Imimoya yokwakha yezindonga ezincanyana ze-tangent ibonisa ubuchwepheshe obuphumelelayo bokwakha izisekelo ezijulile kanye nokwesekwa komhlaba ngaphakathi kwendawo ebanzi yeziqukathi zomhlaba nezindonga zokuvikela. Lezi zakhiwo ziqukethe isithintelo esiqhubekayo esakhiwe ngamagagasi adaluliweakhe edlulelekile noma ahlangene, ngokuvamile akhiwa ngendlela ye-tangent noma ye-secant, ezisebenza ndawonye njengohlelo lwezindonga oluhlangene. Ngokwehlukile ezindongeni zapatheki ezijwayelekile ezincike ekufakeni ukhonkolo lwe-tremie ezindlalweni eziphathelene ne-slurry, imimoya ye-tangent ithola ubuqotho bayo nezinga eliqhubekayo kusuka ohlelweni olunembile lwezindonga zomqhele ngamaphayiphi ahlukeneyo, futhi lapho kudingeka, ukuxhumana kwabo kwemishini. Lo buchwepheshe uhlanganisa imisebenzi emibili eyinhloko: ukuhlinzeka ngokwesekwa komhlaba okuxhumene ngesikhathi sokumba okujulile nokusetha kukhonkolo oluphakamisayo ukuze kulawule ukufika kwamanzi erthini kanye nokuhamba kwempahla engcolisile ekuhlanzweni kwezindawo ezincikile. Imimoya ye-tangent ithola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi emisebenzini yokumba ejulile emadolobheni, ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda engaphansi komhlaba okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwemetro, ukwandiswa kwezakhiwo eziphansi kwiindawo ezinqamukayo, kanye nokuhlanzwa kwemvelo okufuna ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokugcina amanzi erthini. Zikhona ngokukhethekile lapho imishini yeziqukathi ezivamile ingatholakali noma ingaholeli ekufayeleni kahle kwezomnotho, lapho izimo zomhlabathi zikhuthaza izixazululo ezisekelwe kumagagasi, noma lapho ubunjiniyela bephrojekthi buthupha izakhiwo zokweseka eziyiphutha. Izimo ezijwayelekile zokufaka zifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokuphatha ezesikhumbuzo sokumba nakuziqalo, izindonga zokukhipha udoti kanye nokulawulwa kwemfucumfucu ezindaweni ezithathwa njengezinhle, izithintelo ezingaphansi ngesikhathi sokubhanga okujulile, nezinhlelo zokuvikela emaphethelweni zokuphathwa kwezindawo ezithintekayo. Umsebenzi wokwakha izindonga ze-tangent ubandakanya ukumbiwa kokugaya kwezimoto ezilandelanayo kusetshenziswa imishini yokuhlanganisa ye-rotary noma ye-vibratory, nendawo ye-pile ibekwe kwazulu okwakhiwa kuza kufinyelela ekuxhumekeni kwe-tangent noma ukungqubuzana okulawulwayo. Kumikhawulo ye-tangent, isikhala sivamile ukuba sibe phakathi kuka-0.9 no-1.0 yeemitha phakathi kwezinye, ukuqinisekisa ukufinyeleleka okufanele ngaphandle kokuphikisana okukhulu. Izinhlaka eziwumphumela zisebenzisa amaphayiphi ahlukeneyo ngezindaba ezihlukene noma ngezinto ezahlukahlukene, ngokuthi amaphayiphi wesekondari ahlangabezane ngaphakathi kusisekelo sokugcina isiphetho esiphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhipha. I-fluid yokuhlinzeka—amanzi, i-polymer slurry, noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, umoya—iqinisekisa ubuqotho bembobo ngesikhathi sokumba. Izikhwama zokuqinisa zifakwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ukhonkolo ufakwe nge-tremie noma nge-Gravity ukuze kwakhiwe izigaba ze-pile eziyingxenye. Ukulandelana kahle kwalesi sikhathi kuholela ku-element ye-wal yokuqinisa eyodwa enokukwazi ukugcina ingcindezi enkulu ye-lateral nokuhlinzeka ngokuqhafaza kwamanzi erthini. Izincazelo zomkhakha zigxile emandleni emishini yokuhlanganisa—imikhiqizo ye-rotary drilling rigs enama-kelly bars noma ama-continuous flight augers (CFA) iphakanyiswa, nakuba izindlela zokuhlanza eziphathelene nezindlalelo zikhula ngokwandisa uma izimo zomhlaba zikhuthaza ukuhamba kwezimoto. Iziqukathi ze-pile zivamile ukuba ziphakathi kuka-0.6 no-1.2 yeemitha, kanti ukuhamba okuphezulu kuhamba phesheya kuka-40 yeemitha ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-hydrogeological. Izinsiza eziphathelene zifaka phakathi ukuhlanganiswa kwesikhwama sokuqinisa nezinhlelo zokubekwa, ama-tremie pipes nezinhlelo zokulawula amanzi erthini ezifakiwe njengezikhungo zokuhlukanisa i-slurry neziteshi zokukhipha amanzi. Izinkombandlela zokukhetha zigcizelela ukuhlola ukuhlangana komhlabathi nokwakhiwa kwamatshe, i-chemistry yamanzi erthini kanye nokwehliswa okufunwa, ukujula kokuphuma okuhlobene nezinto ezihambayo, imithwalo ye-lateral elindelekile phakathi nezinyathelo zokumba, kanye nokuhlela ubunjiniyela neminye imikhiqizo edidiyelwe. Abakhi bacubungula ukufakwa kwemishini yokukhuhla, izinga lokukhiqiza labacoli (okuvamile amaphayiphi ayi-3-6 ngosuku), kanye nokuhambisana kwezindleko ngokumelene nezinye izixazululo zokweseka emhlabathini. Izindinganiso ezisebenzayo zifaka i-EN 1536 (ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ye-geotechnical), uchungechunge lwe-ISO 22475 (ukuhlola nokuhlola), kanye ne-DIN 4126 (izakhiwo zokweseka eziphakamisayo), ezixhaswe ngezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi zokulawula amanzi erthini kanye nokungcola.
Izinsiza zokuhamba kwezinsizakalo zokufaka izisekelo ezinzulu zifaka phakathi imishini yokubhola eyindilinga, okuhlinzeka ngezigaba ezisemqoka zokwakha izinhlelo ze-tangent pile wall, uhlobo olwakhelwe kahle lwezindonga ezinzulu ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokumba zasemadolobheni kanye nezinhlelo eziphansi lapho isikhala esilinganiselwe kanye nokulawulwa kwamanzi omhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni. Izindonga ze-tangent pile ziqukethe uchungechunge lwemithi evilwe efakwe eduze noma engxenyeni yayo, kwakha umgqomo oqhubekayo osebenza njengensiza yokugcina ethwele carga futhi njengokwelashwa kwamanzi emhlabeni okuphakeme noma ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Lezi zindonga zihluke kwezokuphikisana ze-secant pile — lapho imiti ihlangana ngengozi ukuze kube nezikhala — futhi zisebenza njengengxenye yezakhiwo nezinhlelo zokulawula imvelo lapho ukusebenza kokugcina amanzi noma ukuvimbela ukuhamba kwezinto ezilimazayo kubalulekile. Izinsizakalo zokubhola eziyindilinga ze-tangent pile walls zisesha izicelo ezinkulu ezikhona ezimbonini, zokugcinwa kwezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba (iziteshi ze-subway, ukwenza ama-tunnel), ukwakheka kwezindawo eziyingozi ezidinga ukufakwa kwama-barrier aphansi komhlaba, nakukhuthaza phansi kwentaba yokwakha lapho izindlela zendabuko ze-sheet piling noma ze-diaphragm wall zingekho. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza ngokuvamile ngokuhlanganyela nezinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi, ikakhulukazi ezifakazela izimbali eziphathekayo eziphakela inhlekelele noma lapho izinga le-piezometric lidlula ubungako bezindawo zokumba. Izinhlelo zemvelo zikhula kakhulu, ngenkathi izindonga ze-tangent pile zivikela ukuhamba kwezinto ezilimazayo ezinhlelweni zokuphuma kwezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanza i-brownfield e- EU naseNingizimu neMelika. Inqubo yokusebenza ihilela ukufaka izimbobo ezibheke phezulu kuze kube sezingeni elinikeziwe kusetshenziswa ama-auger aphezulu, ama-bucket augers, noma amathuluzi okubhola akhulu, okukhethwa kuye ngezakhiwo zomhlaba, ubukhulu, nezimo zamanzi emhlabeni. I-borehole ngayinye ibekwe emgqeni owenzelwe ngeso lokho — ngokuvamile i-900–1500 millimitha phakathi kwamapulo — ivumela ukuthi amapilo aseduze ahlangane noma abambe isithupha uma egcineka. Ngemva kokufinyelela ubukhulu bokwakha, imishudo ye-stainless steel iwela endaweni, kulandelwa ukufakwa kwe-pipe ye-tremie ukuze kufakwe ikhasi lokwenza ukuthi akukho sikhala sehlabathi singenwe. Izinguquko ezibalulekile zokubhola zihlanganisa isivinini sokuphenduka (20–60 rpm ezinhlelweni ze-auger), amandla obungo (alawulwa ngesisindo semishini kanye nomfutho wombhoxo), kanye namandla e-torque, konke kuhlangene nezimo ezithile ze-geotechnical. Izikali ezijwayelekile zezimoto zikhula ziqala ezinhlelweni ezincane ezinamathuluzi (class carrier ye-25–40 tonne) efanelekile ekubambeniثiritual futhi isikhala esilinganiselwe, ukuya kuzinsiza ezinzima (class ye-60–150 tonne) zokumba okujule kanye nezimo ezinzima zomhlaba. Izimo ezibalulekile zokusebenza zifaka ubukhulu obumqoka bokubhola (30–60 amamitha ezinhlelweni eziningi ze-tangent wall), ubukhulu be-bore (600–1200 millimitha), izinhlelo ze-kelly bar noma ze-hollow-stem auger, kanye namakhono okukhipha isakhiwo. Ukuze usebenze, izicelo ezintsha zigcizelela ezokubhola ezizenzakalelayo, ukutholwa kwesikhala nesigcawu ngesikhathi, namasu aphakeme we-hydraulic ukuze kuqinisekiswe amayelana nokuqina. Izindlela zokukhetha imishini efanelekile yokubhola zihlanganisa ubukhulu bokuwela kwamanzi, i-stratigraphy yeziqu zehlabathi ebalulekile kanye namandla okuphatha, ubukhulu bezindonga nezimo zokuhlukana kwamapilo, ukufinyelela endaweni nezikhala zokuhlala phakathi, izinga lokukhiqiza elidingekayo, kanye nokutholakala kwezisekeli zokusekela ezithile. Ososayensi baphinde bahlola ukufuduka kwemishini (izicelo ezixhunywe ekugcineni ziye kumathematics ezithunyelwa), izinsizakalo zamandla (i-diesel noma ugesi), nokuphazamiseka/kukhala okukhumbuleka ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezithintwa kalula. Izindinganiso zomhlaba eziqondile zifaka i-EN 1538 (ukusebenza kwe-tangent ne-secant piles), i-EN 14199 (i-bores piles), i-EN 1536 (izindonga ze-diaphragm), kanye ne-ISO 22475 (izivivinyo ze-field nezinyathelo zokwakheka) eziqinisekisa izidingo zokuphumelela okuncane nezokwakha kwekhwalithi ye-sitensitive wall systems.
Izinsiza ezengeziwe emkhakheni wokwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-tangent pile zifaka phakathi uchungechunge olubanzi lwezisetshenziswa ezisizayo, amathuluzi, nezinto ezibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufakwa kwezikhonkwane, ukudubula, kanye nemisebenzi yokwelapha umhlabathi ngezindlela eziphephile nezinempumelelo. Lezi zinhlelo ezisekelayo nezinsiza zisebenza njengesisekelo esiyinhloko emisebenzini yokwakha izisekelo ezijulile, zenza kube lula kubakhiqizi ukuhlanganisa kahle amakhono okudubula, izinhlelo zokufaka, nezisetshenziswa ezikhethekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso ezinzima zobunjiniyela. Ukusebenzisa izinsiza ezengeziwe kufaka izindlela eziningi zokuthuthukisa umhlabathi nokwakha izindonga ezihlanganisa ukufakwa kwezindonga ze-diaphragm, ukwakhiwa kwezindonga ze-secant ne-tangent pile, izinhlelo ze-sheet pile, jet grouting, kanye nemisebenzi yokuxuba umhlabathi. Ekufakweni kwezikhonkwane ze-tangent ikakhulukazi, izinsiza ezengeziwe zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphathweni kwezinkinga zobunjiniyela ezifana nokugcina ukuvumelana kwezikhonkwane, ukulawula izakhiwo ze-fluid yokudubula, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle kwezinhlelo zokufaka ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Lezi zingxenye zibalulekile kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezindonga zokunciphisa, lapho zisekela ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zokufaka, ama-apparatus we-grouting, kanye nezinsiza zokuhlola ngesikhathi sangempela ukuhlinzeka ngokuqinisekiswa kokuhlola. Ngokusebenza, izinhlelo zokwengeza zisebenza ngezinkinga ezihlanganisiwe eziningana. Izinhlelo zokuphindisela i-fluid yokudubula zigcina izakhiwo ze-rheological eziyinhle futhi zidlulisela impahla eyakhiwe phezulu, zidinga amabhompu, ama-hydrocyclones, ama-shale shakers, kanye nezikhwama zokuhlala ezisebenza ndawonye ukuphatha okuqukethwe okubucayi nesithombe se-fluid. Izinsiza zokuphatha izinhlelo—kubandakanya izikhombisi, abaholi, ama-clamp, nezinsiza zokukhulula—zokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwi-vertical ne-lateral kokuqina ngesikhathi sokudubula. Izingxenye zokudlulisela amandla ezifana namakhele bar, ama-swivel, nezixhumi ezinama-threads zidlulisela i-torque yokujika kanye nezinsiza ezicindezelayo ngesikhathi sokufaka izikhonkwane. Izinsiza zokulawula nokuhlola zilinganisa izikhawu ezibalulekile zokudubula ezihlanganisa ukumelana ne-torque, amandla okucindezela, ijubane lokungena, kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwezikhonkwane, zinikeza impendulo ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kulungiswe ukusebenza nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi. Izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zemishini kulesi sihloko zihlanganisa izikhombisi ze-steel noma ze-composite, izinhlelo ez temporary nezihlala njalo ze-steel ezinezishoe ezihambisanayo nezixhumi ezihlukene, imigoqo yokudubula nezinhlelo zokusebenza zamakhele bar ezinezingqimba zokuxhuma ezimisiwe, ama-swivel ajikelezayo ahlola ingcindezi yokusebenza engaphezu kwama-350 bar, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphinda zihlaziye i-fluid yokudubula ezilinganiswe ezinqwabeleni ezihambayo kuya emakhaya aphakathi. Izigaba ezengeziwe zifaka phakathi imishini yokukhulula nemishini yokuhola izikhonkwane, ama-clamp wokukhulisa izikhumba nezinto zokunqamula, ama-valve okukhipha ingcindezi nokulawula ukuhamba, izinhlelo zokuhlola umgomo ngokwama-electronic kanye nezixhumi ezikhethekile ukuze kube nezinhlelo eziningi zekhasi. Izinkomba zokukhetha izinsiza ezengeziwe zifaka izici eziningi zobunjiniyela. Usayizi wezikhonkwane nokuphakama kokufaka kuzoba nomthelela ngqo em thickness wophahla lwe-casing, ukuphakama kwe-guide, kanye nemikhawulo yesistimu yokuphindisela. Izimo zomhlabathi—ikakhulukazi umhlaba ohlangene, izihlahla ezisemva, noma izakhiwo ze-gravel—zithinta uhlobo lwe-fluid yokudubula, umthamo wamabhompu, kanye nezidingo zengcindezi. Ukulindela ukumelana kwe-shaft kanye nezici zokuphazanyiswa kwesikhumba zikhombisa izincazelo zokuthambisa ama-clamp kanye nezilinganiso zokukhulula izinsiza. Imingcele ye-rig ethile yokusebenza efaka ama-rotation speeds, izinsiza zokucindezela phansi, kanye nezinga lokuhoxisa kufanele livumelane nezilinganiso ezivunyelwene nezinsiza zokwengeza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bemishini, ukuphepha kokusebenza, kanye nokuhambisana nesikhathi sokufaka. Izindinganiso zemboni eziphathelene nezinsiza ezengeziwe zifaka i-EN 1536 (Ukuqinisekisa ukuqalwa komsebenzi we-geotechnical—Izindonga ze-Diaphragm), i-EN 12716 (I-Grouting emisebenzini ye-geotechnical), i-ISO 9001 (Izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwekhwalithi), kanye nezindinganiso ze-DIN ezithile zemishini ye-drilling rod connections nezincazelo ze-threads. Ukuhambisana kuqinisekisa ukuhamba, imigqa yokuphepha, nokusebenza okunokwenzeka kumisebenzi ehlukene yabakhiqizi nezimo zezakhiwo.
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