Izindonga Zezikhala Zamasoldier (Indlela yeBerlin Wall Method) zimele indlela eyisisekelo yokuxhasa ukuhamba kophando ethandwa kakhulu emsebenzini wezisisekelo ezijulile, ukufakwa kwethilakontla yokuphela, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemigudu. Le teknoloji, eqala ezindleleni zokwakha zangaphansi zaseBerlin zeminyaka yama-1960, ihlanganisa amaholo egolide ahlakaniphile aphushwe ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile ngokuhambisana nezici ezikhalweni ezihlangene ukuze ziphathe umhlabathi, amanzi phansi, kanye nezipesheli zomthwalo ngesikhathi sokuhamba nokwakhiwa kwezisisekelo. Izindonga ze-soldier pile zisebenza njengezivimbela ezixhasayo ezisemthethweni noma ezisukela isikhathi esithile, ezivumela ukuhamba okuvikelekile ezindaweni ezincane zasemadolobheni, ngaphansi kwesakhiwo esikhona, nasezimweni zobunjiniyela eziyinselelo. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezindongazi, njengezindonga ze-pilot ukuhlela ukujikeleza nokukhipha amanzi, ekufakweni kwethilakontla yokuphela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa nokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi phansi, ekwakhiweni kwezindonga ze-secant njengezinto zokuhola, nasekuhambahambeni kwemigudu yokwakha izindawo zokupaka ezingaphansi, izikhungo ze-metro, kanye nezikhungo zezimboni. Le ndlela ibalulekile ikakhulu emathanjeni omhlabathi, ezinkampanini ezihlangene, nasezimweni lapho ukudlula kuzindonga zekhasi kuhambisana nokwenqaba noma ukufakwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm kubonakala kungena emsebenzini. Umthetho osebenzayo uthinta ukuhamba kwe-soldier piles (nahlukana ne-HEB noma i-HEM European profiles, noma ama-W-sections afanayo) ngezindonga ezithile ezindwangu ezihlangene ezivela kumamitha angu-1.5 ukuya ku-3.0, kuya ngokuqina komhlabathi, ingcindezi yamanzi, kanye nokwandiswa kwemithwalo. Izikhala zokuhambisa—ezikhiqizwe ngama-plank omuthi (75–300 mm ububanzi), amabhodi ensimbi, noma amapaneli e-concrete alungiselelwe—afakwa kancane emva komphakeli njengoba ukuhamba kuqhubeka ukuphuma. Lokhu kuqeda kudlulisa ingcindezi yomhlabathi kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwamanzi komphakeli, owenza njengesithende noma imakhefi evumela ukuqinisa imithwalo emigudwini ejulile ethathwe ngaphansi kwezikhala ezisemthethweni (wales, braces, noma ama-anchor achazayo). Ubuso obuvulekile be-lagging bukhumbula ukubekwa kwesikhala somphakathi noma ukufakwa kwemembrane ye-geotextile ebusweni ukugwema ukudilizwa nokuphazamiseka komhlabathi. Uhlaka lwemishini olubalulekile lufaka uhlelo lwezindonga ezinhle ezisodwa (ngokwakhiwe okuphansi obukhulu obuncane), izikhala ezimbili ze-soldier piles (ezimweni ezinamandla amakhulu noma ukunqanda okujule ukuze itholakale ngokuqinile), kanye nezinhlelo ezihlanganisayo ezihlanganisa ama-soldier piles nezindonga zokufaka noma izakhi ze-secant ukuhlangana kwabantu. Izinguquko zanamuhla zifaka izindlela ze-slurry ze-soil-bentonite noma ukunikeza igqubu ngemuva kwezikhala ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvinjwa kwamanzi nokuxhumana komhlabathi. Ukukhetha izindonga ze-soldier pile kuncike kakhulu kumhlaba okuphakanyisiwe, ukuhlela inani lempilo yomhlabathi, ubukhulu bamanzi phansi kanye nokwabiwa kwengcindezi, ubunjalo bomhlaba (ukuphuzwa kwangaphakathi kwe-shear strength, i-friction angle yangaphakathi, ukuphumelelayo), ukwakheka kwemithwalo ethile (ukwesekwa kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphandle okukhona), ukuvuma ukushintsha nokukhipha kwenzenjwa ezikhethiwe, nezidingo zokuphila (ezimfushane noma ezithile), kanye nokuhlaziyakuphumelela kwemali okuphakathi kwezinhlelo ezikhethiwe (izindonga ze-diaphragm, izindonga zokufaka, noma izindonga zokuxuba umhlabathi). Izindinganiso zokuklama ezichaphazelekayo zifaka i-EN 1997-1 (i-Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design), i-EN 12063 (Izindonga zokufaka nezindonga zamasoldier - ukuqukethwe), ISO 14688 ne-ISO 14689 (ukuhlonza nokuhlola umhlabathi nezinsimbi), kanye ne-DIN 4124 (izixhumano, ukuhamba, nezikhala). Abaklami be-American babhekisela ku-ASCE 37 (Ukuklama, Ukwakha, NokMaintenance of Deep Foundations) kanye ne-API RP 2A yezicelo zasolwandle. Izindlela zokubala zifaka ukuhlaziywa kokugcina, ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlaka ezihlangene zokubikezela ukunyathela, kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha ezivela ku-NAVFAC TM 5.818 noma ezinye izinsiza ezifanayo. Ukuqinisekisa isakhiwo sokwakha, izikhala, nezinhlelo zokweseka kudinga ukujwayela ukushefa,ukuqhuma, kanye nezibalo ze-axial ngaphansi kwemisebenzi ephakathi neyezikhathi ezinzima.
Amathuluzi okumbiwa kwe-rotary drilling rigs okwakhiwa izindonga ze-soldier pile ayithuluzi elikhethekile lempahla yokwakha elenzelwe ukuhluza izikhala eziyiziyingi ezinzulu ezivumela ama-pile esikhumba somsebenzi wesakhiwo ezinhlelweni ze-soldier pile wall (Berlin wall). Lezi zikhali zenza ingxenye ebalulekile yezoqinisekiso zokugcina umhlaba ezivumelanayo nezokwakha ezinzulu, ikakhulukazi lapho izinkinga zomhlaba noma izimo zokwakha zenze ezinye izinhlelo zokugcina zibe nzima. Izindonga ze-soldier pile zisebenza njengemikhawulo yokuthwala imithwalo, engeke ithinteke kulokhu, ethumela umhlaba nemithwalo ye-surcharge ngezithako zemisebenzi ezakhiwe ngozi ezibekwe ezenzakalweni ezivamile, ngokuvamile phakathi kwama-1.2 kuya ku-3.0 amamitha, kanye nezingxenye ezikhulukazi phakathi kwazo. Amathuluzi okumbiwa kwe-rotary drilling rigs asetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi amaningi okwakha izisekelo ezinzulu adinga ukuhluza okungaphathwanga. Izicelo ezivamile zifaka ukwakha izikhala zangaphansi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ukuqinisa imipheme yamanzi nemijondolo, amathuba wezakhiwo eziphansi, imisebenzi yokukhwabanisa, kanye nezakhiwo ezilinganayo zokuqeda ezindongeni zezinqaba. Le teknoloji ibalulekile kakhulu ezimweni zomhlaba ezihlanganisa ama-boulders, ama-cobbles, noma izendlalelo ezinamamaki lapho izinhlelo zokumbiwa ezijwayelekile zithola ukuba nezingqinamba. Lezi zikhali zenza ukufakwa kwama-pile esikhumba se-H-section, ama-casings amakhulu, kanye nezinto ze-soldier pile ezenziwe ngekhonkrithi eqinile emhlabeni ongena, amsand, amatshe, kanye nezinsalela eziphansi ezinamandla afanele ukuya kwaphansi. Umqondo wokusebenza ususelwe ekwenzeni kwe-cutting okufakwe ngaphezulu kokwenziwa ngesisekelo esivulekile esengenisa imiyalelo yokubumba emkhakheni ophakanyisiweyo—ngokuvamile ama-tricone bits, ama-roller cone bits, noma ama-auger flights akhethekile kuye ngezimfanelo zomhlaba. Ukuphuma kwefluid yokumbiwa nge-kelly kususa okuncisheni futhi kusekela izindonga ze-borehole ezisemazingeni angazinzile, kanti amandla akhuphuka phansi agxile emandleni ok cutting. Izikhali ngokuvamile zifakwe noma kukhasi-tool ukuphakama kokuhawuka noma izinhlelo ze-top-drive rotary ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezikhuthaza ukuphindaphinda okuzimele kokuhawuka ngesikhathi sokuphakamisa noma ukwehla kwe-mast. Izimo zamathuluzi kuleli qembu ziphakathi kwezikhali ezihambayo ezinom高さ ye-mast ephakathi kwamamitha angama-20 kuya ku-50 kanye nezindonga zokucija eziphezulu ezingama-80 amamitha, zibhakabhile ezintweni ezikhethekile eziklanyela izikhala ezingu-800–1500 milimitha. Ukuhlukaniswa okubalulekile kuhlanganisa i-single-rotary (ukukhishwa kwe-auger ne-casing), i-double-rotary (ukuphindaphinda kwe-auger ne-casing) kanye nezinhlelo zokuphuma eziphindaphindayo ezikhuluma okuncisheni nge-pipe yangaphakathi kunokuphuma kwangaphandle. Izinsizakusebenza ezincane zikhulula izindawo ezinqamulelayo, kanti izilungiselelo ezinzima zilungisa izimo zomhlaba ezinzima nezidingo zokukhiqiza ezinkulu. Ukukhetha amathuluzi afanele kudinga ukuhlola izinto eziningi ezikhiphayo: usayizi obalulekile we-borehole kanye nephuzu, ukuvumelanisa komhlaba nokuphakama kwentekenteke, izinga lokukhishwa eliqhutshwa yisikhathi sephrojekthi, ukufinyelela okutholakalayo kanye nekhanda, kanye nezidingo zokugcina i-fluid yokumbiwa. Abakhandi bahlola futhi amandla okukhipha, amandla okudonsa, nezinhlelo ezisizayo ezifaka phakathi i-casing oscillators nezikhungo zokuphatha i-fluid ezisemqoka ekuphatheni ukuhlaziywa kwe-drilling. Amathuluzi kufanele ahambisane ne-EN 1536 (ama-piles agqitshiweyo), ne-EN 12063 (ama-sheet piling), kanye ne-EN 14731 (izindonga ze-diaphragm nezindonga ezibamba) lapho kunesidingo, ezimisa izidingo zokwakha nokuphatha ezithinta izincazelo zokusebenza kwama-rigs nokuhambisanisa kwe-borehole. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-ISO 14688-1/2 kwemathiriyali akhululiwe kuthonya ukukhetha ibhithi nokuhlukaniswa kwe-chemistry ye-fluid kuyo yonke inkambo yokumbiwa.
Imishini yokushaya ama-H-pile kanye ne-I-beam ihlanganisa imishini echwepheshe esetshenziswa ukufaka izingxenye stende zensimbi ezishisayo ezinamabhakabhaka amakhulu (jwayelekile ama-H-piles, ama-W-beams, noma ama-columns ajwayelekile) emigudwini nasemabholeni ukuze kwakhiwe izisekelo ezijulile kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina umhlaba. Lezi zingxenye zisebenza njengama-elementi ayinhloko esakhiwo ezindaweni zomdabu, okuyindlela eshibhile yokwakha izindonga ze-diaphragm ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwasedolobheni, ukwesekwa kokumba, kanye nezakhiwo eziphakeme. Le nqola ibhekana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe zokufaka ama-piles ngokunembile ezimweni zomhlabathi ezahlukahlukene, kusukela kumasipala amanzi aphumayo kuze kube sezindaweni eziqinile, kuqinisekisa bobabili ubumbano bezakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezezimali ekwakhiweni kwezisekelo. Ama-H-piles kanye ne-I-beams asetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ze-soldier pile kanye ne-lagging walls (aziwa nangokuthi indlela yeBerlin Wall), lapho izingxenye zensimbi zisebenza njengamalungu ezakhiwo eziyinqaba zihlukaniswe ngokujwayelekile phakathi kuka-1.5 kuya ku-3 amamitha futhi zixhaswe ngasemaceleni ngezakhiwo zeplywood noma i-reinforced concrete lagging. Lokhu kuhlelwa kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekugcineni umhlaba okwesikhashana kanye nokuqinisekisa umhlaba okweqile ezindaweni zokumba zekhishi, ukuzinza kwemifula, izakhiwo ezisogwini, kanye nezindonga zokugcina ngaphansi komhlaba ezimweni zokuqubuka. Le ndlela ibonakala ikhiqiza imiphumela ethile ezindaweni ezixakile zasemadolobheni lapho ukwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm kungaba nzima ngenxa yokukhawulelwa kwezikhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-H-piles asebenza njengama-elementi ahola noma ayinhloko ohlelweni lwe-secant kanye ne-tangent pile wall, ehlinzeka ngengqikithi yokwakha ecubungula ama-piles apholile angadidiyeliwe ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlelo ezikhipha umthwalo. Inqubo yokushaya ifaka phakathi ama-impact noma ama-vibratory pile hammers adlulisa amandla adlala emqolo wepile, evela kancane kancane izingxenye emhlabathini. Ama-impact hammers (i-diesel, i-hydraulic, noma i-pneumatic) ahlinzeka ngokuqhuba okukhethekile ngamandla ajwayelekile aphakathi kuka-20 kuya ku-100 kJ, ahambisana nezindawo ezijula nezithola ukufakwa kumasipala ansomi. Ama-vibratory pile drivers akhululeka i-pile kwi-friction yomhlabathi ngezenzakalo ezihliegayo kumafrekwensi angu-10–50 Hz, ehla ukuphikisana kokufaka futhi ivumele izinga elisheshayo lokushaya ezindaweni ezingenamathambo. Izingxenye zanamuhla zifaka izinhlelo zendlela ezimbili ezikwazi ukusebenza kokubili kumodi yokushaya nokuvibratory, zikhulisa ukusebenza phakathi kwezitofa ezihlukahlukene ngaphandle kokushintsha imishini. Izilungiselelo zemishini zikhula zisuka kuma-crane-suspended leads ukuze kube nokuhamba okusheshayo kanye nokuguquguquka kwesayithi kuya kumagodo anezimoto okukhethekile ahlinzeka ngokuqinile kokwenza okuphakeme kanye namandla okupaka ama-piles ajulile. Ama-pile followers kanye nezikhonkwane ze-universal zomdabu ziqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile nezinhlaka ezahlukene ze-geometry, kusukela ezicini ezijwayelekile zama-H (ama-HE, ama-IPE profiles ngokwe-EN 10034/10035) kuya kuzicini ezijulile eziyinqaba ezikhiqiza 400 mm. Izinhlelo zokuphumula ezihlanganisa ama-buffers e-elastomeric kanye nezikhwama zensimbi zivala ubuqotho be-pile ngesikhathi sokufaka futhi zikhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa amandla. Izinkomba zokukhetha zifaka ulwazi lwe-subsurface stratigraphy kanye nolwazi lwe-geotechnical (ama-SPT, ama-CPT profiles), ubude bokungena obudingekayo, imingcele yezwi nokuvibrayo ezivunyiwe (ezibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezijulile zasemadolobheni), ukufinyelela kwesayithi kanye nendawo yokusebenza, kanye nokusebenza okuphezu kokufakwa. Onjiniyela bahlola izinga lamabuyekezo wombuso wokugcina ukuze baqonde kahle amandla ephampu nokuhlukana. Izimfuneko zemvelo ziya ngokuya zifuna izindlela zokufaka eziphansi kakhulu, zisheshisa ukwakheka kwezimboni ezincike kumahammer we-vibratory atholakalayo anetihlanganisela yokuhlavanisa amandla kumafrekwensi akhethiweyo ezimfunweni ezitholakalayo. Izindinganiso ezikhomba zifaka i-EN 12699 (ukwenziwa komsebenzi we-geotechnical okhethekile - ukufaka ama-pile), i-EN 997 (ama-H-sections ezenziwe ngokwemfuneko ye-EN 10025), i-DIN 65119 (izimfuneko zobuchwepheshe zempahla yokufaka ama-pile), kanye ne-ISO 19901-7 (izakhiwo ezingamanzi ngaphezu komhlaba - izinto, ukuwelda, nezinkambiso zokuhlola ezifanele ukufakwa okuyingozi okuqondile). I-API RP 2A imihlahlandlela ekwakheni izinhlelo zokufaka ama-pile inikeza okwengeziwe okukhombisa izinqubo zokuhlola umthwalo nezizathu zokuhlola izimo.
Izinsiza ezikhethiwe emkhakheni wezinhlelo ze-soldier pile wall zihlanganisa ibanga eliphelele lemishini yokuxhasa izakhiwo, izingxenye zokudlulisa yük, kanye nezinsiza zokufaka ezivumela indlela yeBerlin Wall Method ukusebenza ngokuphepha nangempumelelo ezindaweni ezijule. Lezi zinsiza ziwumsebenzi obalulekile ongaphezulu kweziqele zomusebenza kanye nezinto zokubamba, zisebenza ngemisebenzi ebalulekile yokuthintana nengcindezi yomhlabathi, ukuphatha ukusabalala kwezithwala, nokugcina ukuzinza kwezdondolo phakathi nezinyathelo zokwakha nokusebenza. Izinsiza ze-soldier pile wall zisetshenziswa kumkhakha weziqele ezijulile kuhlanganisa ukusekelwa kwe-diaphragm wall ngesikhathi sokufaka, amaphrojekthi okupholding cutoff curtain, ukuxhasa i-secant ne-tangent pile wall, ukuqinisa i-sheet pile wall, kanye nokusekelwa kwasezindaweni zokusebenza ze-jet grouting ne-soil-cement mixing. Ezindaweni ezixinekile zezixeko nasezindaweni zokuhlanza ezikhinyayo, izinhlelo zokuxhasa zingcono kakhulu ekuvikeleleni izakhiwo ezikhethiwe, kulawula ukunwetshwa kwezdondolo ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo evumelekile, nasemkhakheni wezindleko kanye nezinkinga zokuhlala. Lezi zinhlelo nazo zibalulekile kumaphrojekthi abanzi lapho ukufakwa kwezinsika zangaphakathi kungavimbela ukuhamba kwezokwakha noma lapho izixhumi eziphehla kakhulu zingahlinzeka ngokuqhubeka kokuphathwa kwezithwala okuphelele kunezinhlelo ezikhethiwe zangaphakathi eziningi. Umthetho wokusebenza osekelwe ezinsizeni zokuxhasa ubhekiswe ekuphuleni ingcindezi yomhlabathi ogcwele kumazinga ahlukanisiwe nasekudluliseni izithwala ngezindlela ezichazwe kahle. Izikhwama ezijolile nezithwala zomhlaba ezisebenza ezikhunjini zihlukaniswa ngama-beams aphelele okuhamba (ama-channels ensimbi, ama-H-sections, noma amalunga ahlanganisiwe) abekwe kumazinga amabili noma ngaphezulu. Amandla ahanjiswa ukuze abheke noma ngokuqondile kuma-struts wangaphakathi afaka kwi-odolo ezibukweni zedondolo eziphikisanayo noma phansi ngezinga elisemthethweni kweziqele zezamazinga okushisa okokwakhiwa (tiebacks). Izakhi ezihambisana - izixhumi zemishini, ama-sockets ane-load-rated, izixhumi ze-clevis, kanye nezinto ezixhasayo zesikhashana - ziqinisekisa ukuthi izindlela zamandla zihlala ziqondile ngesikhathi sokuphatha ukweqa, ukushintsha kokushisa, kanye nesikhawu sokwakha. Izinhlobo zempahla ezisemqoka kuleli khathalogi zifaka phakathi ama-assemblies e-waling beam asebenziwe ngocingo futhi aboshwe ngezinhlelo zokuqhafaza ezinomumo wesixhumi esijwayelekile, izinhlelo ze-strut eziphahleni ezinemishini yokulawula amabanga empeleni yokulungisa nokukhipha, ama-tieback anchors agutyungiweyo nase-lenghth ahlukanisiwe afanele izithwala zomklamo, ama-load cells kanye nezinsiza zokuhlola zokuqinisekisa ukuhamba okuqondile nangempela, ama-spacers aqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwe-soldier piles ngesikhathi sokufaka, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhasa zesikhashana zezingxenye eziphezulu zezdondolo. Iningi lezinhlelo lisebenzisa amathuluzi ezixhumi ama-modular avumela ukuhlela okusheshayo kanye nesigaba sokwakha njengoba ukuxhumanisa kuqhubeka. Izilinganiso zokukhetha izinsiza zokuxhasa zidinga ukuhlaziya ukujula kokuhlanza kanye nephakheji ye-engcindezi yokubala, imikhawulo yokufaka evumelekile yezakhiwo ezikhethiwe, amandla okuthwala phezu kwemiphakathi yokubamba ama-tieback, isikhala esitholakalayo sokuhamba kwe-strut uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhala sokufaka ama-tieback, izinhlelo zokwakha, kanye nezidingo zomsebenzi ophezulu nokwakhiwa. Amandla okuthwala kumazinga every bracing kufanele aqinisekiswe ukuze kuvinjelekile ukujula kwe-plates noma iziqele, kodwa izidingo zokuvikela ukugqwala zincike kumakhemikhali omhlaba, isikhathi sokwakha, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinto ezihlala. Izindinganiso zemboni ezihlobene zifaka i-EN 12063 (Ukuphathwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm), i-EN 14199 (Izinsika ezincane), i-DIN 4130 (Design kanye nokwenza kweBerlin wall), i-ISO 21010 (Ukwahlula izakhiwo ze-geotechnical kanye nezilingo), kanye ne-ASTM D7775 (Izilinganiso zamandla okuthwala ezixhunyiwe). I-load rating kanye nezindlela zokwakha kuvumelana nemithetho yendawo yokwakha kanye nezinsiza ezamukelwayo ze-geotechnical zokuxhasa ukwakha.
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