Iziphakamiso zomsebenzi wezokwakha zezi zinsiza ziqukethe imishini ethile yokumba eyenzelwe ukudala odongeni abanjwe ngendlela ejulile, omenyezelwe ngocingo oluqinile, ngenqubo yokukhetha emgwegwini okuqhubekayo ukusuka phezulu emhlabathini. Le mishini ibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezokwakha izisekelo ezijulile zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zedolobha lapho izinkinga zendawo nemithetho yokuvikelwa kwemvelo zidinga izindlela zokumba ezisebenzayo, ezilawulwayo. Uhlelo lwezindonga eziphakeme lwenza ukuba ososayensi bakwazi ukuwakha izithiyo eziqondile ezisebenza emisebenzini eminingi: ukuhlinzeka ngososayensi bokweseka umhlaba, ukusebenza njengezindwangu zokulahla ukuze zilawule amanzi aphansi, ukuhlanganisa izinto ezonakalayo, futhi zandise amandla estrakhi kwiwozulu olwakhiwe. Iziphakamiso zomsebenzi wezokwakha zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni izindonga eziphakeme ezenza imingcele ye-basement, izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina ezindaweni ezivalekile zedolobha. Zibalulekile futhi ekwakheni izindwangu zokulahla ezisebenzayo emisebenzini yokulawula amanzi aphansi, izindonga zecebo lapho ukudlula kwezinsimbi ezinjengokwana kwezakhiwo ezenza isithiyo esiqhubekayo, kanye nezinhlelo zezindonga eziphakeme zesikhashana noma eziphakeme. Ekuthuthukiseni izindawo ezonakele, izindonga eziphakeme ezakhiwe ngalezi ziphakamiselo zisebenza njengezithiyo ezisemathubeni ukuze zinqande ukuthuthuka kwempahla ezonakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswa emisebenzini yokuhlanganisa umhlabathi ophakeme lapho ukusika okucacile kuhamba phambi kokuzinza komhlabathi okusetshenziswa i-auger. Umqondo wokusebenza ubandakanya ukususa ibhakede lokuphanga kusuka kumakharavani noma imishini yokubhoboza eziphakeme zokwakha izindonga eziphakeme bese kuncishiswa kungena emgwegwini ogcwele i-slurry owakhiwe ngokuphumelelayo. I-slurry—ivame ukuba i-bentonite-based clay suspension—igcina ukuzinza komgwegwini ngokuthuthukisa i-filter cake nokuhlinzeka ngengcindezi ye-hydrostatic edlula izinzwa zomhlaba eziphakeme. Njengoba ibhakede lokuphanga lehla, amazinyo awo avuleka uma efika ezansi komgwegwini bese evalwa ukuze akhuphe umhlabathi nezinsimbi, okube esandleni esiphakeme. Le nqubo iyabuyisela kuze kube ubude obuhlangeneyo bukhona, kuvamise ukuba phakathi kuka-40 no-100 meters ngokuya ngejografi yesayithi nezidingo ezakhiwe. Umgwegwini owakhiwe ulandelwa ngama-cage ensimbi futhi ugcwaliswa ngocingo lwe-tremie ukuze kwakhiwe udonga lwe-diagram. Okuthile okubhekelelayo kufaka phakathi ama-clamshell grabs edrayivu eyodwa ukuze usebenze izimo ezijwayelekile, ama-grabs edrayivu kabili ahlinzeka ngengcontrol eyengeziwe ezimweni zomhlaba ezinzima, kanye nama-grabs akhethekile anama-jaws angashintshwa ukuze afane nezinhlobo zomhlabathi ezahlukahlukene. Amandla ezikhwama lokuphanga avame ukuba phakathi kuka-0.5 kuya ku-3.5 cubic meters, zonke izakhiwo zezikhwama zihlukaniswe ukuze zisebenze kumhlaba ophewuliwe, impahla egranular, noma ijografi eyahlukene. Amathuluzi amanje ajwayele ukufaka ukubekwa kwe-elektroniki nokuphathwa kobude ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala komgwegwini ophakeme bokusebenza okufanele nokunembile ngaphakathi kwe-tolerance ye-±100mm. Izinkamba zokukhetha ziqhubekela phambili kukagesi wombhede (ububanzi nobude obufunwa), izakhiwo zomhlabathi nezinsimbi (amandla, ukuvuselela, izimo zamanzi aphansi), kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha i-slurry. Ukukhetha imishini kuncike futhi kumthamo wemakharavani ongenzekayo, izinkinga zokuphazamiseka nokuthula ezindaweni zedolobha, kanye nezinga lokukhiqiza elifunwayo. Izinto ezithinta imvelo zibandakanya imithamo yokulahla i-slurry, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezonakele ezidinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile ngaphambi kokukhipha. Imboni ibhekisela ku-EN 1538 (Ukusebenza Kwezisebenzi Ezikhethekile Zokwakha—Izindonga Eziphakeme) kanye ne-ISO 6934-1 (Insimbi Wire Rope yokuphakamisa nezinhlelo zokuhamba) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana kwemishini, ukuhlaziywa kokuzinza komgwegwini, nezindinganiso ze-slurry eziqinisekisa ukuqiniswa kwesakhiwo sezindonga eziphakeme ezakhiwe.
Imishini ye-mechanical diaphragm wall grabs iyathuthukiswa njengezinsiza zokumba eziqondile eziklanyelwe ukuhluza nokukhipha umhlabathi, ittshiyotti, nezinto ezinye ezivela phansi ngokujulile ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwamawasha ediyafamu, okuyizakhiwo ezisingatha umthwalo ezisetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile kumklamo wezisisekelo ezijulile. Lezi zinsiza zisebenza ngaphakathi kwethangi elisizwa ngama-slurry elihlukile kumkhuba wokwakhiwa kwamawasha ediyafamu, kuvumela ukuhluza okuqondile ukuya ezindaweni ezinguverydepth, ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuzinza kwezingqalabutho ngeng压力 yesihlalayitshwa se-bentonite slurry. Amamitha ediyafamu akhiwa ngemicimbi ye-mechanical grab kudingeka kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezisisekelo ezijulile zamatheko aphakeme, izakhiwo zokupaka phansi, kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokuthuthukisa izakhiwo. Ngaphandle kwamawasha ediyafamu ajwayelekile, amagrab e-mechanical adlala indima ebalulekile ekusunguleni ama-curtains wokunciphisa amanzi nokulungisa izindawo eziyingozi, ekwakheni ama-secant ne-tangent pile wall systems ukuze kusekelwe ezindaweni ezikufle, ekwakheni ama-slurry trenches ukuze kusebenze ngama-jet grouting, nasemhlabeni wama-holi wendawo ezinkulu zokwakha emiphakathini emadolobheni lapho umhlaba ofakiwe kufanele uthuthukiswe kakhulu. Isimiso sokusebenza samagrab e-mechanical diaphragm wall sikhulu kwinhloso yokuphuma kwemithambo ngezenzo ezopha umhlabathi ophehliwe kanye nokungaphehliwe. Umsebenzi we-grab ophakanyisiwe, ngokuvamile udayiswe nge-hydraulically kusukela ebusweni, wehla esigodini esigcwele i-slurry, uxhumana nomhlabathi noma ittshiyotti okukhethiwe ngezici ze-clamshell noma bididi ethile, futhi uyahlanganisa phezulu ukuyobeka izinto ezikhethiwe kumasistimu wokuphatha ukhuluma. Ubudlelwano obuhlangene phakathi kwengcindezi ye-slurry, ukukhiqizwa kwe-grab, namandla e-mechanical kubeka imigomo yokusebenza nokuzinza kwezingqalabutho. I-configuration ye-grab yesimanjemanje ifaka ama-systems okuthola amandla ukuze kuthuthukiswe imijikelezo yokumba futhi kwehliswe ukuphazamiseka kwezindawo ezizungezile. Le ndiko ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimishini, okuhlanganisa nama-clamshell grabs anama-jaw mechanisms ahlukanisayo anokwelula okuphilayo, ama-bucket grabs aklanyelwe izithako ezixubile, ama-rock grabs akhethekile anama-cutting edges aqinile ezakhiweni ezikhishwe, kanye nezakhiwo zamathuluzi amaningi ezokuthuthukisa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Amaphuzu avame ukuba phakathi kuka-1 kuya ku-3.5 cubic meters ngokuqhuba, with a weight of grabs supporting trenches to depths exceeding 100 meters. Izinto ze-grab bucket namafanisi wezinyo ziya ngokuhamba kakhulu ngokuhkanza umhlaba, ukusuka ezakhiweni ze-alloy ezikhethekile zokuhlanza ama-gravels kuye kumkhethelo okujwayelekile kwezinyathelo ezinzima ze-stuthi. Izinkambo zokukhetha zamagrab e-mechanical diaphragm wall zifaka phakathi kokuhlolwa kwendawo okulindelekile kokuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe, ubunzima bemizi obudingekayo , uhlobo lwe-slurry nokuhambisana kokuhlola ukudla, izinjongo zokusebenza isikhathi sokuhamba, nokutholakala kwezithako ezikhethiwe ezitholakala kumthuthukisi oqinile. Onjiniyela bahlola ukumelana nokwehla kweggrab, izidingo zomthwalo, kanye nemihlahlandlela yokusebenza ehambisana nezigaba zomhlabathi. I-geometri ye-grab tooth, ivolumu ye-bucket, kanye namandla okufaka kwezinyawo kudinga ukuhamba kahle ezimweni zomhlaba ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokuhamba kokumba ngenkathi kwehliswa ukugqoka nesikhathi sokungasebenzi. Izindinganiso ezisemthethweni zomhlaba wonke ezilawulayo idizayini kanye nokusebenza kwe-grabs ze-mechanical zifaka i-EN 1536 (Ukuqedwa kwemisebenzi yokuhlola ezikhethekile - Amadokodo), i-ISO 12395 (Izikhombisi zokuhlanganisa nokwakha kwamawasha ediyafamu), kanye ne-DIN 4014 (Izidingo zokuphumeza izinhlelo zokwakha nezokwakhiwa). Lezi zindinganiso ziqinisekisa imigomo yokusebenza kwemishini ye-grab, ama-systems okuziqhagamshelana, kanye nemigudu yokwakhiwa kwengqalabutho, kuqinisekisa ukulandela kwemigomo yokusebenza futhi kuvikela umhlaba emakhasini e-Europe nasemiphakathini emhlabeni.
Izinsizakusebenza ezinzima zokuphakamisa kwezinsiza zokwakha ezinzima zifaka imishini ekhethekile yokuphakamisa eklanyelwe ngqo ukusiza ukugcina imithwalo emikhulu kanye nezidingo zokusebenza ezibhekene nazo ngesikhathi sokuzinza komhlaba, ukusekela ukumba, nokwakha ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngokwehlukile kumakhamera ajwayelekile asetshenziselwa ukuwakha, izinsizakusebenza ezinzima zokwakha izisekelo ezijulile zenziwe ukuphatha i-cyclic loading, amandla adlalayo, kanye nendawo yokuphatha efanele ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa ama-diaphragm wall grabs, secant pile rigs, amathuluzi okuxuba umhlabathi, neminye imishini efanayo ezindaweni ezikhawulelwe eziphansi. Lezi zinsiza zisebenza njengezinsiza ezisemqoka zokwakha ama-diaphragm wall, lapho zifaka futhi zishintsha ama-grabs amakhulu—izinsiza ezisindayo eziphakathi kwama-30 kuya kwama-100+ tonnes—ezikhungathekisa umhlabathi ne-rock phakathi kwemigwaqo yokuhola kuya emanzini angama-100 noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphandle kwamawall e-diaphragm, izinsizakusebenza ezinzima zixhasa ukufakwa kwamagilazi, imisebenzi yokukhipha i-secant ne-tangent piling, ukusebenzisa imishini yokunwetshwa kwe-jet, kanye nemishini yokuzinza komhlabathi. Zibalulekile kakhulu emisebenzini yokubhola eqondile ethile futhi ekuphatheni izintambo ezinkulu zokufaka, ama-frame okuhola, kanye nezintambo ze-tremie. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezinsiza ukuzama nokuphakamisa amathuluzi ngokuqondile ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhlela okuhamba phansi kanye nokuphatha ukuhlinzekelwa kwe-hydrostatic kanye nokumelana nokudonswa okuhlangenwe nakho ngesikhathi sokufaka nokukhipha. Isimiso sokusebenza sincike kumasistimu aphakeme we-hydraulic noma ugesi, imvamisa enezici ezihlukile zokuphatha izimo zomthwalo. Izinsizakusebenza ezinzima zanamuhla zifakwe ngezinhlelo zokuthola imithwalo, ukulawula ukuhamba, kanye nokuhlola kwesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuvinjwe ukuxhumeka kwamathuluzi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile ezimweni eziphansi. Izindlela zokuphakama zivumela ukuguqulwa kwemijikelezo engama-360 degrees, kuyilapho amasistimu e-winch efaka izinsiza zokugcina izimpahla, izinhlelo eziningi ze-drums, kanye nezilawuli ezithile ukuphatha imisebenzi eminingi yemigqa. Ukumiswa kwemishini kuhilela izinsizakusebenza ezihamba ngamasondo ezihlinzeka ngokwengxenye enkulu yokwakha kanye nokuzinza, kuya kuma-units ahamba ngetruck anikeza ukuhamba phakathi kwezikhathi zomsebenzi eziningi. Ukumiswa kwe-boom kufaka phakathi ukwakhiwa okujwayelekile, okuvulandi, kanye nokukhuphuka. Imikhawulo yokwakha ivamise ukuhamba ukusuka ku-100 tonnes kumasistimu amancane e-secant piling kuya ku-500+ tonnes kumisebenzi emikhulu ye-diaphragm wall. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zifaka ama-derricks afakwe emikhuculweni eflethi yokusebenza kwisezingeni elijulile, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini ye-jet grouting kanye nokuxuba umhlabathi. Izinkathazo zokukhetha zihlala zikhathalela umthwalo omkhulu olindelekile ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamathuluzi, kuhlanganise nomthwalo wezimpahla, umthwalo wombango, kanye namandla adlalayo avela ezimweni ezishayekayo. Ukujulisa kwempela kuholela kumapharamitha omjikelezo ahluke kakhulu. Ipharamitha yesayithi—ikakhulukazi ukuhamba okukhulu nokwakhiwa komhlaba—ithinta ukumiswa kwe-boom kanye noyilo lwezizinda. Imvelo yokusebenza, kufaka phakathi ukuvezwa olwandle, ifuna izinhlelo ze-hydraulic ezivikelwe kumkhumbi nezinsiza zikagesi ezivikelwe. Ubufakazi bokuhambisana nemigomo efanele, kufaka phakathi i-EN 13000 (ukwakhiwa kwemakhamera), i-ISO 4309 (ukuhlolwa kwezintambo ze-wire), kanye nemithetho yokuphakamisa yasendaweni, kuyadingeka. Ochwepheshe bahlola futhi isikhathi sokujikeleza, ukuhamba kokunciphisa umthwalo ngokuqondile, amakhono okuhlola kude, kanye nokusebenzisa uphethiloli noma izidingo zamandla. Izici zokuphepha ezihlanganisa imikhawulo yomthwalo, izinhlelo zokwehla eziphuthumayo, kanye nokuhlola impilo kwamasu ziyaqhubeka nokubekwa ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zezinkontileka ezinzima zanamuhla nemigomo yokuqashwa.
Amaxwabi e-hydraulic grab ayizinsiza ezibalulekile zokumba, eziklanyelwe ukususa umhlabathi nezindoda ngokuqondile phakathi kokuqanjwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm nangokwakhiwa kwamakwakha okulahlwayo. Lezi zibuko ezikhethekile zodwa, ezisindiselwa kumakhenikazi anzima, zisebenza ezindaweni ezijulile ezibuyekezwa nge-bentonite slurry, okuvumela abaqashi ukuba bakhe izithiyo ezingenamanzi ngaphakathi naphakathi nendawo ngokuqhubekayo nangokuphepha. I-hydraulic grab ibalulekile ekuqondiseni ukuhweba kwemizi ejulile yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi lapho izindlela ezijwayelekile zokumba kwezikhala zingenakwenziwa ngenxa yokuba khona kwamanzi, izidingo zokulawula ukungcola, noma ukukhathazeka kokuma. Amaxwabi e-hydraulic asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezindonga ze-diaphragm—ukusetshenziswa okumfushane kakhulu—lapho embiza izikhala zokuhola ezivertical ezijula kakhulu kune-100 meters. Ngaphezu kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamakwakha okulahlwayo (izithiyo ezimumatha ukuhamba kokungcola), ekwakhiweni kwe-secant piles (amapile aqinile e-concrete aqhubekayo), ezindlini zokuhlanganisa umhlabathi, nasezinhlelo zokuxhasa i-jet-grouting. Kuzo zonke lezi zinhlelo, i-grab isebenza ngaphakathi kwesikhala esigcwele i-slurry, igcina ukujula kwemidwebo ngenkathi isusa impahla ezindaweni ezinqunywe nzima nasezibanzi. Umqondo ophuma kwengxoxo uthakazelelwa kodwa uphathiswe kahle. I-hydraulic grab isendaweni ye-hook ye-crane ngokusebenzisa isikhumba sokuphakamisa nemigqa yokulawula. Njengoba ibhakede lehla esikhala esigcwele i-bentonite, amabhakede amabili aphikisana avulwa. Lapho ifika phansi, ama-cylinder hydraulic (ivame ukwenziwa ngokuqondile nge-hydraulic power unit ethunjwe nge-umbilical hose) closed the buckets around loosened soil and rock. I-crane iyaphakamisa i-grab evaliwe ne-load yayo phezulu, lapho impahla ikhishwa ezitsheni zokulahla. Le nqubo—umba, vala, phakamisa, khulula, phansi—iphindaphinda kuze kube ukusungulwa okudingekayo kobude nobubanzi be-section. I-bentonite slurry iqhubeka isekela izindonga zesikhala, ivimbela ukuwa nokuvumela ukuhamba kwama-fines asuswe. Izinhlelo ezitholakalayo zisebenza ngezifunda ezihlukene kumthamo kanye noyilo. Amabhakede ajwayelekile ahlukaniswa phakathi kuka-0.5 cubic meters (kumawall athile nezindawo ezicijile) kuya kumamitha angu-3.0+ (ezindaweni ezivulekile ze-diaphragm ezidinga izinga eliphakeme lokukhiqiza). Ububanzi be-grab buhluka phakathi kuka-1.5 kuya ku-3.5 meters, kuhlelwe ukuze kube sezindongeni eziqinile. Ukuklama kwamabhakede kuhluka ngokokuhlukahluka komhlaba: amabhakede alwe ngama-smooth waxhume kumadaka kanye nokuhlala; ukuklama okuqinile ngama-tooth kumasimu egranular nakwaqala; izinhlelo ezinzima zamatshe akhukhume ezisheshayo nezenzakalelayo. Izinhlelo ze-hydraulic zikhona njengohlelo lwe-single-line (ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwe-clamshell) noma izinhlelo ze-dual-line (okuvumela ukulawula amabhakede ngasohlangothini ukuze kube nokubhalwa okuyinselele). Izinqwaba ezitholakalayo zingena ezimpikiswaneni eziningi ezithinta iphrojekthi ethile. Ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba (SPT-N, CPT resistance, uniaxial compressive strength) kuthinta isakhiwo sokuhamba komuthi nezidingo zamandla okuzenzela. Ubude nobubanzi bezindonga obudingekayo buyinhloko becacisa usayizi wamabhakede kanye nokukwazi kwe-crane. Iziqhathanisi zendlela ziqondisela ukukhethwa kwamabhakede—amabhakede amakhulu akhuphula ukuphumelela kokuhamba kwesiqhelo kodwa abiza izingozi ezinzima ze-crane. Izici ze-slurry kanye necubungulo le-bentonite kwenza izidingo zomsebenzi zembili. Izithiyo zendawo zendawo zingavimbela ukujula kokuphakamisa kwe-crane noma ukusatshiswa kwemigqa, okuwashintsha ukudinga ukuhamba okuhlanzekile. Izindinganiso ezihlotshaniswa zihlanganisa i-EN 12716 (ukwakhiwa nokuqinisekisa izindonga ze-diaphragm ku-bentonite), i-EN 12815 (izincazelo zezigabeni zokumba komhlaba), i-ISO 13357 (izibane—izidingo zokuphepha), i-DIN 4014 (izindonga ze-diaphragm eJalimane nasendabeni ye-EU), kanye ne-API RP 2A (kwezikhala eziseberg). Izimiso zakwamanye amakhodi okwakhiwa nezincwadi zokuhlolwa kwe-geotechnical ziyinhloso ebalulekile yokuhlonza. Ukukhetha okuk professional kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kweminjini ye-geotechnical, umhlinzeki, umthishi we-crane, kanye nochwepheshe bezinsizakusebenza ukuze kuhlakaniswe ukuqonda kwemishini kufake phezulu ezicini zomhlaba kanye nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza.
Izinsizakusebenza ze-diaphragm wall hydraulic grabs ziyizinsiza zokumba ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukwakha odongeni baphansi bezitshalo ezijulile kanye nezithiyo zokuphuma ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bohlaka lwe-slurry trench. Lezi zinsizakusebenza eziqhutshwa ngamandla we-hydraulic zenza ingxenye ebalulekile yokwakha i-diaphragm wall (DW), indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ku-engineering ye-foundation ejulile yokwakha odongeni benkolo, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawulwa komhlaba zesikhashana. I-hydraulic grabs ivumela ukumba ngokulawulwa kwezikhala ezijulile, ezi-newo, ngenkathi igcina ukuzinza kwe-trench ngokusebenzisa i-slurry yokuzinza—imvamisa okuxubene ne-bentonite namanzi—okwenza kube nokumelana neziphumo zomhlabathi nokuvimbela ukuwa kodonga ngesikhathi sokumba. Umqondo wokusebenza kwe-hydraulic grabs usekelwe ezinqubweni eziphakanyiswa nge-hydraulic ezihlinzeka ngamandla amakhulu okuthunga ukubamba nokuphakamisa umhlaba kanye nezinto zewayini kusukela phansi kwe-trench. I-grab ibhakanjiswa kusuka ku-lattice mast noma i-crane, iyancishiswa phansi ibe endaweni egcwele i-slurry, ivaliwe ukuze ibambe umhlabathi ozungezile, bese icindezelwa ngokuqondile nenani layo. Le nqubo iqhubeka kuze kube i-trench ifinyelela ububanzi obuhlongozwayo. Ukuze le ndlela ibenempumelelo, kubalulekile ukugcina ukujula ne-viscosity ye-slurry ngokwanele ukuhlinzeka ngenkxaso ye-hydrostatic ngesikhathi i-grab isebenza, ukuvimbela ukuhamba kwezimbiwa nokugcina ukunembile kokwakha kodonga lwe-trench. Izinsiza ze-diaphragm wall hydraulic grabs zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezahlukene ze-geotechnical kufaka phakathi odonga lwe-diaphragm lwezakhiwo zokwakha izikhangiso, izithiyo zokulawula amanzi, odonga lwe-secant pile, odonga lwe-slurry lokuhlanzeka kwemvelo, kanye nezakhiwo zokugcina. Le technology iyakwazi ukuphendula ezimweni ezahlukene zomhlabathi nezwayini—from i-clay exubile kuya kuma-deposit ametal acacile nezakhiwo ze-wayini eziphukile—okwenza kube nehlelo elihle ezindaweni ezahlukeneyo ze-geological kokubili ezisemadolobheni kanye nasemanzini. Izinhlobo zezinsizakusebenza kuleli qembu zifaka phakathi ama-clamshell-pattern grabs anama-bucket amabili aphikisana, ama-four-bucket configurations ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhululwa kwezinto emhlabathini obambekayo, kanye nezigaba ezikhethekile zokuphula izinto ezilungiselelwe ngezihluthi ezinzima noma izinqubo ezimbili zokusebenza zezilokotho ezijulile nezindawo ezithile. Ububanzi be-opening be-grab buyafika ku-0.8 kuya ku-2.5 amamitha, nangesikhawu sokubamba phakathi kuka-800 no-3,500 kilonewtons, kuxhomeke ku-jula yokusebenzisa kanye nezimo zomhlabathi. Ukuklama kwe-grab kufaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwensimbi eqinile enezinhlayiya ezishintshwayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimo zokugqwala ezivamile ekuchayiseni isikhathi eside kwi-slurry. Izindlela zokukhetha izinsiza ze-hydraulic grab ezifanele zifaka phakathi ukujula okuphezulu kokumba, ukuhlukaniswa komhlabathi namandla, ububanzi be-trench obudingekayo nemingcele yokuhlela kwezakhiwo, uluhlu lwe-viscosity ne-density ye-slurry elindelekile, izidingo zokukhiqiza, kanye nakho okukhona kwe-crane. Ukuze ukunikezwa, izikhala ezijulile ezingaphezu kuka-50 amamitha kuvame ukufuna ama-grab designs anesisindo, aqinile, nezakhiwo eziqinile ukuze kugcinwe ukunemba kokusebenza ezijulile kakhulu. Ukwenziwa kwamanje kubheke ezicini zomhlaba wonke okubandakanya i-EN 12716 (Ukuqedela kwemisebenzi ye-geotechnical ekhethekile: Ama-diagram walls), i-ISO 6934 (Iziphuphumisi zensimbi ezinamandla aphezulu), kanye ne-API RP 2A (Umsebenzi ophakanyisiwe wokuhlela, ukuklama, nokwakha amapulatifomu alivela elwandle). Ukuhambisana nemigomo neziqu ze-engineering ezikhethekile kumasayithi kubalulekile kuyo yonke imisebenzi ye-diaphragm wall ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwabasebenzi nokwakhiwa kwamadonga.
Izigaba zokuhlanganiswa kwemishini yokwakha ezijulile zifaka imishini yokuthola ngamapayipi, imishini yokudonsa, imishini yokuphonsa, kanye nemishini yokuhlola i-geotechnical. Lezi zinsizakusebenza zihlinzeka ngesixhumi esiyinhloko phakathi kwamasistimu esikhwama esikwenkulumeni kanye nemigqomo yokumba esetshenziselwa umsebenzi wezindonga ze-diaphragm, imigoqo yokuhlakaza, kanye nezinsiza zokumba izimbobo. Lezi zinsizakusebenza zisebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokuphatha umthwalo ethumela imithwalo evela esikhwameni es suspended iye kumgibeli we-crane ngesikhathi igcina ukulawula indawo nokuzinza kwempilo ngesikhathi sokumba. Emshenini wokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, izinsizakusebenza eziphakanyisiwe zibalulekile ezisebenzisweni ezifana nokwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, lapho ziphakanyiswe khona izinhlobo ezihlukene zesikhwama ngesikhathi sokumba imigoqo nezinsiza zokubheja. Zibalulekile ngokufanayo ekubeni zisetshenziswe ekufakweni kwemiphumela yokuhlukaniswa, ukuhlela ukwakhiwa kwe-pile yesekondari, kanye nokuqamba imigoqo yokuhlakaza. Lezi zinsizakusebenza ziwusizo kumasistimu wezindonga zokuhola kanye nezindlela zokwakha izindonga ze-diaphragm eziphelele, lapho ukuma okuphakeme okuhlinzekwe kahle kanye nesikhwama esiqinile kusebenza ukuphatha ukunemba kokumba nokwenza kahle kokuphosa kwekhonkrithi. Zithathwa njengenhloso ezinhle ekwenzeni imigoqo ye-sheet pile kanye nezinsiza zokuhlanganisa umhlabathi lapho ukuzinza kwemigoqo nokwakheka kokumba kudinga ukulawulwa kwesikhwama esiphakanyisiwe. Umqondo osebenzayo wezinsizakusebenza eziphakanyisiwe uphakama ekudluliseni umthwalo kwezemishini ngokusebenzisa amabhu we-wire rope nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ze-spreader beam. Lezi zinsizakusebenza ziphakanyiswa ngezintambo eziningi ze-wire rope ezixhunywe kumgibeli we-crane's hoist block, okwakha imithwalo kahle futhi ivimbela ukujolisa noma ukuhamba kwesikhwama esiphakanyisiwe. Uhlelo lwezinsizakusebenza luthola izinhlobo ezahlukene zesikhwama—kuhlanganise ne-clamshell buckets, orange peel grabs, noma ama-grabs e-backhoe—ngomkhawulo ofanele noma ozwakalayo. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, izinsizakusebenza zigcina ukujolisa kwesikhwama njengoba ithuluzi lokumba lishintsha phakathi kokwehla, ukungena kokumba, ukuphakanyiswa, kanye nezinyathelo zokuchitha, kuqinisekisa ukuma ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphakathi kwemigqa nokugcina ubukhulu bezindonga ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ethile. Izimo ezitholakalayo zihluka phakathi kwemishini elula eyodwa ye-rope yokuphakanyiswa emishini yesikhwama esinzima kuya kumasistimu akhiwe ngama-ropes amaningi anemishini yokuzibandakanya okuzenzakalelayo yokuphakamisa imisebenzi emikhulu yezindonga ze-diaphragm. Izinhlelo zihluka ngokwesigaba sesikhwama (okujwayelekile i-5 kuya ku-50 tonnes ezimbonini zebhande), amandla okuphakama kwemigqa, ukubaluleka kokuma, nokuthi uhlelo lusebenza kanjani ngemigqa yokuhola noma ngaphandle kwayo. Izinkhetho zokukhetha izinsizakusebenza eziphakanyisiwe zihlanganisa umbiko wokusebenza ophumelelayo uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhwama nasemithwalweni ephethwe nge-suspended, kuhlanganisa nemithwalo edlulisayo nezici zokwekhanisa ezitholakala emijikelezweni yokumba. Abathengisi bahlola isimo sokuxhuma i-rope kanye nomklamo we-spreader beam ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kokuphakanyiswa nokuphendula komsebenzi. Ukuhambisana nekhono le-crane ekhona, izinhlelo zokuphakanyiswa, nezinhlelo zokulawula kubalulekile ukuze kuhlanganiswe iphrojekthi. Amakhono wendawo okusebenza ngaphakathi kwezimo zokuhola noma ukuma okukodwa kunquma ukuhlela izimo ezithile zokumba. Ukufinyelela kokugcinwa nokutholakala kwezinsiza zokugqoka kuthinta izindleko zokuphila emisebenzini yexesha elide. Standards zomkhakha ezilawula izinsizakusebenza eziphakanyisiwe zivela ku-ISO 4304 (amabhuku wamagama e-cableway), izindinganiso ze-DIN zezifunda zokuphakanyiswa, kanye nemiyalo yokwakha engeni yeYurophu (2006/42/EC). Izindinganiso ze-EN 13001 zinhlinzeka ngokuqondisa kokwakhiwa kwemishini yokuphakamisa, kuyilapho izindinganiso ezithile zephrojekthi ngokuvamile zibhekisela kumakhodi endawo okubhalwa kanye ne-DIN 17200 yezingxenye zensimbi kanye ne-BS 3111 yokwaziswa kwe-wire rope.
Izinsiza zokuhola amakholi e-Kelly ziyizinhlelo zokusebenza ezinemininingwane ehlakaniphile ezihlinzeka ngokuqondiswa kwendawo okuqondile nokulawula indawo kwamakholi e-Kelly ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm kanye nezindwangu zokwakha. Ku-hierarchy yemishini yokubhoboza izisekelo ezijulile, izinsiza zokuhola zisebenza njengomgqomo obalulekile phakathi kwesistimu yokuhambisa ye-rig yokujikijela kanye nezinsiza zokubhoboza noma zokubamba, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amakholi e-Kelly ahlale evumelaniswa phakathi kokuphakama okuphelele kokumba. Lezi zinsiza zisebenza njengemithombo yokwakha esindayo kanye nezinsiza zokuhola, zixhasa isisindo sekholi e-Kelly kanye nezinsiza ezihambisana nazo ngenkathi ziqinisekisa ukuhamba kwezilokotho okuncane ezingeni le-micron ukuze kugcinwe ukujula okufanele kokwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm. Izindonga ze-diaphragm kanye nezindwangu zokweshanela zidinga ukusimama okuhle kwemigomo ngenxa yokuthi noma yisiphi ukusilela emgudwini ophakeme kudlulisela phansi, kungenzeka kudaleke umehluko ebubanjeni bezindonga, ukulahleka kokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo, noma ukusebenza okuphazamisekile kokucisha kwe-hydraulic. Ngakho-ke, izinsiza zokuhola zamakholi e-Kelly zibalulekile kuzo zonke izicelo ezihilela ukubumba okuqondile ngaphansi kokwesekwa kwe-slurry: izindonga ze-diaphragm zokwakha amabhokisi futhi zokuvikela emanzini, izindwangu ze-jet grouting, izindonga ze-secant kanye ne-tangent pile, izindonga zokuhlanganisa umhlabathi zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba, kanye nezindwangu zokucisha. Lezi zinsiza ziyavuma umthwalo oqhubekayo wokuhambisa amandla okujikijela, ukuxhasa umthwalo ophakeme, kanye nokuqhumisa okuhamba phambili okuvunyelwe ngokuqhuba ukugraba emhlabathini ongahlangani. Ngokwengxenye yokusebenza, izinsiza zokuhola zisebenzisa ubumbano bezindawo zokukhulisa, ukuhamba okuhlekisayo noma okukhala, kanye nothisha obumbene. Ikholi e-Kelly idlula ngokuqondile ngokuhlangene, okuvamise ukufakwa ngokuqondile kumast noma kumframe yokuhola ye-rig. Njengoba ithebhu yokujikijela ihambisa ukujika, umhlinzeki uqinisa ikholi ukuze ihambe empeleni ngokuqondile ngenkathi ivumela ukuhamba nokuwashwa ngokujulile. Izinsiza zanamuhla zifaka izici zokuzibeka zodwa ukuze zihlinzeke ngezinguquko ezincane zokufaka, izinhlelo zokucacisa ezilungisekayo ukuze zivumelane nokuphela kwekholi, kanye nezindawo zokukhulisa ezivikelekile ukuze kungeniswe i-slurry yokubhoboza nokukhukhuleka. Izinguqulo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zisebenzisa izinhlelo ze-hydrostatic noma zokukhulisa okuphezulu ukuze zinciphise ukulahlekelwa kwefriction nokugcina ukuvumelana ngaphansi komthwalo ogcwele. Izilungiselelo zemishini kuleli qembu ziqhubheka phakathi kwezinsiza ezilula zokuhola eziqinile zezikhwama ezincane (okuvamise ukuxhasa umthwalo ngaphansi kwama-50 tonnes) kuya ezinhlelweni ezinzima ezinzima zemishini yokumba enkulu. Izilungiselelo zihluke ngokwezigaba zokuhluka kwemikhono ye-Kelly, isivinini sokuhamba, amandla omthwalo ophakeme, kanye nomklamo womasters. Ezinye izinsiza zisebenzisa izindlela zokuvikela ezihambisanayo; ezinye ziyi-system zokuhola eziphumelelayo eziklanyelwe ukusebenza nezinhlelo zokuhambisa ezinamast. Izingcindezi eziphathekayo zivumela ukuguquguquka ukuze zifake izicelo zokuhlola kumashini akhona. Izinkomba zokukhetha izinsiza zokuhola zifaka phakathi: ububanzi bekholi e-Kelly kanye nezigaba zesisindo; amandla aphakeme alindelekile kanye nomthwalo ophakeme; izimo zomhlabathi ezidinga isivinini esiphakeme sokumba uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula okuyiqiniso; uhlobo lwe-slurry kanye namathuba okwandisa amaphuzu aphilayo; nokuvumelana nezinhlaka zamasters ezifanelekileyo noshintsho lokuhambisa. Omenziwa kumele bahlola izinhlelo zokukhulisa ububanzi, izikhathi zokusebenza ezilindelekileyo, kanye nokufinyelela kokugcina. Izikhumbuzo zomthwalo kumele zibheke ukwanda kokuhambela ngesikhathi sokuhamba komgibeli kanye namathuba okuphosa umthwalo ngesikhathi sokudlula kwezinsiza. Izindinganiso ezihlola ukusebenza kwezinsiza zokuhola zifaka i-ISO 13535 (amagama emishini yokubhoboza ejikijela), i-DIN 4123 (ukwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm), kanye nezindinganiso ezithile zokukhulisa ezivela kwi-European Federation of Foundation Contractors (EFFC). Abakhiqizi bavame ukuhlinzeka ngezilinganiso zokukwazi eziqinisekiswe ku-EN 12063 (imishini ye-diaphragm wall) noma ukuqinisekiswa kwenhlangano yesithathu efanayo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuhola zigcina ukuvumelana kokuma ngaphakathi ±50 mm phezu kobubanzi bezindonga bonke, okudingekayo ukuze kube nokusebenza kahle kwezakhiwo.
Iziqeshana zomshini we-hydraulic grab zimela izinto ezikhethekile zokuhlola eziklanywe ukuze zisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwemizimbatho emikhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka ukwakha imithombo ngokuqonda nokuphathwa kwezinto ezindaweni ezinamathuba amancane noma ezinemithombo yamanzi. Lezi zinhlelo ziqukethe amathuluzi okugcina omshini axhunywe ngogesi, abekwe phezulu noma ebhomeni lesikhala sokubamba ukuze kuvunyelwane ukukhipha izinto ngokuqondile ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwemivimbo ye-diaphragm, izindwangu zokuphuma, ama-pile secant, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zezithiyo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ukuxhumana kwe-grab kuhambisana nezithombe zohlelo lwe-hydraulic lwe-rig kanye nenqubo yokuphakamisa, okuvumela abaphathi ukuba benze ukuhlola, ukususa ingcu, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinto ngezinga elincane lokuphazamiseka emithini engakhelwanga. Ama-hydraulic grabs asetshenziselwa izicelo eziningi zokwakha imithombo emikhulu kunye nokuvikeleka komhlabathi. Ekukhuleni kwemivimbo ye-diaphragm, ama-grabs alungisa imihlabathi, akhipha i-bentonite slurry ehlangene nokungcola ngesikhathi sokuhlola, futhi asusa ingcu eqoqiwe ezindaweni zokukhipha ze-pipe ye-tremie. Ekufakeni izindwangu zokuphuma—ikakhulukazi ekwakheni izivunguvungu nezokulungisa imvelo—ama-grabs aphatha ukusula kwe-cuttings, aphatha ukuhamba kwe-slurry, futhi acace izimpuphu ngaphambi kokuhlanza. Izinhlelo ze-pile secant kanye ne-tangent zisebenzisa ama-grab sets ukuze zilungise imihlabathi yokuqala futhi zihlanzeke ngezikhathi ezithile okuhlanganiswa nokuma ku-pile bore casings. Imisebenzi ye-jet grouting ivame ukufaka ama-grabs ukuze iphathe futhi ihlukanise imixube yomhlabathi-ukuhlambalaza ekhanyayo. Le teknoloji futhi isekela imisebenzi yokuxubha umhlabathi-ukuhlambalaza lapho ama-grabs esusa ingcu eyenziwe ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwe-auger futhi asize ekuphatheni ukugcwala kwezinto ezivela kumakholomu axubene nendawo. Iziqeshana ezisebenza zisebenzisa u-pressure we-hydraulic ukuze zisebenze izindlela zokukhalipha kumkhono we-grab. Njengoba i-grab ihla kwendawo yokuhlola, umkhono uhlala uvulekile; uma ubhidlika nezinto, umphathi angena kontrol ye-hydraulic, ngenxa yokuthi izimbambo eziphindwe kabili noma izindzaba ezibhathelwe zivalwe emhlabathini, itshe, noma uketshezi lwe-bentonite. I-grab evaliwe ibhidiwe nge-rig’s main hoist, ikhipha emehlweni okungcola noma kumishini yokuhlola, bese ibuyela emzuliswaneni olandelayo. Le ndlela yokuba ne-grab-futhi-uphindela kwemishini ehlukile kunohlelo oluqhubekayo lokuhlola, ivumela ukukhipha izinto ezikhethiwe nokulawula ngokucacile emithini ehlukahlukene noma enezithiyo. Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile zifaka ama-clamshell grabs (okuthiwa yizigubhu ezimbili noma ezine eziwabelana ngentambo), imiklamo ye-orange-peel (amasegmente amaningi abubula esikhungweni), kanye nama-grabs akhethekile ezindwangu zokuphuma anokuhluka kwezikhala ezincane nezakhiwo ezivuselelwe ezindaweni ezinamathuba amancane. I-capacities ye-grab ivamise ukusuka ku-0.5 kuya ku-3.5 cubic meters, ikhokhelwa kumaphakathi aphezulu wokuphakamisa kwe-rig kanye ne-geometry ye-pile-led. Ukuphakamisa okwenziwa ngentambo noma okulinganiselwe kwedivayisi yokuxhumana kumajwayelekile, nezilawuli ze-electrohydraulic zibe yizimiso ezikhulu kuma-rigs amanje. Izinkomba zokukhetha zibala umthamo we-bucket ngokuhambisana ne-SWL ye-rig, i-geometry ye-clamshell noma ye-orange-peel efanelekile kuhlobo lwezinto (granular noma cohesive), ukutholakala kwamandla e-hydraulic, ububanzi obuvulekile phakathi kwezindwangu zokuhola noma immeka, kanye nokuhlala kukhona ngaphansi kwezimo zokungcola ezikhombisa ama-saline. Isisindo se-grab, kuhlanganisa ne-hydraulic manifolds nezikhwama zokulawula, kufanele sikhombise izinga lokuphepha ukuze kube ne-margins efanelekile yokulayisha nokuphakanyiswa okusheshayo. Izindinganiso ezithandekayo zifaka i-ISO 20332 ne-ISO 20333 zezisekelo ze-diaphragm, i-ISO 14688 yokuhlukanisa umhlabathi (ukuhlola isu lokukhethwa kwe-grab), kanye nemigomo ethile ye-hydraulic ye-ISO 5010. Ukumakwa kwe-CE eYurophu kanye nezidingo ze-API RP 2A zisebenza kumaphrojekthi omwe nge-hydraulic grabs.
Izinsiza ezisizayo zifaka phakathi kwezinsiza ezibalulekile, izingxenye, namathuluzi akwazi ukunceda ekuqedeni kahle ukwakhiwa kwemibhangqwana ye-diaphragm nezisebenzi zokuphuma phansi emhlabeni. Ku-engineering yeziqalo ezijulile, izinsiza ezisizayo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni izimo ze-slurry, okuvumela ukuhamba kokuhlola okuphakanyisiwe, futhi kuqinisekisa ubuqotho bezakhiwo phakathi nawo wonke amazinga okuthuthukiswa kweziteshi nezokwelapha umhlaba. Izinsiza ezisizayo zisetshenziswa ezindlini eziningi zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba nezinsiza zokuhlulwa, okubandakanya amaphaneli e-diaphragm, izindwangu zokuphuma, odongeni be-secant kanye ne-tangent pile, izinhlelo ze-sheet pile ezathuthukiswa nge-jet grouting, odongeni bokuhlola umhlaba, nezinye izindlela zokuvikela ezingaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo zokuxhasa zibalulekile ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukulawulwa kwamanzi asezindaweni, ukuvikelwa kokungcoliswa, noma ukulungiselela iziqalo ezijulile ezindaweni zikamasipala ezithintekayo lapho ukufaka ngokunembile nokuphazamiseka okuncane komhlaba kudingeka. Umthetho wokusebenza wezinsiza ezisizayo uyahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinhlelo. Izinsiza zokuhlola ze-slurry kanye nezokuxhumana zigcina izici ze-bentonitic noma ze-polimer ze-drilling fluid phakathi nokuhlola, zigwema ukuwa komhole nokugcinwa kwezimfanelo zomhlaba ezivuliwe ngengcindezi ye-hydrostatic. Ama-tremie pipes kanye nezincwadi zencwadi zenza ukufakwa kwe-concrete noma kwe-grout okuphephile ebusweni, zikhupha i-slurry ngaphandle kokwahlukaniswa noma ukungcoliswa. Izakhiwo zokuxhasa ezifana nezindonga zokuhola, imizila yokulinganisa, kanye nezikhungo zokuboremisa zinikeza ukudidiyela okunembile nokuthwala umthwalo wokusebenza kwamathuluzi okuphelisa. Izing units zokuhlanza kanye nezithinta zishesha izithako ze-drilling fluid kanye nezinto eziqinile, zivumela ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-slurry nokuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zokuphuma kwezokuthoba. Izinhlelo zokuhlola ziyaqhubeka zilandela izinkomba ezibalulekile ze-fluid ngesikhathi sangempela, ziqinisekisa ukuvumelana nezimo ezichaziwe phakathi nezokwakha. Izinhlobo ezibalulekile zamathuluzi ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu zifaka izimboni ze-slurry ezinomxube, zokuhlunga, nezindawo ze-centrifuge zokuhlola; ama-tremie pipe assemblies anobubanzi obuhlukahlukene nezimo zomjovo; izincwadi zokubhaka ngezinto zensimbi kanye nezinto zokuhlanganisa; izakhiwo zokuxhasa zokuhlela kanye nokunembile kwezimo; izikhwama ezishisayo nezikhwamo zokuhamba eziqondile zokuphuma kwe-slurry; amasistimu okukhululeka kwengcindezi ye-hydrostatic; kanye nezinsiza zokuhlola ububanzi, ikhono, okuqukethwe ku-sand, kanye ne-pH. Izinhlaka zikhula ukusuka ezinhlelweni ezincane ezihambayo ezifanele izinhlelo ezisebenza ezindaweni zamadolobha ezinezezimali eziningi zokuqhuba izinhlelo eziphezulu zokwakha imisebenzi ye-infrastructure. Ukukhetha izinsiza ezisizayo kuncike ezicini ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe nezokusebenza. Ukwakhiwa kwe-slurry nezimo zezemvelo kukhomba izidingo zokuhlunga kanye nesikhumbuzo. Ukuhlola ukuphakama, izakhiwo zomhlaba, kanye nenqubo yomhlabathi kukhuluma ngezindlela eziphezulu zokukhetha ubukhulu be-slurry, ububanzi be-tremie pipe, kanye nezincwadi zokubhaka. Amathuluzi wephrojekthi, kuhlanganise ukufinyelela endaweni, izithiyo zezikhala, kanye nezinga lokukhiqiza elimisiwe, kukwenza kube kumunye noma okungashintshi. Izimiso zezindawo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuphuma kwe-slurry kanye nokuvikelwa kwamanzi asezindaweni, kuthinta izimfuno zokuhlunga nokwelashwa. Ukuvumelana kwamathuluzi nemishini ethanywayo nezezimfanekiso ezidingekayo zomsebenzi wokugcina kufanele kuqinisekiswe. Izindinganiso zomkhakha ezilawulwa izinsiza ezisizayo zifaka i-EN 1538 yokuphathwa kwemibhangqwana ye-diaphragm, echaza izidingo eziphelele zokuphathwa kwe-slurry, ukuhlangabezana kwe-fluid, nezinyathelo zokugcina izinga. Abakhiqizi bemishini bavame ukuhambisana nezichazwe nezindinganiso ze-ISO zokuphathwa kwe-drilling fluid, kanye nezindinganiso zesizwe ezifana ne-DIN (Germany), BS (United Kingdom), kanye ne-JGS (Japan) ezinikeza izidingo zobuchwepheshe zokusebenza kwempahla nokuchazwa kwemishini. Izimiso zendawo kanye nezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi zivame ukufaka imiyalelo yokuhlola eyengeziwe kanye nedokhumenti ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvumelana nemiyalo yokuvikelwa kwamanzi nasezindaweni zokwakha.
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