedatha yokufaka kanye nezincwadi zokuqinisekisa. Izinqumo zokukhetha zifaka izibonakaliso zomhlaba (ukuphakanyiswa okungathwelekile, i-angles yokuhlangana, ukumelana nokufakwa kwe-cone), ububanzi bokufaka obufunwa, izinga lokuqedela isikhombisa kanye nezinyathelo zomthetho, imingcele emisha nemisindo (ngokuvamile 75–85 dB ezindaweni ezithile), isikhala esitholakalayo sokwakha i-rig, ukuguquguquka kokuhlanganiswa komhlaba, ukungena kwemikhawulo noma amasimu, izidingo zokukhiqiza, kanye nokuthi amaphuzu ayizinto ezihlala njalo noma ezikwenza kanye. Izindinganiso ezifanele zifaka phakathi i-EN 12699 (imishini yokufaka amaphuzu esikhumbuzo ngokusebenzisa ukubhalisa), i-EN 1997-1 (u-Eurocode 7—ukwakhiwa kwezobuchwepheshe), i-DIN 4014 (izindonga zamaphuzu esikhumbuzo), kanye ne-API RP 2A (izimiso zokwakhiwa). Lezi zindinganiso zakha izidingo zokuhanjiswa kwemishini, uqinisekiso lwezinqubo, izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwekhwalithi, nezincwadi zokufakwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bokwakhiwa kanye nokusebenza okubuyisayo ngaphansi kokuhlangana kokwakhiwa.
Ukukhipha izikhumba kuyinqubo echwepheshile yokukhipha noma ukukhetha izikhumba emhlabeni ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwezicelo zokusekela umhlaba zesikhashana noma eziphakeme. Ekuhlinzekeni ngezisekelo ezijulile, imishini yokukhipha ibalulekile ekulungiseni indawo, ekuvuseleleni izinto, nasokuhlelweni kwama-sistimu wokusekela umhlaba ezikhathini eziningi zephrojekthi. Izikhumba—kungaba yinsimbi, i-composite, noma i-vinyl—ivame ukufakwa njengesiphonsamanzi zesikhashana, ama-curtain amaciko, noma izindonga zokusekela ezifanele ngesikhathi sokumba, ukuhawa amanzi, nokusebenza kwezisekelo, okwenza indlela yokukhipha ethembekile ibaluleke kakhulu ezindlekweni zephrojekthi nasekuhambeni kwesikhathi. Imishini yokukhipha isetshenziswa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene ze-geotechnical: ukukhipha i-bracing yesikhashana ezindaweni zokumba ezijulile, ukuvuselela izikhumba ezinqamuliwe esikhathini sokufaka esiphumelelayo, ukukhubaza izindonga zeshidi zemizamo yokwakha ezisefakweni kwezisekelo, nokuqhubeka kokukhipha ngesikhathi sokwakha lapho izindonga zokusekela ziphinde zisetshenziswane njengoba umsebenzisi uqhubeka. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinokukhawulelwa kokusebenzisa isikhala, amandla wokukhipha athinta ngqo ukuthi izinhlelo ze-zhumba zingahlala zigcinwa noma zikhishwe kudala njengokuphindaphinda. Le nqubo ibalulekile nakwamasiphonsamanzi ezisekelweni zezilwanyana, ezikhungweni ze-hydro, nasezithombeni zasemanzini lapho izindonga zokugcina kufanele zibe zikhishwe ngemuva kokuhawa amanzi nezinyathelo zokwakha. Inqubo yokukhipha iyasebenza ngokuya ngemigqa ehlukile yokusebenza kancane ngokwesikhumba semishini. Abakhiphi be-phile abahlaba imisindo efanele—imvamisa 10–100 Hz—kulokho okukhanyayo noma kumakhamandela ashisayo, kunciphisa ukuhambisana phakathi kokukhanya kwesikhumba nohlanga olungaphantsi. Imvamisa ye-resonance ingalungiselelwa ukuze ivumelane nomgomo wemvelo wesikhumba-noma, ngokwengeza ukusebenza ngokukhululeka. Njengoba imisindo igijima emkhakheni wombuso, ingcindezi yephuzu ibuyele, ukugeleza komhlabathi kwenzeka kancane, futhi ingcindezi esetshenziswayo incipha, ivumela ukukhipha okusebenzayo. Ukukhipha kungahlanganiswa nokuhamba ngesikhathi esisodwa (izinhlelo zokuhlasela-imisindo) noma kuphinde kwenziwe ukujikeleza kumashashalazi e-H kanye nezigaba ezingenalwazi. Abakhiphi be-hydraulic basebenzisa ukunciphisa okuqondile ngokusebenzisa imishini yokuphakamisa, ngokukhuphuka okukhula kwezingxenye ezingu-100 ezilinganiselwe njengezikhumba nezinga lokufaka. Ezinye izinhlelo zifaka ukuncibilikiswa kwamanzi noma ukuhawa kwamanzi kwesikhashana ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhamba ngasokudla, okuhamba kahle kakhulu emhlabathini ongenamikhono. Izilungiselelo zemishini ziyahluka kakhulu. Abakhiphi abahlaba imisindo bafaka emkhakheni we-excavator ojwayelekile kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakela amathuluzi zokuhamba kweflexibility. Abakhiphi be-hydraulic bangeza nesikhumbuze sokwakha izikhumba noma amabhande azimele, ahlinzeka ngokuqondisa ngokunembile kwemithwalo. Abakhiphi bezikhumba ze-composite ne-vinyl badinga izindlela ezikhethekile zokumisa ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala kwezinto; izikhumba zensimbi zikwenza ukuhamba kahle nezimo ezinzima kangcono kunezinto eziphathekayo. Amandla okuphela avela ezindlini ezisanda kufakwa (5–15 m) ukuya ezindaweni ezinobuchwepheshe (40+ m), kanti izikhumba ezinde zidinga amandla amakhulu okukhipha futhi kwesinye isikhathi zidinga ukukhipha ngezikhathi ezithile. Izinhlelo zokukhetha imishini yokukhipha zifaka: ukuphakama okulindelekile kokukhipha nezinga lesikhumba; izinto zokubhalwa kwensimbi nezakhi zofakazi (insimbi ye-H, Z, U, i-vinyl, composite); izimo zomhlabathi nezakhiwo; isikhathi sokukhumbula nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza; ukuhamba kwemishini nokufinyelela endaweni; kanye nezindleko zokuvuselela/ukuphinda usebenzise. Kumathambo amanzi ahlanzekile, izinhlelo zokuhlaba eziphakeme zisebenza kahle; kumphakathi abajulile namathambo amancane, izinhlelo zokuhlangana eziphakeme zifakazelwa kahle. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezindleko kufanele kuqaphele izikhathi zokukhipha, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukufaneleka kokuphinda, nokubaluleka kokuvuselela izinto. Izindinganiso zezimboni eziqhubekayo ekusebenziseni ukukhipha zifaka i-DIN 4128 (izikhumba), i-EN 12063 (ukushayisana kwezikhumba nokuqedeleka), kanye ne-ISO 2394 (imigomo ejwayelekile yokwakha). Indlela yokukhipha kufanele iqinisekise imithwalo ehambisana ne-ASTM D6775 noma efanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izilinganiso zemishini ziyahambisana nezidingo zephrojekthi nezimo zomhlaba.
Izingxenye ezisiza ekwakhiweni kwemikhawulo ye-sheet neziqinisekiso zokwenzeka kuhlanganisa imishini ethile, izinhlelo, nezithako ezivumela ukufakwa kahle, ukuhlanganiswa, kuyathathelwa, nokusekelwa kwezakhi eziyinhloko zokwakha izisekelo. Lezi zinhlelo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, zisebenza njengemishini yokudlulisa amandla, ukulawula ukuhlela, nokwenza kube lula ukusebenza okuthinta ngqo izinga lokwakha, isikhathi, nokuphumelela kwezindleko. Yize zikhona ngokwengxenye ethile yeziqongo ezikhipha umthwalo noma imikhawulo, imishini ehlobene ibalulekile empumelelweni jikelele yephrojekthi futhi ivame ukuba ingxenye enkulu yokwaziswa kwemishini yonke. Izingxenye ezisiza zisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba okuqondile nezinhlelo zokusebenza, kuhlanganise nemikhawulo ye-sheet, ukuwakhiwa kwemikhawulo ye-diaphragm, iziqinisekiso ze-secant ne-tangent, izinhlelo ze-tremie pipe, kanye nezinsiza zokufaka izitsha ze-sea. Ezakhiweni ze-sheet pile, izingxenye ezisiza zisekela ukwakhiwa kwemikhawulo, ukukhipha imikhawulo, ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlangana, nezisekelo ezivundlile. Emsebenzini we-diaphragm wall, lezi zinhlelo zilawula uzinzo lwezikhahlo, ukuvimbela ukufaka ibhuku lamathube ngesikhathi sokususa okungakwazi, nokusekelwa kwemishini yokubhola. Kwezikhala zokuphuma emsebenzini wokulungisa indalo nokugeleza kwamanzi, izingxenye ezisiza ziqinisekisa ukunemba kwamasayizi nokuxhumanisa kwesisekelo kumazinga omhlabathi. Umqondo wokusebenza wezinhlelo eziningi ezisiza uphakathi kokudlulisela amandla okulawulwa kanye nezithiyo ze-jometry. Imikhawulo ye-pile kanye nezishiye zinezikhala ezilungile nokudilizwa ukuletha umonakalo noma amandla okuthola okuvela kumashumi, ukusabalalisa amandla ngendlela efanayo ehlangothini lwepile. Izibambo zokuhlanganyela kanye nezimbobo ziqinisekisa ukufaka kahle kwesixhumi se-sheet pile, kuvinjezelwe ukuhlukaniswa okungezansi ngaphansi kwemithwalo yeziqongo. Imishini yokukhipha isebenzisa izinqubo zokujikeleza noma zokudonsela ukuze yenze okuhlobene nefriction kanye nokushelela, ikhulule kancane imikhawulo emhlabathini ongaphezu kwayo ngaphandle kokulimaza isakhiwo. Izinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi nezokulawula ibhuku ziqinisa ibhalansi ye-hydrostatic, kuvinjezelwe ukuwa kwemifantu nokuhamba kwezimfuzo okungalawulwa ngesikhathi sokuhlukanisa nokuvela komjikelo. Izigaba ezibalulekile zemishini ezisiza zifaka phakathi kwemishini ye-hydraulic kanye nemishini yokuphakela, abakhokhi, amasistimu okwenza ama-clips kanye namacembe, izikhala zokuhlola kanye nezifanekiso, izitshalo zokukhipha amanzi nezokwelashwa kwe-slurry, izinhlelo zokubheka (ama-inclinometers, ama-piezometers, ama-cell pressure), izakhiwo zokusekela (izikhala, amawales, ukwakhiwa kwe-cross-bracing), kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezifana nezithako ze-drilling fluid kanye nezinto ze-hydraulic. Ukulungiswa kuhluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe emthwalweni wokuphela, ububanzi bokuphungula, izimo zomhlabathi, nezithiyo zendawo. Ukukhetha izinhlelo ezisiza kudinga ukuhlola ukuhambisana komthwalo, i-physics yokuxhumana kokwakha, izimo zemvelo, kanye nezindlela zokusebenza. Abakhi bahlole ubukhulu bepile (10–20+ itoni ngaphezu kwezakhi), ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo okucatshangwa, ububanzi bokuphungula, izinga lokukhiqiza eliceliwe, kanye nezithiyo zendawo. Imishini kumele inxuse kahle ngempumelelo nemishini yokufaka eyinhloko futhi ikwazi ukubekezelela umthwalo ophindaphindiwe noma owangaphandle ngaphandle kokwanda. Umklamo wezinhlelo ezisiza kanye nokusebenza kuncike ku-EN 12699 (imikhawulo emide), EN 15237 (imikhawulo emincane emide), DIN 4128 (imikhiqizo ye-sheet), EN 14475 (imikhawulo ye-diaphragm), kanye ne-API RP 2A (imikhawulo ye-offshore). Amandla aphezulu, izikhatsi zokuhlasela, kanye nezimvume zokuhlanganiswa kuqinisekiswa ngokwe-ISO 13291 (ukufaka okuhle). Ukuvumelana nalezi zindinganiso kuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwesakhiwo, ukuphepha kwabantu abasebenza, kanye nokuhambisana across imakethe zomhlaba.
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